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THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BRITISH INSECTS; EXPLAINING THEM IN THEIR SEVERAL STATES, WITH THE PERIODS OF THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS, THEIR FOOD, OECONOMY, &c.

TOGETHER WITH THE HISTORY OF SUCH MINUTE INSECTS AS REQUIRE INVESTIGATION BY THE MICROSCOPE.

THE WHOLE ILLUSTRATED BY COLOURED FIGURES, DESIGNED AND EXECUTED FROM LIVING SPECIMENS.

BY E. DONOVAN.

VOL. VIII.

LONDON: PRINTED BY D. BYE AND H. LAW, ST. JOHN'S SQUARE, CLERKENWELL, FOR THE AUTHOR, And for F. and C. RIVINGTON, No 62, ST. PAUL'S CHURCH-YARD. MDCCXCIX.

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[]THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BRITISH INSECTS.
PLATE CCLIII. PHALAENA PAVONIA, minor. fem. EMPEROR MOTH, female.

[253]

The male of this fine ſpecies of Phalaena has been given in the firſt Number of this Work, with a promiſe that the female ſhould be added in a future Plate. The larva and pupa is repreſented with the male Inſect; but we have alſo introduced other caterpillars of the ſame ſpecies with the annexed figure, to ſhew the different ſtages of their growth. When young they are yellowiſh: the tuber⯑cles black, with a ſtripe of the ſame on the ſegments of the joints. After this, the yellow bands become orange, and the tranſverſe black ſtripes appear interrupted with longitudinal bands of pale green. Some are entirely green, except the tubercles, which are yellow, and a ſmall black ſpeck on each joint; and others are green, chequered with black, and marked on the ſide with a row of ſemilunar ſpots. In [4] the winged ſtate, we find more permanent and characteriſtic diſtinc⯑tions.

Linnaeus, and after him Fabricius, deſcribes three varieties of Phalaena Pavonia, α minor β med [...]a and γ major. The firſt is the ſpecies found in this country, and in the north of Europe. The exiſtence of the ſecond was formerly diſputed by ſome naturaliſts; and the laſt is ſo extremely different, at leaſt in point of magnitude, that we may almoſt venture to remove it entirely from the two pre⯑ceding.

The difference between the male and female of the common Emperor Moth is ſtrikingly obvious; the male is ſmaller than the female, and the colours in general darker; the poſterior wings alſo are orange in the male, and not ſo in the female; and finally, the two ſexes may be determined by the ſtructure of the antennae: thoſe of the male being nearly oval, and very deeply feathered, or pecti⯑nated, and thoſe of the female being alſo pectinated, but ſo ſlightly as to appear ſetaceous. As the ſtructure of the antennae is an uner⯑ring criterion by which the ſexes are aſcertained, the Phalaena Pavonia media is a phaenomenon in Entomology, for both the male and female ſo perfectly reſembles the female Emperor Moth, P. P. media, which we have figured, that it may be miſtaken for the ſame ſpecies: the female differs in no reſpect from it; and the male only in the form of the antennae. We have received this remarkable ſpecies from Italy and Germany. It is figured only by Eſper, Phal. 3. tab. 3; and is thus deſcribed by Linnaeus and Fabricius, β media: "ſingu⯑laris ob ſoeminam ma [...]i ſimillimam." The third, P. Pavonia major, can by no means be confounded with the preceding: our ſpecimen of it is ſix inches in breadth, and is alſo very bulky: it is found in the Pays de vaud. Roeſel has given a figure of both ſexes with the larva and pupa. The winged Inſect is of a dingy brown, the marks ſomewhat ſimilar to thoſe of the common kind. The larva is large, with the head ſmall in proportion. The whole is of a citron green, [5] furniſhed with elevated tubercles, whoſe ſummits diverge into rays like a ſtar, and are of an azure blue colour: it is alſo beſet with a number of long filaments of threads, each of which terminate in a little capitulum ſimilar to the antennae of a Butterfly.

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[7]PLATE CCLIV.

[254]

FIG. I. I. PAPILIO PANISCUS.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae clubbed at the ends. Wings in general erect when at reſt. Fly by day.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Wings entire, divaricated; dark brown with fulvous ſpots.

  • HESPERIA PANISCUS: alis integerrimis divaricatis: poſticis utrin⯑que fuſcis fulvo maculatis. Fab. Ent. Syſt. T. 3. p. 1. 328. 242.
  • Papilio Brontes. Wien. Verz. 160. 6.
  • Papilio Palemon. Pall. Itin. 1. App. Nr. 63.
  • β Papilio Silvius. Eſp. pap. tab. 80. fig. 5. 6.

P. Paniſcus is deſcribed by Fabricius as a native of Germany, and has been lately added to the liſt of Britiſh Papiliones. In this country it ſeems a very local ſpecies. It is deemed a rare Inſect by Entomo⯑logiſts.

FIG. II. PAPILIO SYLVANUS. LEPIDOPTERA.

[8]

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Wings divaricated, brown, with ſquare ſpots, that appear yellow on the upper ſurface, whitiſh beneath.

  • HESPERIA SYLVANUS: alis divaricatis fuſcis: maculis quadratis ſupra flavis ſubtis albis. Fab. Ent. Syſt. T. 3. p. 1. 326. 237.

Fabricius has no reference to any author for a figure of this ſpecies, nor is it deſcribed by Linnaeus: this is the more remarkable, as the ſpecies is found in great abundance in the months of May and June in this country, and is not uncommon in Sweden and Germany.

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[9]PLATE CCLV.

[]

FIG I. SCARABAEUS NUTANS.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae terminate in a kind of club; which is longitudinally divided into lamina, two, three, or ſeven in number. Second joint of the anterior, or foremoſt legs, armed with ſpines.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Black; without ſcutellum; anterior part of the thorax impreſſed or hollow. Back of the head terminates in an erect ſpine, bent at the apex.

  • SCARABAEUS NUTANS: exſcutellatus thorace antice impreſſo, occi⯑pite ſpina erecta apice nutante, corpore nigro. Fab. Ent. Syſt. T. 1. p. 59. 194.
  • Scarabaeus nutans. Oliv. Inſ. 1. 3. 145. 176. tab. 21. fig. 188.

A local ſpecies. It is ſeldom found in this country. Fabricius notes it as a Saxon Inſect.

FIG. II. SCARABAEUS NUCHICORNIS.

[10]

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Thorax roundiſh. Back of the head armed with an erect ſpine.

  • SCARABAEUS NUCHICORNIS: thorace rotundato, occipite ſpina erecta armato. Linn. Syſt. Nat.
  • SCARABAEUS NUCHICORNIS: exſcutellatus, thorace rotundato mu⯑tico, occipite ſpina erecta armato, clypeo marginato. Fab. Ent. Syſt. T. 1. 192. p. 58.

Not uncommon in ſeveral places near London.

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[11]PLATE CCLVI. BUPRESTIS MINUTA. MINUTE BUPRESTIS, or COW BURNER. COLEOPTERA.

[256]

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae ſetaceous, length of the thorax. Head half rectracted within the thorax.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Ovated. Wing-caſes bronged, rugged, and tranſverſely undu⯑lated with ſtreaks of fine whitiſh hairs.

  • BUPRESTIS MINUTA: elytris integris tranſverſe rugoſis, thorace ſubtrilobo laevi, corpore ovato nigro. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 663. 24.—Fn. Sv. 760.—Fab. Ent. Syſt. 1. p. 2. 212. ſp. 111.
  • Cucujus fuſco cupreus triangularis: faſciis undulatis villoſo albidis. Geoff. Inſ. 1. 128. 6.

The natural ſize is repreſented at figure 1.

This pretty ſpecies is found on the nut tree in May and June.

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[13]PLATE CCLVII. PHALAENA VERBASCI. WATER BETONY MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA.

[257]

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae taper from the baſe. Wings in general reflexed when at reſt. Fly by night.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Thorax creſted. Wings deflexed, margins deeply ſerrated. A dark brown ſtreak along the poſterior edge of the firſt wings.

  • PHALAENA VERBASCI: criſtata alis deflexis dentato eroſis: margine laterali fuſco immaculato. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 850. Fn. Sv. 118.
  • Fab. Ent. Syſt. Nat. T. 3. p. 2. 120. Sp. 363.
  • Wien. Verz. 73. 8.
  • Raj. Inſ. 168. 25.
  • Geoffr. Inſ. 2. 158. 96.
  • Sulz. Hiſt. Inſ. tab. 22. fig. 7.
  • Reaum. Inſ. 1. tab. 43. fig. 9. 11.
  • Friſch. Inſ. 6. tab. 9.
  • Merian. Europ. 3. tab. 29.

The Water Betony Moth is a very abundant ſpecies; the larva feeds on the Moth Mullien, or Water Betony plant, as its name implies. It is in the larva ſtate in July, becomes a pupa, and the fly is produced in April.

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[15]PLATE CCLVIII. PAPILIO GALATHEA. MARBLE BUTTERFLY. LEPIDOPTERA.

[258]

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae clubbed at the ends. Wings erect when at reſt. Fly by day.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Wings dentated, chequered with black and white, in irregular ſpots and lines. Beneath, one eye-ſpot on the anterior wings, and five on the poſterior ones.

  • PAPILIO GALATHEA: alis dentatis albo nigroque variis: ſubtus anticis ocello unico, poſticis quinque. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 772. 147.
  • Fab. Ent. Syſt. T. 3. p. 1. 239. 745.
  • Schaeff. Icon. tab. 98. fig. 7, 8, 9.
  • Roeſ. Inſ. 3. tab. 37. fig. 1. 2.
  • Eſp. pap. 1. tab. 7. fig. 3.—Tab. 25. fig. 1.
  • Ernſt. Inſ. Europ. 1. tab. 30.
  • Petiv. Muſ. 4. 3. tab. 1. fig. 1.

[16]This Inſect is very common in the fly ſtate in the month of June. It frequents meadows, and is ſuppoſed to feed on graſs in the larva ſtate. The larva is very ſeldom met with. It is thus deſcribed by ſome authors: Larva depreſſed, or flattiſh, of a yellowiſh colour, marked with an obſcure line down the back and ſides. The Pupa blue, with a red tail *.

The light colour in the wings varies in different inſects, ſome being almoſt white, and others pale yellow.

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[17]PLATE CCLIX. PAPILIO SEMELE. BLACK-EYED MARBLED BUTTERFLY. LEPIDOPTERA.

[259]

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae clubbed at the end. Wings erect, when at reſt. Fly by day.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Wings dentated, dark brown, with fulvous ſpots next to the exterior margin. Two black rings, or eyes, on the anterior, and one on the poſterior wings.

  • PAPILIO SEMELE, alis dentatis: faſcia maculari fulva ocelliſque duobus: anticis ſubtus diſco baſeos. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 772. 148.—Fn. Sv. 1051.
  • Fab. Ent. Syſt. T. 3. p. 1. 232. 725.
  • Eſp. pap. 1. tab. 8. fig. 1.
  • Schaeff. Icon. tab. 207. fig. 3, 4.
  • Sulz. Hiſt. Inſ. tab. 17. fig. 5, 6.

This ſpecies lives chiefly in the woods. It appears in the winged ſtate in July. The larva is not clearly aſcertained by any author.

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[19]PLATE CCLX. PAPILIO ATALANTA. RED ADMIRABLE BUTTERFLY. LEPIDOPTERA.

[260]

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae clubbed at the ends. Wings erect when at reſt. Fly by day.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Wings dentated, black with white ſpots. A red ſtripe acroſs the anterior wings, and another along the poſterior margin of the lower wings.

  • PAPILIO ATALANTA: alis dentatis nigris albo maculatis: faſcia communi purpurea anticarum utrinque poſticarum marginali. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 779. 175.—Fn. Sv. 1060.—Fab. Ent. Syſt. T. 3. p. 1. 118. 362.
  • Albin. Inſ. 3. fig. 4.
  • Degeer Inſ. 1. tab. 22. fig. 5.
  • Roeſ. Inſ. 1. pap. 1. tab. 6.
  • Sepp. Inſ. 1. tab. 1.
  • Schaeff. Icon. tab. 148. fig. 1, 2.
  • Ernſt. Inſ. Europ. 1. tab. 6.
  • Geoff. Inſ. 2. 40. 6.
  • Ammer Inſ. tab. 24.

[20]The red admirable Butterfly is certainly a very common ſpecies, but as one of the moſt beautiful this country can boaſt of, is en⯑titled to our particular conſideration.

The Caterpillars are of ſeveral kinds, according to the different ſtages of growth. In the laſt ſkin they are green, with a yellow ſtripe on each ſide of the belly, and beſet with curiouſly ramified, or branching ſpines: ſometimes they are black, with a yellow belly, or black, variegated with red, brown, and yellow The Chryſalis is of a dark colour, ornamented with ſeveral ſpots of ſhining gold. The Caterpillars are found on the nettle in June and July: it re⯑mains in Chryſalis twenty-one days, and the Butterfly appears in Auguſt. There are two broods of this ſpecies in general every ſeaſon.

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[21]PLATE CCLXI.

[261]

FIG. I. I. HIPPOBOSCA EQUINA. HORSE, OR SPIDER FLY. DIPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Roſtrum bivalve, cylindrical, obtuſe and wavering. Antennae ſhort, ſetaceous. Without ſtemmata. Feet armed with many nails or crotchets.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Wings obtuſe. Thorax variegated. Feet armed with three crotchets.

  • HIPPOBOSCA EQUINA, alis obtuſis, thorace albo variegato, pedibus tetradactylis. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 1010. 1. Fn. Sv. 1921.—Fab. Ent. Syſt. Vol. 4. p. 415. 1.
  • Degeer. Inſ. 6. 257. 1. tab. 16. fig. 1.
  • Reaum. Inſ. 2. tab. 179. fig. 8, 9.

Few ſpecies of Hippoboſcae have hitherto been diſcovered. Four kinds were known to Linnaeus, and Fabricius has not encreaſed [22] that number in either of his Entomological Syſtems. A fifth ſpecies is deſcribed by Gmelin in the laſt edition of the Syſtema Naturae, under the name of Uralenſis *. The ſpecies in the Entomologia Syſtematica of Fabricius, are Equina, Avicularia, Hirundinis, and Lo⯑vina. The firſt is rather larger than the others, and is well known by the common name of Horſe Fly, becauſe it frequently moleſts thoſe animals, and attaching itſelf to their bodies, penetrates the ſkin, and ſucks their blood. The three other ſpecies are alſo natives of this country, and like the H. equina, ſubſiſts on the blood of certain ani⯑mals. The H. avicularia is found chiefly on the bodies of birds, and H. hirudinis more eſpecially on ſwallows. Theſe creatures are all of a diſguſting form, flat, and hard: they adhere very tenaciouſly by means of the nails or crotchets of their talons, which in this genus are numerous; and are not eaſily killed by preſſure. The H. equina has three ſharp incurvated nails to each foot, the H. hirun⯑dinis is furniſhed with twice that number on each.

FIG. II. HIPPOBOSCA AVICULARIA.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Wings obtuſe. Thorax without ſpots, and of one colour.

  • [23]HIPPOBOSCA AVICULARIA, alis obtufis, thorace unicolore. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 1010. 2.—Fn. Sv. 1922.—Fab. Ent. Syſt. 4. p. 415. 2.

The figure of Hippoboſca avicularia in the works of Sulzer nearly agrees with our inſect, except in colour; it is of a dull brown, with leſs of the green caſt.

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[25]PLATE CCLXII.

[262]

FIG. I. I. PHALAENA ATRIPLICIS. WILD ARRACH MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae taper from the baſe, wings in general deflexed when at reſt. Fly by night.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Thorax creſted, anterior wings, brown, clouded and marked with undulated ſtreaks, and a two-cleft or forked yellow mark in the middle.

  • PHALAENA ATRIPLICIS, criſtata alis deflexis: anticis fuſco nebu⯑loſis; litura media flava bifida. Lin. Syſt. Nat. 2. 854. 173. Fab. Ent. Syſt. T. 3. p. 95. ſp. 282. Roeſ. Inſ. 1. phal. 2. tab. 31.

This ſpecies is noticed by Harris and Berkenhout, as a native of Great Britain, under the trivial name of Wild arrach Moth; we have ever conſidered it a local ſpecies. It is found in Cambridgeſhire, [26] the Caterpillar in Auguſt, the Fly in September. The wild orach and common dock are its favourite food.

FIG. II. II. PHALAENA UMBRATICA. SHARK MOTH.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Thorax creſted. Wings deflexed, lanceolated, greyiſh, ſtriated longitudinally with pale black. A faint reddiſh daſh in the middle, marked with two black ſpots.

  • PHALAENA UMBRATICA: criſtata alis deflexis ſtriatis lanceolatis canis: macula centrali ferruginea; punctis duobus nigris. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 849. 150. Fn. Sv. 1184.— Fab. Ent. Syſt. T. 3. p. 122. 368.
  • Noctua lucifuga. Wien. Verz. 312. 11? Roeſ. Inſ. 1. phal. 2. tab. 25.

The larva of Phalaena Umbratica is ſometimes of a dirty brown, with ſpots of clay colour; it feeds on the ſow thiſtle; changes into the Chryſalis ſtate in May, and the Flies appear in June.

[figure]


[27]PLATE CCLXIII.

[263]

FIG. I. PHALAENA PINETELLA. PEARL VENEER MOTH.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae, taper from the baſe. Wings in general deflexed, when at reſt. Fly by night.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Firſt wings yellowiſh brown, with two large whitiſh, or pearl-like ſpots on each.

  • TINEA PINETELLA: alis anticis flavis: maculis duabus albiſſimis, anteriore oblonga, poſteriore ovata. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 886. 356.—Fn. Sv. 1368. Fab. Ent. Syſt. T. 3. p. 2. 294.
  • Clerk. phal. tab. 4. fig. 7.
  • Panz. Faun. Germ. 6. tab. 22.
  • Wien Verz. 134. 7.

We met with a ſpecimen of this beautiful little Moth, in June 1798, in Norwood. It is certainly a rare and intereſting Britiſh [28] ſpecies; though long ſince known to collectors of Inſects by the trivial Engliſh name above adopted. It may not be improper to add, that this ſpecimen was found in a willow tree, as thoſe conti⯑nental Authors who have noticed it, ſay it inhabits pine trees.

FIG. II. PHALAENA COLONELLA.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Firſt wings oblong, greyiſh, with two black ſpots in the centre. A faint undulated bar acroſs the interior, and another near the ex⯑terior part of each wing.

  • TINEA COLONELLA: alis oblongis cinereis: punctis duabus atris ante ſtrigam curvam undulatam obſoletam. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 883. 346. Fn. Sv. 1358.—Fab. Ent. Syſt. T. 3. p. 2. p. 288. 5.

Found on the alder in July.—Combe wood, Surrey.

[figure]


[29]PLATE CCLXIV.

[264]

FIG I. LUCANUS PARALELEPIPEDUS. SMALL BLACK STAG BEETLE.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae terminate in a club or knob compreſſed on one ſide, and divided into laminae or teeth. Maxillae or jaws, ſtrong, porrected before the head, and armed with teeth.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Black: body depreſſed. Maxillae furniſhed with a large elevated tooth on the interior ſide.

  • LUCANUS PARALELEPIPEDUS: mandibulis dente laterali elevato, corpore depreſſo. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 561. 6. Fab. Ent. Syſt. T. 1. p. 2. 239. 11.
  • Platycerus niger, elytris laevibus, capitis puncto duplici prominent [...].
  • Geoff. Inſ. 1. 62. 3.
  • Degeer. Inſ. 4. tab. 12. fig. 9.
  • Schaeff. Icon. tab. 63. fig. 7.
  • — Elem. tab. 101. fig. 1.
[30]

Three ſpecies of Lucani are found in this country. The largeſt is Lucanus Cervus, of which a figure has been given in the early part of this Work. The preſent ſpecies and L. caraboides complete the liſt of Britiſh Lucani.

The firſt kind is known to live in the larva ſtate in decayed wood, and it is ſuppoſed the ſame habits of life belong to others of this tribe. Lucanus Paralelepipedus ranks amongſt the rareſt Coleop⯑terous inſects of this country; in Denmark and Germany it is not uncommon.

FIG. II. SCARABAEUS MELOLONTHA. TREE BEETLE, or COCKCHAFER.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae terminate in a kind of club, which is longitudinally divided into laminae. Second joint of the anterior legs, armed with ſpines.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Furniſhed with ſcutellum. Brown. Thorax hairy. Tail bent or inflected, a triangular white ſpot at each inciſure of the abdomen.

  • SCARABAEUS MELOLONTHA: ſcutellatus muticus teſtaceus, thorace villoſa, cauda inflexa, inciſuris abdominis albis. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 554. 60.—Fn. Sv. 392.
  • [31]Melolontha vulgaris. Roeſ. Inſ. 2. Scarab. 1. tab. 1.
  • Melolontha vulgaris. Fab. Spec. Inſ. 1. p. 35. 3.—Syſt. Ent. T. 1. p. 2. p. 155. 3.
  • Degeer. Inſ. 4. tab. 10. fig. 14.
  • Voet. Scarab. tab. 6. fig. 45. 46.

The Cockchafer is found in the greateſt abundance throughout Europe, and in ſome countries are infinitely more detrimental to agriculture than in England. In the larva ſtate, it lies buried beneath the ſurface of the earth, where it does incredible miſchief by devouring the roots of plants. After remaining three years in the larva ſtate it becomes a winged Inſect, and leaving its ſubterraneous habitation, is not leſs detrimental to the corn and other kinds of grain, and alſo to trees; particularly the Oak. In ſome ſeaſons, when they are numerous, we find the Oak ſtripped of its leaves, and otherwiſe much injured by theſe voracious animals. About noon the Cock⯑chafers collect in conſiderable multitudes among the leaves of the lower boughs of the Oak, when they may be eaſily taken, by ſhaking or beating them into baſkets, &c.

Several varieties of this ſpecies are mentioned by authors; parti⯑cularly one with a red thorax, by Roeſel.

FIG. III. SCARABAEUS STERCORARIUS. COMMON DOR, or CLOCK BEETLE.

[32] SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Furniſhed with ſcutellum. Black: clypeus rhombic with a ſmall elevation or protuberance in the middle. Wing caſes furrowed.

  • SCARABAEUS STERCORARIUS: ſcutellatus muticus ater, clypeo rhombeo, vertice prominulo, elytris ſulcatis. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 551. 42.
  • Fn. Sv. 388.
  • Fab. Syſt. Ent. 17. 60.
  • Spec. Inſ. 1. p. 18. 74.
  • Schaeff. Icon. tab. 23. fig. 9.

Like the preceding ſpecies, this Beetle lives in the larva ſtate in the earth. The Winged Inſect is found in the dung of animals, carrion, &c. Few inſects are found more numerous or general throughout Europe than this. The colour is black, with very vivid gloſſes of ſhining blue, green, and purple, in different ſpecimens; and we have a variety of it from the ſouth of Europe that is entirely of a dull reddiſh colour.

[figure]


[33]PLATE CCLXV. PHALAENA JOTA. GOLDEN i MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA.

[265]

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae taper from the baſe. Wings in general deflexed when at reſt. Fly by night.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Thorax creſted. Anterior wings ferruginous red, variouſly ſhaded, and marked in the centre with an inverted golden i.

  • PHALAENA IOTA: criſtata alis deflexis, anticis ferrugineo griſeis I reſupinato aureo inſcriptis. Fab. Syſt. Ent. 608. 76. —Sp. Inſ. T. 2. p. 228. 98.—Ent. Syſt. T. 3. p. 81. Sp. 237.
  • PHALAENA IOTA: alis primoribus ferrugineo-griſeis, I reſupinato aureo inſcriptis. Gmel. Syſt. Nat.—Ent. p. 2557. 130. Roeſ. Inſ. 1. phal. 3. tab. 5.

Linnaeus very accurately deſcribed this Inſect under the ſpecific name Iota in the early edition of the Syſtema Naturae. It is given as a native of Germany, and without a reference to any figure. Fabricius has followed the ſame deſcription throughout all his works, [34] without noticing any figure of it alſo, until the Entomologia Syſtema⯑tica appeared, when a reference is given to tab. 5. Phal. 3. Vol. I. of Roeſel's Inſects. This is however erroneous, for Linnaeus includes that reference among the Synonyms of his Phalaena Gamma, and Gmelin, his lateſt editor, continues the ſame amongſt the Synonyms of Gamma likewiſe. Klemann, who reviſed the laſt edition of Roeſel's work, is decidedly of opinion, that the figure is that of Gamma, and aſſigns the Linnaean ſpecific name to it accordingly. Whatever reaſon influenced the opinion of Fabricius, that the figure in queſtion was the true Phalaena Iota of Linnaeus, when that author himſelf ſays otherwiſe, is not mentioned by Fabricius, and is by no means clear to us; but one circumſtance cannot eſcape obſervation: Fa⯑bricius has in no inſtance referred to the figure in Roeſel's plate be⯑fore the publication of his laſt work, though all the other Synonyms of Phalaena Gamma are the ſame in every edition of the Fabrician ſyſtems as in thoſe of his predeceſſor, Linnaeus.

This Inſect is very beautiful, and much rarer than the following ſpecies. It is found on the common, and white dead nettles, or archangel. The larva has twelve feet; is without hairs, green; and ſpotted with white. The Moth appears in June.

FIG. II. PHALAENA GAMMA. COMMON γ MOTH.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Thorax creſted. Anterior wings brown, with a golden γ inſcribed in the centre.

  • PHALAENA GAMMA: criſtata alis deflexis dentatis: anticis fuſcis γ aureo inſcriptis. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 843. p. 127.
  • Fab. Ent. Syſt. T. 3. p. 79. ſp. 228.
  • PHALAENA GAMMA: alis primoribus fuſcis γ aureo inſcripts Gmel. Linn. Syſt. Nat.—Ent. 2555. ſp. 127.
  • Geoff. Inſ. 2. 156. 92.
  • Goed. Inſ. 2. t. 21.
  • Rag. Inſ. p. 163. n. 16.
  • Petiv. Gazoph. 4. 6.
  • Schaeff. Icon. tab. 84. fig. 5.
  • Friſch. Inſ. 5. 15.
  • Reaum. Inſ. 2. tab. 26. fig. 5.
  • Albin. Inſ. tab. 79. fig. G. H.
  • Sepp. Inſ. 5. tab. 1. 61.

Phalaena Gamma is one of thoſe ſpecies which feed indifferently on many kinds of plant. It is often found amongſt nettles and other low herbage, or in gardens amongſt cabbages, &c. It is of a green colour, with pale or whitiſh longitudinal ſtripes on the back, and the ſides yellow. The Moth is found in Auguſt and September.

[figure]


[37]PLATE CCLXVI.

[266]

FIG. I, II. PHALAENA LEMNATA SMALL WHITE CHINA MARK MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae taper from the baſe. Wings in general deflexed when at reſt. Fly by night.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Antennae ſetaceous. Wings ſnowy white. A black ſtreak next the poſterior margin of the lower pair, marked with four white ſpots.

  • PHALAENA LEMNATA: ſeticornis alis niveis: poſticis faſcia termi⯑nali nigra; punctis quatuor albis. Lynn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 874. 278.—Fn. Sv. 1301.—Fab. Ent. Syſt. T. 3. p. 2. p. 215. ſp. 319.
  • Raj. Inſ. 205. 102.
  • Reaum. Inſ. 2. tab. 12. fig. 14, 15.

Linnaeus and Fabricius deſcribe only the male of this ſpecies; the female is rather larger, the colour pale brown, with markings [38] ſimilar to thoſe of the other ſex, but of a reddiſh colour. The characteriſtic black line, with white ſpots on the poſterior wing, is the ſame as in the male Inſect.

This Moth derives its ſpecific name, Lemnata, from the food of its Caterpillar, or larva, which is uſually ſome ſpecies of lemna, (duckweed) or other aquatic plant. In the winged ſtate it is a very common Inſect, particularly in marſhy ground, and the ſides of ponds and ditches. In general we find two broods of them in the ſummer; the firſt appears in May, the ſecond in July or Auguſt.

FIG. III. PHALAENA DECUSSATA. PRETTY WIDOW MOTH. GEOMETRA.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Antennae ſetaceous. Wings cinereous, with four black ſtreaks: the two middle ones of a ſerpentine form, and croſſing each other. Several undulated dotted black lines.

  • PHALAENA DECUSSATA: ſelicornis, alis cinereis; ſtrigis quatuor, mediis decuſſatim flexuoſis, lineolis undulatis atomiſ⯑que nigris.

A rare and new ſpecies. It has been taken at Faverſham by Mr. Crewe, and trivially named the Pretty Widow Moth.

FIG. IV. PHALAENA ATRALIS.

[39]

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Wings black, with two white ſpots on each.

  • PHALAENA ATRALIS: alis atris: maculis duabus niveis. Linn. Mant. 540.—Fab. Syſt. Ent. T. 3. p. 2. 241. ſp. 422.
  • Phalaena funera. Myll. Zool. Dan. 132. 1524.
  • Phalaena guttalis. Wien. Verz. 124. 45.
  • Phalaena funebris. Act. Nidroſ. 4. tab. 16. fig. 17.

Taken in June, on Epping Foreſt.

[figure]


[41]PLATE CCLXVII.

[267]

FIG. I. II. PHALAENA DEGEERELLA. LONG HORN JAPANNED MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae, taper from the baſe. Wings in general deflexed, when at reſt. Fly by night.

TINEA. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Black, bronzed, or changeable to gold. A yellow indented band acroſs the anterior wings. Antennae very long.

  • PHALAENA DEGEERELLA: alis atro aureis: faſcia flava, antennis longis. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 895. 426.—Fn. Sv. 1393.
  • ALUCITA DEGEERELLA. Fab. Ent. Syſt. T. 3. p. 2. p. 341. 40.

The two ſexes of this beautiful and extraordinary little Inſect has been deſcribed as two diſtinct ſpecies. They differ principally in the form and ſize of the antennae; in the female theſe are entirely ſetaceous, or like a fine hair, three times the length of the whole body: the antennae in the male are ſhorter, and are thick in the middle, not very unlike thoſe of ſome kinds of Sphinges. It is not uncommon in hedges in May and June.

FIG. III. III. PHALAENA PODAELLA. SCARCE JAPANNED MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA. TINEA.

[42]

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Antennae very long. Wings golden black. A narrow gold or yellow line of equal breadth acroſs the anterior wings.

  • PHALAENA PODELLA: antennis longiſſimis, alis nigro-aeneis, anticis faſciâ equali anguſta aurea.
  • PHALAENA PODELLA: antennis mediocribus alis nigris faſcia albida. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 896. 428.
  • Alucita Podaella. Fab. Ent. Syſt. 3. p. 2. 341. n. 42.

Like the preceding ſpecies, the two ſexes of PHALAENA Tinea PODAELLA are diſtinguiſhed by the different form of the antennae; and Linnaeus has evidently deſcribed only the male, or he would not have defined it—"Antennis mediocribus," for the antennae of the female are remarkably long.

[43]The reference made by Fabricius to Geoff. Inſ. 2. 194. 32. for this Inſect, is certainly erroneous; for the Inſect therein deſcribed is ſtated to have a white band acroſs the four wings, a white point near the exterior margin of the upper wings, and a ſmall tranſverſe white mark towards the baſe. Linnaeus does not quote Geoffroy for this Inſect; and it is evident, Fabricius has confined his reading to the Latin ſpecific deſcription, which certainly agrees with the Linnaean deſcription of Podaella in the Syſt. Nat.

The natural ſize and magnified appearance is ſhewn at Fig. III. III.

[figure]


[45]PLATE CCLXVIII.

[268]

FIG I. HIPPOBOSCA HIRUNDINIS.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Roſtrum bivalve, wavering. Feet armed, with many nails.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Wings taper to a point from the baſe. Six claws on each foot.

  • HIPPOBOSCA HIRUNDINIS: alis ſubulatis, pedibus hexadactylis. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 1010. 3. Fn. Sv. 1923. Geoff. Inſ. 2. 547. 2.—Panz-Faun. Inſ. Germ.

Found on the bodies and neſts of ſwallows.

The ſmalleſt Figure denotes the natural ſize.

FIG. II. HIPPOBOSCA OVINA. APTEROUS.

[46]

SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Without wings.

  • HIPPOBOSCA OVINA: alis nullis. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 1011. 4. Fn. Sv. 1924.
  • Friſch. Inſ. 5. tab. 18.

This is the fourth and laſt ſpecies of the Hippoboſcae found in Great Britain.

[figure]


[47]PLATE CCLXIX. SPHINX OCELLATA. EYED HAWK MOTH.

[269]

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae thickeſt in the middle. Wings deflexed when at reſt. Fly by night.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Wings angulated. Poſterior pair red, with a large blue eye in the middle of each.

  • SPHINX OCELLATA: alis angulatis, poſticis rufis ocello coeruleo. Fab. Syſt. Ent. 536. 1.
  • SPHINX OCELLATA, alis repandis, poſticis ocellatis. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 796. 1.—Fn. Sv. 1083.
  • Phalaena alis inferioribus macula ophthalmoide inſignibus. Alb. Inſ. tab. 8. fig. 2.
  • Drury Inſ. 2. tab. 25. fig. 2. 3.
  • Roeſ. Inſ. phal. 1. tab. 1.
  • Schaeff. Icon. tab. 99. fig. 5. 6.
  • Merian Europ. 2. tab. 87.

The Sphinges are only, in a few inſtances, remarkable for that gaiety and ſplendour of colours, which render the Butterfly tribe ſo [48] pleaſing and intereſting to general obſervers. There is, however, a peculiar grace and elegance of form throughout the Sphinges, which immediately diſtinguiſh them from the Phalaenae, or third tribe of Lepidopterous Inſects; and their colours, though chaſte or obſcure, are, for the moſt part, very prettily diverſified. The Sphinges of Great Britain are not numerous; and, in general, the more beautiful kinds are rare. The Sphinx Ocellata is certainly an exception to ſuch remark, for we have not a finer or more abundant ſpecies of the tribe in this country. It is alſo no leſs common in other parts of Europe; and few authors, who have treated on the Entomology of any country in Europe, have neglected to give it a place in their works.

The larva of the Sphinx Ocellata is found on the willow, in May, June, and July, when it becomes a pupa, and remains in the earth till June following; and then comes forth in the perfect ſtate.

[figure]


[49]PLATE CCLXX. GRYLLUS MIGRATORIUS. MIGRATORY LOCUST.

[270]

GENERIC CHARACTER. Head inflected, armed with jaws, and furniſhed with palpi. Wings wrapped round the ſides of the body, and concealed under the elytra. Feet armed, with two nails. Poſterior legs formed for leaping.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Thorax of one ſegment, and ſomewhat keeled, or riſing in a lon⯑gitudinal line, in the middle; mandibules blue.

  • GRYLLUS MIGRATORIUS: thorace ſubcarinato: ſegmento unico, mandibulis coeruleis. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 700. 41.— Fn. Sv. 871.
  • Roeſ. Inſ. 2. Gryll. tab. 24.
  • Edw. birds. 208. tab. 208.
  • Degeer. Inſ. 3. 446. 1. tab. 23. fig. 1.
  • Seb. Muſ. 4. tab. 65. fig. 21.

The Gryllus Migratorius, or Migratory Locuſt, has always been claſſed amongſt the Inſects of this country on local authority. It certainly viſited Great Britain in the year 1748, and ſeveral ſmall flocks of them were ſeen in the environs of London, where they [50] cauſed much conſternation, according to the authors of that time. M. Edwards in particular, gave a figure, and a ſhort account of it in his Hiſtory of Birds, [Plate 208] under the name of Great Brown Locuſt. It is not certain that they have appeared, at leaſt in conſiderable numbers in this country, ſince that period; and it is probable, if any ſpecimens of them were then collected, they are now loſt; for we have not hitherto been able to aſcertain, pre⯑ciſely, an Engliſh ſpecimen of it in any cabinet, and this conſider⯑ation alone, has induced us to defer adding this remarkable creature to our illuſtration of Britiſh Inſects.

In the month of September, 1799, LADY AYLESFORD moſt obligingly communicated a living ſpecimen of it to us, and we deem ourſelves particularly fortunate in the opportunity it affords us to aſcertain the difference, however inconſiderable, between the variety found in England and thoſe of warmer countries. It is repreſented in the annexed plate, both in a reſting poſition and with the wings expanded. This ſpecimen was found in a barley field near Pack⯑ington in Warwickſhire. It lived ſeveral days after its arrival in London, and would probably have ſurvived much longer had it not been injured in the journey, and weakened by long confinement. We remarked, that in feeding, it cuts the ſtalk aſunder in the middle, or near the root, and tearing off the leaves, eats only the pith; this may, in ſome meaſure, account for the great miſchief and depredation theſe creatures commit, when they ſettle in vaſt numbers on any tract of cultivated land.

Though we regard the Gryllus Migratorius as an object of cu⯑rioſity in this country, in many others they are the terror of the inhabi⯑tants. We are not, perhaps, to admit implicitly the relations of all authors, but in thoſe of credibility and information, we find abundant reaſon to hope it may ever remain, as at preſent, a rare Britiſh ſpecies. It is ſaid to be very numerous in Tartary, from whence at certain periods it migrates weſtward, and viſits the ſouth of Europe in incredible quantities. Of all the authors who have treated on the hiſtory of this Inſect, none are more ſatisfactory than Roeſel; [51] his obſervations are given in detail, but they are the reſult of uſeful information, and may be deemed a proper ſequel to our conciſe ac⯑count of it; when we conſider that his obſervations relate to the ſame event and time, the legions of Locuſts that appeared in this country, and throughout Europe in 1748.

* "I have already," ſays Roeſel, "given particulars of thoſe dangerous gueſts in the beginning of the year 1749, and at the ſame time added figures of them †. I ſhall now only obſerve, that in the courſe of the ſame year, they not only appeared in Poland, Hungary, Auſtria, Bohemia, Sileſia, Bavaria, but alſo in Franconia, and conſequently in the environs of our city. Thanks be to God, they have not been numerous about our city, but from Wind⯑ſheim we have intelligence of the third of September, that they had frightened the inhabitants with their legions, but they departed again on the fourth; ſince then, a much reſpected patron has kindly ſent me, the IMPERIAL AND ROYAL HUNGARIAN EDICT of the preſent year 1749, together with a printed deſcription of the Inſect, and proper inſtructions to the imperial ſubjects, how to extirpate them, and I thought it neceſſary, as they contain much good and uſeful matter, to inſert them." Then he proceeds with Beſchreibung Deren Anno 1747, &c. &c. or a deſcription of the Locuſt, as given in the Imperial Edict, &c. In the courſe of which, and the deſcription in page 145, we are informed, that this Locuſt lives three years. The female depoſits her eggs in a kind of bag; the eggs are about a quarter of an inch in length: of a ſlender oblong form, and placed within the bag lengthwiſe, ſo as to form four or five tiers. It is moſt adviſed to dig for them in this ſtate, and burn them; or if they ſhould alight in the winged ſtate, as it is known that the noiſe of bells, &c. will allure them to any particular ſpot, it is re⯑commended to form deep ditches, and decoy, drive, or beat them into the water in multitudes.

[figure]


[53]PLATE CCLXXI. PAPILIO HYPERANTHUS. RINGLET BUTTERFLY.

[271]

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae clubbed at the end. Wings erect when at reſt. Fly by day.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Wings entire, brown. Beneath, three eyes or rings on the an⯑terior, and five on the poſterior wings.

  • PAPILIO HYPERANTHUS: alis integerrimis fuſcis ſubtus anticis ocellis tribus, poſticis duobus tribuſque. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 768. 127.—Fn. Sv. 1043.—Fab. Ent. Syſt. T. 3. p. 1. p. 216. ſp. 677.
  • Degeer. Inſ. 2. tab. 2. fig. 9. 10.
  • Schaeff. Icon. tab. 127. fig. 1, 2.
  • Eſp. Pap. 1. tab. 5. fig. 1.
  • Naturf. 8. tab. 3. fig. D.

The larva of this Butterfly is very rarely met with; it feeds on the roots of graſs; is hairy, of an aſh colour, with a black line down the ſide, and the tail forked. The pupa is gibbous, brown, and ſpotted with yellow.

[54]Papilio Hyperanthus is found in the winged ſtate in June and July. It frequents lanes, and hedges on dry and elevated banks, ſuch as are common in the ſandy and chalky ſoils of Kent.

[figure]


[55]PLATE CCLXXII. PHALAENA FURCULA. KITTEN MOTH.

[272]

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae taper from the baſe. Wings in general deflexed when at reſt. Fly by night.

BOMBYX. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Thorax variegated. Anterior wings grey, ſprinkled with black: baſe and apex white, with black ſpots. Poſterior wings white, with a marginal row of black points.

  • PHALAENA FURCULA: thorace variegato, alis griſeis baſi apiceque albis nigro punctatis. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 823. 51.— Fn. Sv. 1122.—Fab. Ent. Syſt. T. 3. p. 1. 475. ſp. 213. Panz. Faun. Inſ. Germ. 4. tab. 20.
  • Wilks. pap. 13. tab. 1. fig. 1.
  • Sepp. Inſ. 4. 29. tab. 6.

Phalaena Furcula is a neat and intereſting Britiſh Inſect. Except in ſize it is very ſimilar to Phalaena Vinula; and the Aurelians, from this ſimilarity, and a fanciful reference to the brindled appearance [56] of the anterior wings, have whimſically, but not inaptly, given their Engliſh trivial names: Phalaena Vinula, being the largeſt, is called the Puſs Moth; and Phalaena Furcula, the Kitten. The laſt is rare: Phalaena Vinula very common.

The larva is found on the willow in July. It remains in the pupa ſtate the whole winter: the Moth comes forth in May.

[figure]


[57]PLATE CCLXXIII. CHRYSOMELA NITIDULA.

[273]

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae compoſed of globular articulations, which encreaſe in bulk towards the end. Thorax and elytro without margin.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Feet formed for leaping. Wing's caſes ſhining green. Head and thorax, crimſon, reſplendent with gold. Legs ferruginous.

  • CHRYSOMELA NITIDULA: ſaltatoria, elytris coeruleis, capite tho⯑raceque aureo. Faun. Suec. 542.
  • GALLERUCA NITIDULA, ſaltatoria viridis nitens, capite thorace⯑que aureis, pedibus ferrugineis. Fab. Ent. Syſt. 1. 30. ſp. 81.

This beautiful little ſpecies is ſometimes found on the willow and alder. The ſmalleſt figure denotes the natural ſize.

[figure]


[59]PLATE CCLXXIV.

[274]

FIG. I. II. PHALAENA HUMULI. GHOST MOTH.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae taper from the baſe. Wings in general deflexed when at reſt. Fly by night.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Female yellow, with fulvous marks. Male ſnowy white.

  • PHALAENA HUMULI: alis flavis fulvo ſtriatis maris niveis. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 833. 84.—Fn. Sv. 1147.
  • HEPIALUS HUMULI: Fab. Ent. Syſt. T. 3. p. 2. 5. ſp. 1. Degeer. Inſ. 1. tab. 7. fig. 5, 6. Sulz. Hiſt. Inſ. tab. 22. fig. 1.

The male and female of Phalaena Humuli are very diſſimilar, and may eaſily be miſtaken for diſtinct ſpecies. The male is perfectly white, with a gloſs like ſatin, the abdomen, antennae, and margin of the wings excepted, for theſe are reddiſh brown. The female is of a fine yellow colour, with ſeveral fulvous or orange marks; and is ſomewhat larger than the other ſex.

The larva lives in the earth, at the roots of the Burdock and hop. It is of a very pale or whitiſh colour, with a brown head, and ſixteen feet.

FIG. III. PHALAENA HECTA. GOLDEN SWIFT MOTH.

[60]

SPECIFIC CHARACTER, AND SYNONYMS. Wings deflexed. Yellow brown. Two oblique, whitiſh, or yellow bands, conſiſting of interrupted and irregular ſpots, acroſs the anterior wings.

  • PHALAENA HECTA: lutea, alis deflexis: primoribus faſciis duabus albidis obliquis punctatae interruptis. Fn. Sv. 1148.— Gmel. Linn. Syſt. Nat. Ent. p. 2617. ſp. 85.
  • HEPIALUS HECTUS. Fab. Ent. Syſt. T. 3. p. 2. p. 6. Sp. 4. Degeer. Inſ. 1. tab. 7. fig. 11.

This ſpecies is common in the ſkirts of woods in May and June. The colours in the male Inſect are more vivid than the female, and the ſpots on the anterior wings in particular are of ſuch a beautiful yellow, that Engliſh collectors have termed this kind the Golden Swift Moth.

It commences its flight earlier in the evening than any other of the nocturnal lepidopterous inſects. Its manner of flying is very ſingular, and attracted the notice of Linnaeus, who aptly compares it to the motion of the pendulum of a clock.

The larva is unknown: it is ſuppoſed to feed on the roots of plants under ground.

[figure]


[61]PLATE CCLXXV. PHALAENA ALNIARIA.

[275]

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae taper from the baſe. Wings in general deflexed when at reſt. Fly by night.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Antennae feathered. Wings yellow, ſpeckled with brown, and marked with two tranſverſe ſtreaks. Margins deeply indentated.

PHALAENA ALNIARIA: pectinicornis alis eroſis flavis fuſco pul⯑verulentis: ſtrigis duabus fuſcis. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 860. 205.—Fn. Sv. 1230. Fab. Ent. Syſt. T. 3. p. 2. p. 136. Sp. 24. Schaeff. Icon. tab. 135. fig. 1, 2.

This Inſect is analogous to ſeveral other ſpecies of Britiſh Pha⯑laenae, known amongſt collectors by the indefinite term, Thorn Moths. It is remarkable only in the larva ſtate, when, from its ſimilarity in form and colour to a twig of the tree on which it feeds, it is ſuppoſed to eſcape the notice of its enemies. It is a dull crea⯑ture, and will often remain in an oblique, or erect poſition, without motion, or appearance of life, for ſeveral hours together.

It is found on fruit-trees, in the ſtate of larva, in May: the Moth appears in Auguſt or September.

[figure]


[63]PLATE CCLXXVI. CHRYSOMELA TENEBRICOSA.

[276]

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae compoſed of globular articulations, which encreaſe in bulk towards the end. Thorax and elytra without margin.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. No wings. Somewhat oval. Thorax lunated. Black, gloſſed with blue, or purple.

  • CHRYSOMELA TENEBRICOSA: aptera ovata, atra antennis pedi⯑buſque violaceis. Fab. Ent. Syſt. 1. 308. 3.
  • TENEBRIO LAEVIGATUS, apterus niger laevis, elytris laevibus thorace lunato, ſubtus coeruleis. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 678. 29.
  • Chryſomela Tenebrioides. Gmel. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 1667. 1.

This Creature is entirely of a black colour, gloſſed, in ſome ſpe⯑cimens, with ſhining blue; in others, with purple. Thoſe colours are particularly vivid on the legs and underſide of the Inſect. It is very common during moſt part of the ſummer.

[figure]


[65]PLATE CCLXXVII.

[277]

FIG. I. PHRYGANEA VARIA? NEUROPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Mouth furniſhed with four palpi. Stemmata three. Antennae longer than the thorax. Firſt wings incumbent. Second wings folded.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Wings greyiſh brown, variegated with black, and ſpotted in the middle with white.

  • PHRYGANEA VARIA: alis cinereo, nigroque variis: puncto medio diſtincto niveo, antennis nigris. Fab. Ent. Syſt. T. 2. p. 77, 103.

The Phryganea Varia of Fabricius has not been figured by any author; but is, we ſuſpect, no other than a ſmall variety of P. Grandis, and which Linnaeus deſcribes as ‘alis cinereo teſtaceis, lineolis duabus longitudinalibus nigris, puncto albo.’ Fabricius has altered this definition to "alis teſtaceis cinereo maculatis," in the Entomologia Syſtematica, and erroneouſly attributes the latter to Linnaeus.

We cannot avoid, in ſupport of our opinion, noticing the ſtriking diſſimilarity between the ſeveral figures of Phryganea Grandis, in our copies of the works quoted by Linnaeus and Fa⯑bricius. Roeſel has two figures, one of a bluiſh grey, the other [66] yellowiſh brown; both vary in the markings, and are nearly twice the ſize of our ſpecimen. In Sulzer, the wings are ſhorter and more pointed than in the preceding work; and are rather pellucid and tinged with yellow: the markings totally different from thoſe in Roeſel. Thoſe in Schaeffer are moſt like one of our ſpecimens in form and reddiſh colour, but ſtill with markings as different from it as from either of the preceding figures. We may hence conclude the marks are inconſtant, and the colours extremely variable; and that in point of ſize, the preſent ſpecies may be the Varia of Fa⯑bricius, ſince he notices its affinity to the P. Grandis; and adds, it is rather ſmaller.—"Nimis Affinis P. Grandis at paullo minor." Fab. Ent. Syſt.

FIG. II. HEMEROBIUS PERLA. GOLDEN EYE.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Mouth armed with two teeth and four palpi. Wings deflected. Antennae ſetaceous, and longer than the thorax.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Yellowiſh green. Wings tranſparent. Eyes golden.

  • HEMEROBIUS PERLA: luteo viridis alis hyalinis: vaſis viridibus. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 911. 2. Fn. Sv. 1504.

Extremely common in ſummer. It is a very delicate little crea⯑ture, greeniſh, the wings reticulated, perfectly tranſparent, with various beautiful, pearly, reddiſh, greeniſh, and yellowiſh gloſſes. The eye is large, globular, and has the appearance of gold, whence its Engliſh trivial name. Stink much before a thunder-ſtorm.

[figure]


[67]PLATE CCLXXVIII. PAPILIO POLYCHLOROS. WOOD TORTOISESHELL BUTTERFLY.

[278]

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae clubbed at the ends. Wings erect when at reſt. Fly by day.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Wings angulated, browniſh orange, ſpotted with black.

  • PAPILIO POLYCHLOROS: alis angulatis fulvis nigro maculatis: anticis ſupra punctis quatuor nigris. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 777. 166.—Fn. Sv. 1057.—Fab. Syſt. Ent. t. 3. p. 1. 121. ſp. 372.
  • Merian Europ. tab. 1.
  • Roeſ. Inſ. 1. pap. 1. tab. 2.
  • Schaeff. Icon. tab. 146. fig. 1, 2.
  • Ammir. tab. 15.
  • Friſch. Inſ. 6. tab. 3.
  • Wilks. pap. 56. tab. 3. a. 5.

There is a ſtriking ſimilarity in form and colour between this ſpecies and Papilio Urticae, already figured in this work. Col⯑lectors have hence denominated the two ſpecies the Tortoiſeſhell [68] Butterflies; they differ, however, materially in ſize, as well as manner of life. The ſmalleſt kind is very common, and its larva feeds on the Nettle; the preſent ſpecies is found on the Elm, fre⯑quents woods, and is very ſcarce.

The larva is found in June; it becomes a pupa in the ſame month; and after remaining in that ſtate twenty-one days, the winged Inſect is produced.

[figure]


[69]PLATE CCLXXIX. PAPILIO MEGAERA. LEPIDOPTERA.

[279]

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae clubbed at the end. Wings in general deflexed when at reſt. Fly by day.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Wings dentated yellowiſh brown, with dark marks acroſs. One eye on the anterior pair: Five on the poſterior pair above, and ſix beneath.

  • PAPILIO MEGAERA: alis dentatis luteis fuſco faſciatis: anticis ocello, poſticis ſupraquinis, ſubtus ſex. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 771. 142.—Fab. Ent. Syſt. T. 3. p. 1. p. 94. 292.—Schaeff. Icon. tab. 148. fig. 3, 4.

This Butterfly is common in meadows in July. The larva is green, hairy, with a bifid tail; it feeds on graſs, and changes to the pupa ſtate in June.

[figure]


[71]PLATE CCLXXX.

[280]

FIG. I. PAPILIO NAPI. GREEN-VEINED WHITE BUTTERFLY.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae clubbed at the end. Wings erect when at reſt. Fly by day.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Wings entire, white. Beneath, veined with green.

  • PAPILIO NAPI: alis integerrimis albis: ſubtus venis dilatis vireſ⯑centibus. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 760. 77.—Fn. Sv. 1037. —Fab. Ent. Syſt. T. 3. p. 1. 187. 576.
  • Geoff. Inſ. 2. 70. 42.
  • Merian Europ. 2. tab. 39.
  • Albin Inſ. tab. 52. fig. F. G.

Frequent in gardens in May. The larva feeds on the cabbage.

FIG. II. PAPILIO SINAPIS. WOOD LADY, or WOOD WHITE BUTTERFLY.

[72]

SPECIFIC CHARACTER, AND SYNONYMS. Wings rounded, entire, white. Apex brown.

  • PAPILIO NAPI: alis rotundatis integerrimis albis: apicibus fuſcis. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 760. 79.—Fn. Sv. 1038.—Fab. Ent. Syſt. T. 3. p. 1. p. 187. ſp. 577.
  • Schaeff. Icon. tab. 97. fig. 8, 9, 10, 11.
  • Degeer. Inſ. 2. 183. 4. tab. 1. fig. 1.
  • Raj. Inſ. 116. 8.

Found in woods in May; a ſecond brood appears in Auguſt.

[figure]


[73]PLATE CCLXXXI. PHALAENA FAGANA. COMMON SILVER-LINE MOTH.

[281]

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae, taper from the baſe. Wings in general deflexed, when at reſt. Fly by night.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Anterior wings green, with three oblique white, or ſilvery ſtripes acroſs each. Antennae and feet fulvous.

  • PYRALIS FAGANA: alis viridibus: ſtrigis tribus obliquis albis, antennis pedibuſque fulvis. Fab. Ent. Syſt. 3. p. 2. 243. 5.
  • Phalaena Fagana. Wien. Verz. 125. 2.
  • Roeſ. Inſ. 4. tab. 22.
  • Petiv. Gazoph. tab. 7. fig. 11.
  • Ammiral Inſ. tab. 2. fig. 1.
  • Alb. Inſ. tab. 31.
  • Wilks. pap. 1. tab. 1. a. 13.

The Phalaena Fagana is not one of the rarer Britiſh ſpecies; it claims attention for its ſingular and beautiful appearance only. The larva is found on the oak in Auguſt and September: in the [74] beginning of October, it ſpins a very extraordinary kind of covering on a leaf of the oak, and becomes a pupa within. This covering ſomewhat reſembles a tent, or rather an inverted boat, being ſhuttle formed, and having a keel, or longitudinal ridge along the upper part: its colour is yellowiſh brown; the pupa underneath is purple. The Moth appears in the winged ſtate in May

[figure]


[75]PLATE CCLXXXII. BUPRESTIS PYGMEA. COLEOPTERA.

[282]

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae ſetaceous, length of the thorax. Head half retracted, or drawn within the thorax.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Wing caſes blue. Head and thorax brown, bronzed.

  • BUPRESTIS PYGMEA: elytris integris cyaneis, capite thoraceque aeneis nitidis. Fab. Ent. Syſt. 1. p. 2. p. 211. Sp. 110.

The diſcovery of this minute but rare ſpecies of Bupreſtis in this country, is due to Alexander M'Leay, Eſq.—It was found in a puddle, on the road ſide, near Coombe Wood, in the month of May laſt. The ſpecimen is repreſented in the annexed plate; the ſmalleſt figure denotes the natural ſize.

[figure]


[77]PLATE CCLXXXIII. PHALAENA MELLONELLA. HONEY MOTH.

[283]

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae taper towards the baſe. Wings in general deflexed when at reſt. Fly by night.

TINEA. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Anterior wings grey: poſterior part purple. Scutellum black, white at the tip.

  • P. TINEA MELLONELLA: alis canis poſticis purpuraſcentibus: ſtriga alba, ſcutello nigro apice candido. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 888. 375.—Fn. Sv. 1383.—Fab. Ent. Syſt. 3. p. 2. 305. Sp. 79. Reaum. Inſ. 3. tab. 19. fig. 79.

The larva of this ſpecies is ſometimes found in bee-hives; it inſi⯑nuates itſelf amongſt the cells of thoſe Inſects, and ſubſiſts on the honey. It remains in the pupa ſtate in a long cylindrical channel or paſſage it forms in the larva ſtate: the winged Inſect comes forth in Auguſt.

[figure]


[79]PLATE CCLXXXIV. SPHINX LIGUSTRI. PRIVET SPHINX, or HAWK MOTH.

[284]

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae thickeſt in the middle. Wings in general deflexed when at reſt. Fly by night.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Wings entire. Poſterior pair red, with three black bars acroſs. Abdomen red, with black belts.

  • SPHINX LIGUSTRI: alis integris poſticis rufis; faſciis tribus nigris, abdomine rubro: cingulis nigris. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 779. 8. Fn. Sv. 1087.
  • Sphinx Liguſtri: Fab. Ent. Syſt. T. 3. p. 1. 374. 55.
  • Roeſ. Inſ. 3. tab. 5.
  • Degeer. Inſ. 1. tab. 1. fig. 6.
  • Schaeff. Elen. tab. 116. fig. 2.
  • Albin. Inſ. tab. 7. fig. 10.
  • Eſp. Inſ. 2. tab. 6.
  • Reaum. Inſ. 2. tab. 20, fig. 1—4.

The larva of this beautiful ſpecies is found very frequently on the Privet in the months of July and Auguſt. It buries itſelf in the earth preparatory to its becoming a pupa, and comes forth in the fly ſtate in June following.

[figure]


[81]PLATE CCLXXXV. CASSIDA MACULATA. COLEOPTERA.

[285]

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae nearly filiform, but encreaſing in bulk towards the ex⯑tremity. Margin of the elytra broad. Head concealed under the thorax.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Greeniſh, variegated with ſpots of black on the elytra, particularly along the future of the back.

  • CASSIDA MACULATA: viridibus elytris rarius, ſutura dorſali con⯑fertius nigro maculatis. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 575. 6. Fab. Syſt. Ent. 88. 2.
  • Caſſida viridis maculis nigris variegata. Geoff. Inſ. 1. 314. 5. tab. 5. fig. 6.

Has been ſuppoſed only a variety of Caſſida viridis, but is evi⯑dently a diſtinct ſpecies, and is very uncommon in England.

Fig. I. The natural ſize.

[figure]


[83]PLATE CCLXXXVI.

[286]

FIG I. CHRYSOMELA MARSHAMI.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae articulated, larger towards the end. Thorax and elytra without margin.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Thorax greeniſh gold. Wing-caſes coppery, irregularly punctated.

  • CHRYSOMELA MARSHAMI: thorace viridi aeneo, elytris cupreis vagè punctatis.

As the Britiſh Coleoptera are in few inſtances remarkable for that ſplendid glow and gaiety of colours which diſtinguiſh thoſe of warmer climates, we are more inclined to admire the beauty of this recently diſcovered ſpecies of Chryſomela. It appears not to have been noticed by any preceding author; and as it remains with us to deſignate ſome ſpecific appellation, we have named it Marſhami, in compliment to that eminent entomologiſt T. Marſham, Eſq.—a name, perhaps, the more appropriate, as it is known among that gentleman's ſcientific friends the world will ſoon be favoured with his invaluable papers on Britiſh Coleoptera.

This Inſect is nearly allied to C. Faſtuoſa and C. Hypericum.— Found in Norwood laſt May.

FIG. II. CHRYSOMELA GOETTINGENSIS.

[84]

SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Oval black, gloſſed with purple. Legs purple. Tarſi reddiſh.

  • CHRYSOMELA GOETTINGENSIS: ovata atra pedibus violaceis: plantis rufis. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 586. 4.—Fn. Sv. 506.
  • Fab. Ent. Syſt. T. 1. p. 309.
  • Degeer. Inſ. 5. 298. 8.

A rare ſpecies in this country; very common in Germany.

[figure]


[85]PLATE CCLXXXVII.

[287]

FIG. I. PHALAENA PAPILIONARIA. LARGE EMERALD MOTH.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae taper from the baſe. Wings in general deflexed when at reſt. Fly by night.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Antennae feathered. Wings green: a continued ſtreak of whitiſh ſemicircular marks acroſs the middle of each, and an interrupted or half ſtreak of the ſame colour below it.

  • PHALAENA PAPILIONARIA: pectinicornis alis ſubrepandis viridi⯑bus: ſtriga ſeſquialtera repanda. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 864. 225.—Fn. Sv. 1247.
  • Wien. Verz. 96. 1.
  • Roeſ. Inſ. 4. tab. 18. fig. 3.

A rare and very elegant Britiſh ſpecies. The larva is green, with about ten incurvated ſpines or hooks along the back. It is found in this ſtate on the Birch and Alder in June, changes to the pupa the latter end of the ſame month, and appears on the wing fourteen days after.

The pupa is green variegated with yellow.

FIG. II. PHALAENA PENNARIA.

[86]

SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Antennae feathered; Wings indented reddiſh: two dark ſtreaks acroſs the anterior pair, and a diſtinct white ſpot near the apex.

  • PHALAENA PENNARIA: pectinicornis alis ſubdentatis rufeſcentibus: ſtrigis duabus fuſcis punctoque apicis albo. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 861. 209.—Fab. Ent. Syſt. 3. p. 2. 132. 14.

The larva ſmooth reddiſh brown; found on Fruit-trees.

FIG. III. PHALAENA BILINEATA.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Antennae ſetaceous, Wings yellow undulated with brown ſtreaks, and a broad wave acroſs the anterior pair.

  • PHALAENA BILINEATA: ſeticornis alis luteis teſtaceo undatis: faſcia repanda, margine fuſco. Linn. Syſt. Nat. 2. 868. 245.—Fn. Sv. 1284.
  • Clerk. Icon. tab. 6. fig. 13.

Very abundant in White-thorn hedges during moſt part of the Summer.

[figure]


[87]PLATE CCLXXXVIII.

[288]

FIG. I. I. CICADA NITIDULA.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Roſtrum bent inwards. Antennae ſetaceous. Wings membra⯑naceous declining along the ſides of the body.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Yellow. Wing-caſes tranſparent, whitiſh, with two dark tranſ⯑verſe bars.

  • CICADA NITIDULA: flava, elytris hyalino albis, faciis duabus nigris. Fab. Ent. Syſt. 4. p. 46. n. 87.

This minute ſpecies is repreſented in the natural ſize at Fig. I. The upper figure exhibits its magnified appearance.

FIG. II. CICADA FLAVOSTRIATA.

[88]

SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Black. Head and Thorax tranſverſely ſtreaked with yellow; ſtreaks on the wing-caſes of the ſame colour, diſpoſed longitudinally.

  • CICADA FLAVOSTRIATA: nigra, capite thoraceque tranſverſe ytriſque longitudinaliter flavo-ſtriatis.

This Inſect has been confounded with the Cicada ſtriata of Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. 887. and Syſt. Nat. 709. n. 30. in general; but it is certainly not that ſpecies. Linnaeus refers to Geoff. 1. p. 424. n. 20. for C. ſtriata, wherein it is thus deſcribed; "Head pale green, with two black points in front, and four near the baſe; Thorax of the ſame colour, marked with ſeveral leſs diſtinct black ſpots alſo." We therefore conſider our C. flavoſtriata as a new ſpecies.

Appendix A LINNAEAN INDEX TO VOL VIII.

[]
COLEOPTERA.
  • Scarabaeus nutans Plate 255. Fig. 1.
  • — nuchicornis Plate 255. Fig. 2.
  • — Stercorarius, Common Dor Plate 264. Fig. 3.
  • — Melolontha, Tree-beetle, or Cock-chaffer Plate 264. Fig. 2.
  • Lucanus Parallelipipedus, Small Black Stag-beetle Plate 264. Fig. 1.
  • Caſſida maculata Plate 285.
  • Chryſomela nitidula Plate 273.
  • — tenebricoſa Plate 276.
  • — Marſhami Plate 286. Fig. 1.
  • — Goettingenſis Plate 286. Fig. 2.
  • Bupreſtis Minuta Plate 256.
  • — pygmea Plate 282.
HEMIPTERA.
  • Gryllus Migratorius, Migratory Locuſt Plate 270.
  • Cicada nitidula Plate 288. Fig. 1.
  • — flavoſtriata Plate 288. Fig. 2.
LEPIDOPTERA.
  • Papilio Napi, Green Veined White Butterfly Plate 280. Fig. 1.
  • — Sinapis, Wood-Lady Butterfly Plate 280. Fig. 2.
  • — Megaera Plate 279.
  • — Galathea, Marbled Butterfly Plate 258.
  • — Semele, Black-eyed Marbled Butterfly Plate 259.
  • — Hyperanthus, Ringlet Butterfly Plate 271.
  • — Polychloros, Wood Tortoiſeſhell Butterfly Plate 278.
  • — Atalanta, Red admirable Butterfly Plate 260.
  • — Paniſcus Plate 254. Fig. 1. 1.
  • — Sylvanus Plate 254. Fig. 2.
  • Sphinx Liguſtri, Privet Moth Plate 284.
  • — Ocellata, Eyed Hawk Moth Plate 269.
  • Phalaena Pavonia fem. Female Emperor Moth Plate 253.
  • — Furcula, Kitten Moth Plate 272.
  • — Humuli, Ghoſt Moth Plate 274. Fig. 1. 2.
  • — Hecta, Golden Swift Moth Plate 274. Fig. 3.
  • — Verbaſci, Water Betony Moth Plate 257.
  • — Atriplicis, Wild Arrach Moth Plate 262. Fig. 1. 1.
  • — Umbratica, Shark Moth Plate 262. Fig. 2. 2.
  • — Jota, Golden i Moth Plate 265. Fig. 1.
  • — Gamma, Golden γ Moth Plate 265. Fig. 2.
  • — Alniaria, Plate 275.
  • — Papilionaria, Emerald Moth Plate 287. Fig. 1.
  • — Pennaria Plate 287. Fig. 2.
  • — Bilineata Plate 287. Fig. 3.
  • — Lemnata, Small White China Mark Moth Plate 266. Fig. 1. 2.
  • — Decuſſata, Pretty Widow Moth Plate 266. Fig. 3.
  • — Atralis Plate 266. Fig. 4.
  • — Fagana, Common Silver Line Plate 281.
  • — Melonella, Honey Moth Plate 283.
  • — Pinetella, Pearl Veneer Moth Plate 263. Fig. 1.
  • — Colonella Plate 263. Fig. 2.
  • — Degeerella, Long Horn Japanned Moth Plate 267. Fig. 1. 2.
  • — Podaella, Scarce Japanned Moth Plate 267. Fig. 3. 3.
NEUROPTERA.
  • Phryganea varia Plate 277. Fig. 1.
  • Hemerobius perla Plate 277. Fig. 2.
  • Hippoboſca Equina Plate 261. Fig. 1.
  • — avicularia Plate 261. Fig. 2.
  • — hirundinis Plate 268. Fig. 1.
  • — ovina Plate 268. Fig. 2.

Appendix B ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO VOL. VIII.

[]
  • Alniaria, Phalaena Plate 275.
  • Atalanta, Papilio, Red Admirable Butterfly Plate 260.
  • atralis, Phalaena Plate 266. Fig. 4.
  • Atriplicis, Phalaena, Wild Arrach Moth Plate 262. Fig. 1. 1.
  • avicularia, Hippoboſca Plate 261. Fig. Fig. 2.
  • bilineata, Phalaena Plate 287. Fig. 3.
  • colonella, Phalaena Plate 263. Fig. 2.
  • decuſſata, Phalaena, Pretty Widow Moth Plate 266. Fig. 3.
  • Degeerella, Phalaena, Long Horned Japanned Moth Plate 267. Fig. 1. 2.
  • Equina, Hippoboſca Plate 261. Fig. 1.
  • Fagana, Phalaena, Common Silver Line Plate 281.
  • flavoſtriata, Cicada Plate 288. Fig. 2.
  • Furcula, Phalaena, Kitten Moth Plate 272.
  • Galathea, Papilio, Marbled Butterfly Plate 258.
  • Gamma, Phalaena, Golden γ Moth Plate 265. Fig. 2.
  • Goettingenſis, Chryſomela Plate 286. Fig. 2.
  • hecta Phalaena, Golden Swift Moth Plate 274. Fig. 3.
  • hirundinis, Hippoboſca Plate 268. Fig. 1.
  • humuli, Phalaena, Ghoſt Moth Plate 274. Fig. 1. 2.
  • Hyperanthus, Papilio, Ringlet Butterfly Plate 271.
  • Jota, Phalaena, Golden i Moth Plate 265. Fig. 1.
  • Lemnata, Phalaena, Small White China Mark Moth Plate 266. Fig. 1. 2.
  • Liguſtri, Sphinx, Privet Moth Plate 284.
  • maculata Caſſida Plate 285.
  • []Marſhami, Chryſomela Plate 286. Fig. 1.
  • Megaera, Papilio Plate 279.
  • Melolontha, Scarabaeus, Tree-beetle, or Cock-chafer Plate 264.
  • Melonella, Phalaena, Honey Moth Plate 283.
  • Migratorius, Gryllus, Migratory Locuſt Plate 270.
  • Minuta, Bupreſtis Plate 256.
  • Napi, Papilio, Green Veined White Butterfly Plate 280. Fig. Fig. 1.
  • nitidula, Chryſomela Plate 273.
  • nitidula, Cicada Plate 288. Fig. 1.
  • nuchicornis, Scarabaeus Plate 255. Fig. 2.
  • nutans, Scarabaeus Plate 255. Fig. 1.
  • Ocellata, Sphinx, Eyed Hawk Moth Plate 269.
  • Ovina, Hippoboſca Plate 268. Fig. 2.
  • Paniſcus, Papilio Plate 254. Fig. 1. 1.
  • Pavonia, Phalaena Plate 253.
  • Papilionaria, Phalaena, Emerald Moth Plate 287. Fig. 1.
  • parallelipipedus, Small Black Stag Beetle Plate 264. Fig. 1.
  • perla, Hemerobius Plate 277. Fig. 2.
  • Pennaria, Phalaena Plate 287. Fig. 2.
  • pinetella, Phalaena, Pearl Veneer Moth Plate 263. Fig. 1.
  • Podaella, Phalaena, Scarce Japanned Moth Plate 267. Fig. 3.
  • Polychloros, Papilio, Wood Tortoiſeſhell Butterfly Plate 278.
  • Pygmea, Bupreſtis Plate 282.
  • Semele, Papilio, Black Eyed Marble Butterfly Plate 259.
  • Sinapis, Papilio, Wood Lady Butterfly Plate 280. Fig. 2.
  • Stercorarius, Scarabaeus, Common Dor Plate 264. Fig. 3.
  • Sylvanus, Papilio Plate 254. Fig. 2.
  • tenebricoſa, Chryſomela Plate 276.
  • varia, Phryganea Plate 277. Fig. 1.
  • Verbaſci, Phalaena, Water Betony Moth Plate 257.
  • Umbratica, Phalaena, Shark Moth Plate 262. Fig. 2. 2.
Notes
*
Naturf. 14. tab. 2. fig 1.—Fab. Ent. Syſt. &c.
*
Hippoboſca uralenſis: atra hirſuta dorſo ordinibus tribus veſicularum albarum nitentium. Lepechin [...]t. 1. t. 19. f. 9. habitat in deſerto Uralenſi.
*
Both thorax and head without ſpines.
*
Under the ſection Der Heuſcbrecten urd Grillenſammlung, &c. &c. Vol. II. p. 103.
†
Referring to his plate 24, of LOCUSTA GERMANICA and deſcription of the Inſects annexed.
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