[]PLATE I.

[]PLATE II.

[]PLATE III.

[]PLATE IV. STROMBUS PES PELECANI. CORVORANT'S FOOT.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal a slug. Shell univalve, spiral. The aperture much dilated, and lip expanding into a groove.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Lip expanded, divided into four fingers or prongs.

• STROMBUS PES PELECANI: testa labro tetradactylo palmato digitis angulato, fauce laevi. Gmel.—Lin. Syst. Nat. 3507. 2.
• Cochlea testa longa acuminata, aperturae labro dilatato, duplici stria antice sinuato. Lin. Fn. Suec. 1. p. 378. No. 1323.
• Aporrhais Quadrifidus. Four-fingered. Aporrhais subfuscus, anfrac⯑tibus nodosis, labro palmato quadrifido. Da Costa Br. Conch. 136. 80. Tab. 7. fig. 7.
• Buccinum bilingue striatum labro propatulo digito. Lister H Conch. tab. 8. 65. fig. 20.
• Strombus canaliculatus, rostratus, ore labioso, striatus, papillosus, auritus aure admodum crassa, et in quatuor ap⯑pendices breviores expansa, ex candida cinereus. Gualt. 1. Conch. tab. 53. fig. A.
• []Aporrhais Edinburgicus minor nodoso. Petiv. Gaz. tab. 79. fig. 6. —tab. 127. fig. 11.
• Strombus Pes pelicani, Corvorant's foot. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 94. tab. 75. fig. 94.
• Aile de Chauve Souris femelle, Patte D'Oye, ou Hallebarde. D'Avila Cab. p. 191. No. 344.

A very singular, but not uncommon shell on some of our coasts, as Cornwall, Devonshire, Durham and Sussex. In Carnarvonshire and Merionethshire, in Wales, on the coast of Scotland, and in the Orkneys.

[]PLATE V. HALIOTIS TUBERCULATA. TUBERCULATED SEA EAR.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal a slug. Shell univalve, dilated, or flat, almost open a row of orifices its length, spire near one end turned in.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Oblong-oval. Outside furrowed transversely, rugged, tuberculated.

• HALIOTIS TUBERCULATA, testa subovata, dorso transversim rugoso tuberculato. Gmel.—Linn. Syst. Nat. Conch. p. 3687. sp. 2.
• Auris marina, major profunde sulcata, magis depressa, fusco colore obsita, intus argentea. Gualt. Ind. Conch. tab. 69. fig. 1.
• Auris marina quibusdam: Patelli fera Rondoletti, [...] Aristo⯑telis; Mother of Pearl, Anglice. List. H. An. Angl. p. 167. til. 16. tab. 3. fig. 16.
• Tuberculated Sea Ear. Pennant Br. Zool. No. 144. tab. 88. fig. 144.
• Haliotis Vulgaris. Common Sea Ear. Da Costa, Br. Conch. p. 15. pl. 2. fig. 1, 2.

Pennant says this species is frequently cast upon the southern coast of Devonshire. It is common on the eastern coast of Sussex; and on the coast of the isle of Guernsey.—It adheres like limpets, to the rocks, when living.

[]PLATE VI. CARDIUM ACULEATUM. SPIKED COCKLE.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Two teeth near the beak; and another remote one on each side of the shell.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell nearly heart-shaped. Ribs high, sulcated down the middle, and beset with long canaliculated spines.

• CARDIUM ACULEATUM: C. testa subcordata: sulcis convexis linea exaratis: exterius aculeato ciliatis.—Gmel. Linn. Syst. Conch. p. 3247. 7.
• Pectunculus maximus insigniter echinatus. Wallace, Orkney. p. 44.
• Coeur de boeuf. Argenville. Conch. I. p. 335. fig. B.
• Coeur de boeuf Epineux. D'Avilla Cab. p. 355. No. 817.
• Concha cordiformis aequilatera, umbone cardium unito, striata, striis latis canaliculatis muricata aculeis longis et acutis, aliquando recurvis in summitate striarum positis, al⯑bida, et parvis maculis luteis obscure fasciata. Gualt. I. Conch. tab. 72. fig. A.
• Cardium Aculeatum. Aculeated. Penn. Br. Zool. 137. tab. 50. fig. 37.
• Cardium Aculeatum, Spiked Cockle, A. Da Costa, Br. Conch. p. 175.

[]This is the largest of the Cardium, or Cockle genus, that inhabits any of the British shores. It is noted by Wallace as a Shell of the Orkneys; and also by Pennant, who likewise found it off the He⯑brides.—It is a thick shell, with high radiated ribs, and beset with large processes or spines that are hollowed. It is covered with a fibrous epidermis, of a blackish colour, varied with light browns; the colour beneath is white, with a faint tint of red, or rose colour.—Marginal circumference ten inches and an half.

This is one of the six rare species Da Costa could not procure for his work, and to which he alludes in the preface^*.

[]PLATE VII. LEPAS ANATIFERA. ANATIFEROUS ACORN SHELL.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal. triton. Shell of many unequal valves; affixed by a stem.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell compressed, consists of five parts, affixed to a pedicle, or mem⯑braneous tube.

• LEPAS ANATIFERA, testa compressa quinquevalvi laevi pedunculo insidente. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. Conch. p. 3211. 13.
• Balanus Anatifera compressus quinquevalvis laevis, tubo seu colle membranaceo insidente. Da Costa, Br. Conch. 253. 72. tab. 18. fig. 3.
• Concha quinquevalvis compressa, tubulo quodam lignis aut algae ma⯑rinae adhaerens; animal sui generis multis cirrhis instructum continens, falso dicta anatifera. Sibbald. Mus. p. 170. No 2.
• Lepas testa compressa basi membrana cylindricea. Fn. Suec. I. n. 1350.
• Lepas Anatifera cum Tritone. Stalp. Obs. 2. p. 458. t. 15. Osb. it. 82.
• []Barnacle Shell, or Concha anatifera. Merret. Pin. p. 194.
• Balanus Compressa, Flat centre Shell. Grew. Mus. p. 148. Wallace, Orkn. p. 45. fig. 1.—Mus. Petiv. p. 82. No. 802.
• Anatiferous. Br. Zool. No. 9. tab. 38. fig. 9.
• Concha anatifera marſine laeve. List. II. Conch. tab. 440. fig. 283.
• S Concha anatifera subrotunda Bartholini. Lister. Conch. t. 439. f. 230.
• [...] Tellina cancellifera striis minimis argutissime signata cinerea. Gualt, testac. t. 106. f. B.

The Lepas Anatifera is found on the coasts of England and Ireland, but more frequently on that of Scotland. It adheres by means of its branches, or pedicles, to the bottoms of ships, planks, logs, and other substances floaring in the water.

This curious marine production consists of many unequal mem⯑braneous branches, or arms, at the ends of which the Shells are dis⯑posed in an irregular manner; the larger clustering with the smaller in groups, and forming bunches of various sizes. The branches are of a fine red; the Shells of a bluish violet. The animal within is a triton, and is furnished with many cirrhi, or tentacula, with which it takes its food. These tentacula are pectinated like feathers, and hang out of the Shells when open. In the sixteenth century they were, in fact, supposed to be feathers, and hence arose the whimsical belief that a barnacle produced a goose [...]. Nor was this a vulgar opinion only; it was sanctioned by the grave details of learned naturalists of that time.^* []and particularly by Gerard ^*, whose observations are generally noticed by authors, in describing this curious species.

[]PLATE VIII.

[]PLATE IX. SERPULA SPIRORBIS.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal a Terebella, or whimble worm. Shell tubular, adheres to other bodies, as shells, stones, &c.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Small, orbicular, spiral or wreathed like a cornu ammonis; convex above, flat beneath.

• SERPULA SPIRORBIS, testa regulari spirali orbiculata: anfractibus supra introrsum subcanaliculatis sensimque minoribus.— Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. Conch. p. 3740. 5.
• Vermiculus exiguus albus nautiloides, algae fere adnascens. List. H. Conch. tab. 533.—tab. 553. Huddesford's edition.
• Very small Worm Shells. Dale, Harw. p. 391. No. 2. and p. 455. No. 2.
• Depressed orbicular Cochleae on Algae. Wallis. Northumb. I. p. 402. No. 41.
• Serpula Spirorbis, Spiral. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 155. tab. 91. fig. 155.
• Serpula Spirorbis, Spiral, Vermiculaire Nautiloide.—parva orbicu⯑lata et Spirali, ammoniae instar convoluta. Da Costa Br. Conch. 12.— tab. 2. fig. 11.

[]This species in found in abundance on most of the British shores; it adheres to shells, stones, claws of lobsters, &c. but chiefly to the leaves of Fucus serratus, and other sub-marine plants. It is a strong Shell, white, and without polish; is never complicated, or laid one on another, but are dispersed singly over whatever substances they are affixed to. Petiver calls if the Wrack Spangle, because it appears like so many white spangles on the dark-coloured leaves of the Wracks.—A piece of this sub-marine plant, with the Shells adhering to it, is a very pleasing object for the opake microscope.

Fig. I. represents the natural size of the Shells. Fig. II. shews one magnified.⁷

[]PLATE X. PINNA MURICATA. THORNY WING, OR SEA HAM.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Hinge without a tooth, and placed on one side. Valves equal; open, or gape at the bottom.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell triangular, striated; the striae beset with acute, ovated, and concave scales or prickles.

• PINNA MURICATA: testa striata, squamis concavis ovatis acutis. Gmel. Lin. Syst. Nat. Conch. p. 3364. Sp. 4.
• Pinna tenuis, striata, muricata. List. H. Conch. tab. 370. fig. 210.
• Pinna fragilis. Brittle. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 80. tab. 59. fig. 80.
• Pinna tenuis costis longitudinalibus muricatis. Muricata, Thorny. Da Costa, tab. 16. fig. 3. p. 240.
• Pinna recta transversim et directe striata, et rugosa, striis in summi⯑tate aculeis exasperatis, ex fusco rubro nigricans. Gualt. 1. Conch. tab. 79. fig. D. Seb. Mus. 3. t, 92. ser. 1. f.
• Concha Pinna. Hasselq. it. 447. n. 137.
• Pinna lata altera. Rumf. Mus. t. 46. f. M.

[]Dr. Rutty mentions a Pinna ten inches long and five broad, caught near the Skerries, in Ireland; and Mr. Pennant "saw specimens of vast Pinnae, found among the farther Hebrides, in the collection of Dr. Walker, at Moffat;" but it is uncertain of what species either of these were: Mr. Pennant says, "they were very rugged on the outside, but cannot recollect whether they were of the kind found in the Mediterranean or West Indies^*."

The only British species of Pinna we are acquainted with, is the P. Muricata of Linnaeus, or P. Fragilis of Pennant, and that is very rare. The latter author describes it from a specimen in the PORTLAND cabinet, which had been fished up at Weymouth, in Dorsetshire. Da Costa says, he has seen a very small one (of the same species) from the coast of Wales.—Both of these are represented in the annexed plate.

This Shell is extremely thin and brittle, and gapes open at the broadest end. It is semi-pellucid, and of a horn colour; the outside marked with longitudinal ribs, roughened with rows of small prickles^†. The inside is smooth, of a pale horn colour alſo, with a pearly lustre towards the top.

[]PLATE XI. BUCCINUM LAPILLUS. MASSY, OR PURPLE WHELKE.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Aperture oval, ending in a short canal.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Ovated, terminates in a sharp point, spirally ridged. Pillar lip broad.

• BUCCINUM LAPILLUS: testa ovata acuta striata laevi, columella pla⯑niuscula.—Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1202. No. 467.
• Cochlea testa crassa ovata utrinque producta; spiris quinque spiraliter sulcatis; aperturae labro undulato. Faun. Suec. p. 378. No. 2167.
• Buccinum minus, albidum, asperum, intra quinas spiras finitum. List. H. An. Ang. p. 15S. tit. 5. tab. 3. fig. 3.
• Buccinum brevi rostrum supra modum crassum, ventricosius, labro denticulato: Purpura Anglicana. List. H. Conch. tab. 965. fig. 18.—ET B. brevi rostrum, album den⯑ticulo unico ad imam columellam. Purpura Angli⯑cana. Fig. 19.
• Purple marking Whelke. Borlase Corn. p. 277. tab. 28. fig. 11.
• English purple. Smith Cork. p. 318.
• Horse wrinkles. Smith Waterford. p. 272.
• Small purple Whelke. Wallis Northumb. p. 401.
• Baccinum lapillus, Massy. Penn. Br. Zool. 4. No 89. tab. 72. fig. 89.
• []Buccinum canaliculatum minus, crassum varicolor, striatum, seu Purpura Anglicana. Purpuro-buccinum. Da Costa Br. Conch. tab. 7 fig. 1. 2. 3. 4. 9. 12.

This is a strong, thick shell, generally about one inch and a half length, of a full pyramidal shape, with a point acute; it has five spires, furrowed: the ridges of the lower wreath notched, or scaled, and very rough. Within the mouth it has five long parallel teeth.

The colours are various, often of a simple and uniform yellowish brown, sandy, or clay colour; sometimes quite white, or white tinged with violet, and fasciated with yellow or brown; the latter are the most elegant varieties of B. Lapillus.—These shells are found in great abundance near low water-mark, on many of the shores of Great-Britain. It is one of the species that yields the purple dye ana⯑logous to the purpura of the ancients; and though the value of its dye has been long superseded by the cochineal insect, the shells that produced it are objects of curiosity. The Tyrian purple was the most admired, and is known to have been extracted from a species of the Murex; but other purples of inferior lustre are also mentioned by the ancients. Da Costa imagines that the liquor of this Whelke (Buccinum Lapillus) was a valuable purple to the ancient English, and quotes the authority of Bede, who lived about the seventh cen⯑tury, for this opinion. "There are," says Bede, "snails in very great abundance, from which a scarlet or crimson dye is made, whose elegant redness never fades, either by the heat of the sun, or the in⯑juries of rain, but the older it is, the more elegant^*"

[]In 1684, Mr. Cole, of Bristol, described the process of extracting the purple of this shell, in the Philosophical Transactions. His ac⯑count is as follows:

"The Shells being harder than most of other kinds, are to be broken with a smart stroke with a hammer, on a plate of iron, or firm piece of timber (with their mouths downwards) so as not to crush the body of the fish within; the broken pieces being picked off, there will appear a white vein, lying transversely in a little furrow, or cleft, next to the head of the fish, which must be digged out with the stiff point of a horse-hair pencil, being made short and tapering. The letters, figures, or what else shall be made on the linnen (and perhaps silk too) will presently appear of a pleasant light green colour, and if placed in the sun, will change into the following colours, i. e. if in winter, about noon; if in summer, an hour or two after sun-rising, and so much before setting; for, in the heat of the day in summer, the colours will come on so fast, that the succession of each colour will be scarcely distinguished. Next to the first light green, it will appear of a deep green, and in a few minutes change into a sea-green; after which, in a few minutes more, it will alter into a watchet-blue; from that, in a little time more, it will be of a pur⯑plish-red; after which, lying an hour or two, (supposing the sun still shining) it will be of a very deep purple-red, beyond which the sun can do no more.

"But then the last and most beautiful colour, after washing in scalding water and soap, will (the matter being again put into the sun or wind to dry) be of a fair bright crimson, or near to the prince's colour, which, afterwards, notwithstanding there is no use of any stiptick to bind the colour, will continue the same, if well ordered, []as I have found in handkerchiefs that have been washed more than forty times; only it will be somewhat allayed from what it was after the first washing. While the cloth so writ upon lies in the sun, it will yield a very strong and foetid smell, as if garlick and assafoetida were mixed together."

[]PLATE XII. OSTREA SUBRUFUS.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal a Tethys. Shell bivalve unequal. The hinge without a tooth, having a small oval cavity.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell thin. Twenty longitudinal rays, finely striated; ears unequal; colours various; generally red.

• PECTEN TENUIS, subrufus, maculosus, circiter viginti striis majori⯑bus, at laevibus, donatus. List. H. An. Angl. p. 85. tab. 5. fig. 30.
• PECTEN SUBRUFUS. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 63. tab. 60. fig. 63.
• PECTEN PICTUS: mediocris, fere aequivalvis, tenuis, variis coloribus perbelle variegatus. Da Costa. Br. Conch. p. 144. ſp. 3.
• Pectunculus pennatus striis dense notatus, luteo purpurascens. Pecten altis striis albo purpureis transverse variegatis insignis; & Pectunculus purpurascens vittis albis circularibus variegatus. Borlase Cornw. p. 277. tab. 28. fig. 18, 21 and 22.

[]This elegent species is found on several of the shores of Great Bri⯑tain and Ireland, particularly those of Cornwall, Dorset, and Nor⯑thumberland. It is generally about two inches and an half in length. Shell thin and rather convex. The inside is smooth and glossy, and commonly white, though sometimes of a brownish colour. The colours of the outside very various and beautiful. Da Costa enume⯑rates the chief varieties, as, 1. almost white, and white charged with brown, red, or purple; 2. uniform bright yellow, and pale yellow, with white; 3. uniform brown, and brown, red, or purplish grounds with white, &c. all these colours are elegantly blended and variegated, sometimes marbled or mottled or disposed in zones, girdles, broad longitudinal rays, &c.

Fig. 1. represents a fine coloured specimen of the variegated red and white kind. Fig. 2. The uniform deep orange, which we appre⯑hend is less common.

[]PLATE XIII. HELIX NEMORALIS. GIRDLED SNAIL.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Aperture or mouth contracted and lunated.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Imperforated, subrotund, thin, pellucid. Mouth semi-lunar; generally girdled with streaks: and of various colours.

• HELIX NEMORALIS: testa imperforata subrotunda laevi diaphana fasciata, apertura subrotundo-lunata. Linn. Faun. Suec. 2186.—Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. Conch. p. 3647. 108.
• Cochlea citrina aut leucophaea, non raro unicolor, interdum tamen unica, interdum etiam duobus, aut tribus, aut quatuor plerumque vero quinis fasciis pullis distincta. List. H. An. Angl. p. 116. tit. 3. tab. 2. fig. 3.
• Cochlea imperforata, interdum unicolor, interdum variis fasciis depicta. FASCIATA girdled. Da Costa, Br. Conch. p. 76. sp. 41.
• Helix Nemoralis, variegated. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 131.

[]Prof. Gmelin, in the last edition of the Systema Naturae, enumerates no less than thirty-one varieties of this beautiful land Shell. Da Costa describes six principal varieties in his British Conchology^*. Some of the kinds are rare, others extremely common, living in trees, hedges and gardens. It is a widely diffused species being found in every part of Europe as well as Great Britain.

[]PLATE XIV. PATELLA VULGATA, COMMON LIMPET.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal Limax. Shell univalve, subconic, without spires.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS, Oblong ovoid with about fourteen obsolete angles, margins deep or dilated.

• PATELLA VULGATA: testa subangulata: angulis quatuor decim obsoletis margine dilato acuto.—Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. Conch. p. 3697.—Sp. 23 β Schroet. n. Litterat 3. p. 62. n. 117 γ Knorr. Vergn 6. t. 27. f. 8.
• Patella integra ex livido cinerea, striata. DA COSTA. Br. Conch. p. 3. pl. 1. fig. 1, 2, 8.
• Patella ex livido cinerea striata. List. Hist. Anim. Angl. p. 195. tit. 40. tab. 5. fig. 40.
• Patella Vulgata, Common. Penn. Br. Zool. 4. No. 145. tab. 89. fig. 145.
• Patella integra. Klein, Ostracol. p. 115. §. 283. No. 10.
• Lepas Argenville, p. 21.

[]The Limpet is common on all the European ſhores. The outside is generally encrusted with filth, balani, &c. beneath which, it has an epidermis of a blackish colour. The shells vary exceedingly in colours, not only in the different stages of growth, but also in the adult state. When young, the colours are remarkably vivid and elegantly disposed; the shell flat and the margins deeply crenated: those of full growth are on the contrary very conic and the colours less brilliant. The margins irregular and the ridges more obsolete. Some authors have considered several varieties as distinct species. Da Costa among others, deems the Patella depressa of Pennant, no other than a young variety of the common kind.

[]PLATE XV. BUCCINUM LINEATUM, LINEATED.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Whelkes whose mouths are cut short at top, for the gutter or beak does not ascend, but bends and falls on the back, oblique or awry, exactly like the mouth of a soal or flat fiſh. Da Costa.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Small, pyramidal, or sharp pointed at bottom. Dark brown, lineated ſpirally with white.

BUCCINUM LINEATUM: recurvirostrum minimum pullum, lineis albidis spiraliter distinctum. Da Costa, Br. Conch. p. 130. sp. 77.

This species is found in great abundance on the coast of Cornwall. The annexed plate exhibits several magnified figures of the most ele⯑gant varieties, together with the natural size.

[]PLATE XVI.

[]PLATE XVII. VENUS CHIONE.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Bivalve. Hinge furnished with three teeth; two near each other, the third divergent from the beaks.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell smooth with fine transverse wrinkles, a strong cartilage on one slope, and a long pointed oval depression on the other.

• VENUS CHIONE: testa transverse subrugosa laevi, cardinis dente pos⯑teriori lanceolato. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. Conch. p. 3272. sp. 16.
• P. GLABER, SMOOTH Pectunculus major crassus, politus, castaneus, lucide radiatus. Da Costa. Br. Conch. p. 184. sp. 22.
• Pectunculus maximus crassus, laevis fere radiatus. Mus. Petiv. p. 86. No. 833.—Curvirostrum. Leigh. Lanca⯑shire. tab. 3. fig. 5.
• Venus Chione, β Rumf. Mus. t. 42. f. G.
• Venus Chinone, γ Chemn. Conch. 6. t. 33. f. 334.

"This species," says Da Costa, "is rare in England. I found it at Mount's Bay in Cornwall, where the fiſhermen told me they call []it Queen Fish; it is also found near Fowey and other shores of that county. I have seen some from Weymouth, and Mr. Petiver received it from the iſland of Purbeck, in Dorsetshire. Dr. Leigh mentions that it is got on the coasts of Cheshire."

Pennant has not noticed this Shell. Linnaeus described it as an Asiatic species in the Systema Naturae, but adds it is perhaps an Eu⯑ropean species also. In the last edition by Gmelin, it stands expressly as a British Shell. Habitat in Mari Britannico, &c.

This Shell is thick, strong and heavy: the outside smooth and glossy, with numerous concentric transverse wrinkles, and several faint rays in a longitudinal direction. The margins are plain. The inside milk white and glossy.

[]PLATE XVIII. TURBO FASCIATUS. FASCIATED.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal Limax. Univalve, spiral, or of a taper form. Aperture somewhat compressed, orbicular, entire.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Six spires. White marbled or fasciated with black.

• TURBO FASCIATUS, Fasciated. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 119. tab. 82. fig. 119.
• Buccinum exiguum fasciatum et radiatum. List. H. Conch. tab. 19. fig. 4.

This is one of the six species Da Costa marks with a roman letter, because he could not procure the originals to figure and describe in the British Conchology. It is figured in the British Zoology of Pennant, who says it is very frequent in Angleſea, in sandy soils near the coast.

[]PLATE XIX.

[]PLATE XX.

[]PLATE XXI. PATELLA HUNGARICA. LARGE FOOL'S CAP.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal Limax. Shell univalve, subconic, without spires.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell entire, conic, acuminated, striated, with the vertex turning down, or hanging over one side.

• PATELLA UNGARICA: testa integra conico acuminata striata vertice hamoso revoluto. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1259. No. 761.
• PATELLA HUNGARICA. Bonnet. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 147. tab. 90. fig. 147.
• Patella integra, albescens, striata, vertice spirali, intus rosacea. Da Costa, Br. Conch. p. 12. sp. 6.
• Lepas Bonnet de Dragon. D'Avila, Cab. l. p. 86. 87. No. 32. 34.

"This species is only found on the Cornish coast, and even is very scarce there, being most generally dredged some miles from the shore; for the Shell is so thin, that it will hardly bear rolling from its native spot to the beach. It is generally found affixed to a species of escal⯑lops, called frills, in Cornwall." Da Costa.

[]PLATE XXII.

[]PLATE XXIII. MYTILUS MODIOLUS. GREAT MUSCLE.

GENERIC CHARACTER. The hinge toothless, and consists of a longitudinal furrow.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER. AND SYNONYMS. Shell large, blackish: one side angulated near the middle, the other straight; but gibbous towards the beaks, and blunted or obtuse at the upper end.

• MYTILUS MODIOLUS: testa laevi, margine anteriore carinato, natibus gibbis, cardine sublaterali.—Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. Conch. p. 3354. Sp. 14.
• Mytilus magnus nigrescens. Modiolus. Da Costa. Br. Conch. p. 219. sp. 49. tab. 15. fig. 5.
• Musculus papuanus authorum. Rumph. Mus. tab. 46. fig. B.
• M. Modiolus, Great Muſcle. Penn. Br. Zool. p. 113. 77. tab. 46. fig. 77.
• Musculus papaunus. Adans. Seneg. 1. t. 22. f. C. List. H. Conch. tab. 359. fig. 198. Gualt. test. t. 91. H. L. Rumph. Mus. t. 46. f. B. C? D?

[]Mytilus Modiolus is the largest species of this genus that inhabits the British shores; being from six to seven inches in length, and three in breadth. It is a strong and heavy shell; the outside is of a blackish colour inclining to purple. It is covered with a thin filmy brown epidermis, and often with balani and other remains of crustaceous animals. Within, it is smooth and pearly, and sometimes richly coloured with a variety of vivid hues, in which red, purple and green chiefly predominate. These shells lie only in deep waters, and are never cast upon shore; but sometimes they seize the bait of the ground lines, and are hauled up by the fishermen.

Da Costa received the M. Modiolus, of a ſmall size, from the Margate flats in Kent; from Cornwall and other English shores. The specimen figured in the annexed Plate is from Scarborough in Yorkshire; thoſe found on the coast of Wales and Scotland, and particularly the Orkneys, are not inferior in point of size to those from Scarborough.

[]PLATE XXIV. DONAX CRENULATA. PURPLE OR TRUNCATED PURR.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Bivalve. One side very obtuse, margin crenated. Hinge various, generally of two teeth.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. One side very blunt or truncated: thickly striated longitudinally. Margin serrated.

• DONAX RUGOSA: testa antice rugosa gibba, marginibus crenatis. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1127. No. 104. Mus. reg. p. 494. No. 50.
• DONAX DENTICULATA: testa anterius obtusissima: labiis transverse rugosis, margine denticulato, nymphis den⯑tiformibus. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. Conch. p. 3263. sp. 6.
• Cuneus ex albo & violaceo radiatus, intus vero violaceus, latere altero gibbo & truncato. TRUNCATUS. Truncated Purr. Da Costa, Br. Conch. p. 205. sp. 40.
• Tellina intus ex viola purpurascens, in ambitu serrata. List. Hist. An. Angl. p. 190. tit. 35. tab. 5. fig. 35.
• []Tellina crassa, admodum leviter striata, intus violacea. List. H. Conch. tab. 375. fig. 216.—376.—218. 219.
• DONAX DENTICULATA. Purple. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 46.

This is a very elegant and remarkable species: the annexed Plate exhibits five of its most singular varieties. The young shells are sometimes quite white, or white faintly marked with brown, red or violet; the old shells are of a deep violet without, and variously marked with the same on the outside. Very common on the western coasts of England, and also on those of Ireland and Scotland.

[]PLATE XXV.

[]PLATE XXVI. ANOMIA EPHIPPIUM. LARGER OR ONION-PEEL ANOMIA.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Bivalve. Valves unequal: one gibbous towards the beak, the other flat, and perforated near the hinge.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER, AND SYNONYMS. Roundish: pellucid, much wrinkled. Flat valve perforated.

• ANOMIA EPHIPPIUM: testa suborbiculata rugosa plicata planiore perforata. Gmel. Lin. Syst. Nat. Conch. p. 3340. sp. 3.
• Anomia. Subrotunda plicata pellucida levis, valva planiore perforata. Tunica cepae. Da Costa. Br. Conch. p. 165. tab. 11. fig. 3.
• Huitre. Pelure d'oignon, Angenv. Conch. 2. p. 316. tab. 22. fig. C. 11. p. 277. tab. 19. fig. C.
• The perforated Oyster. Petiv. Mus. p. 85. No. 823.
• Anomia Ephippium, larger. Penn. Brit. Zool. No. 70. tab. 62.

[]The Anomia Ephippium is frequently found on the common oyster, to the shell of which it adheres by means of a strong tendinous liga⯑ture, which passes through the perforation of the upper valve. This Shell is of an irregular form; the outside rugged and filmy; the in⯑side smooth, pearly, and glowing with a variety of elegant tints. in different specimens the colours vary considerably, some being of a rich purple, others pale red, brown, or deep yellow, and all with a silvery hue.

[]PLATE XXVII. BULLA LIGNARIA. WOOD DIPPER.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Shell sub-oval. Aperture oblong, very patulous, and smooth or even. One end rather convoluted.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Oblong, oval, narrow towards one end, and somewhat umbilicated, (or rather convoluted). Striated transversely.

• BULLA LIGNARIA: testa obovata oblongiuscula transverse striata, vertice subumbilicato. Linn. Syst. Nat.
• BULLA LIGNARIA major, leviter et dense transverse striata. Da Costa. Br. Conch. p. 26. sp. 14. tab. 1. fig. 9.
• Concha veneris major, leviter et dense striata. List. H. Conch. tab. 714. fig. 71.
• Bulla lignaria. Wood. Penn. Brit. Zool. No. 83. tab. 70. fig. 83.
• Oublie, ou papier roalé, tonne a bouche entiere. D'Avila. Cab. p. 206, No. 387.

This species is not very common. It is found on the coasts of Cornwall, Devonshire, and Dorsetshire, and also on several of the coasts of Ireland.

[]The length is generally from one inch and an half to two inches; the shell is brittle and without gloss, of a light, brownish colour, wrought transversely, with fine striae, and many narrow whitish veins. Its Latin and English names are derived from its supposed resemblance to a piece of veined wood.

This Shell is very open; its animal a slug.

[]PLATE XXVIII. TURBO CLATHRATUS. BARRED or FALSE WENTLETRAP.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal Limax. Univalve. spiral, or of a taper form. Aperture somewhat compressed, orbicular, entire.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell taper, without umbilicus. Spires swelled and separated by a deep channel. Several regular elevated ribs or ridges extend in a longitudinal direction from the aperture to the apex.

• TURBO CLATHRATUS: testa turrita ex umbilicata: anfractibus contignis laevibus. Gmel. Lin. Syst. Nat. Conch. p. 3603. sp. 63. — Faun. Suec. 2170.
• Strombiformis minor albus aut pullo variegatus, costis longitudinalibus elatis eleganter distinctus. CLATHRATUS. Da Costa, Br. Conch. p. 115. sp. 67. tab. 7. fig. 11.
• Cochlea variegata, striis raris admodum eminentibus exasperatae. List. H. Conch. tab. 588. fig. 51.
• Turbo-Clathratus. Barred Wentletrap. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 111. tab. 81. fig. 111. 111. A.
• Fausse scalata. D'Avila, p. 221. No. 427.

[]This is one of the most singular species that is found on the British coasts. It is very analagous to the famous Scalaris or Wentletrap of the East Indies, which bears such a high price amongst Conchologists; and from this analogy it is called the False Wentletrap. Its length is about an inch, and sometimes two inches or even more. The mouth is perfectly round, and bordered with a thick ring; from this ring arise several distinct equi-distant prominent ridges, generally eight in number, which extend the whole length of the shell in an obliquely longitudinal direction. These ridges appear the more remarkable and prominent, as the spires are very convex or swelled, and sepa⯑rated from each other by a deep spiral channel. The colour of most specimens is milk white, but is sometimes obscured with brown, or marked transversely with distinct circles of ferruginous interrupted lines.

Turbo Clathratus is found on several of the British coasts.

[]PLATE XXIX.

[]PLATE XXX.

[]PLATE XXXI. MUREX DESPECTUS. THE LARGE or DESPISED WHELK.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Spiral, rough. The aperture ending in a strait and somewhat pro⯑duced gutter or canaliculation.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Mouth wide, oval and somewhat elongated and cancellated at the upper end. Spires eight.

• MUREX DESPECTUS: testa patulo subcaudata oblonga anfractibus octo. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 3547.
• Buccinum album laeve, maximum, septem minimum spirarum. List. H. An. Angl. p. 155. tit. 1. tab. 3. fig. 1.
• Buccinum rostratum majus crassum, orbibus paululum pulvinatis. List. H. Conch. tab. 913. fig. 4.
• Murex Despectus. Despised. Penn. Br. Zool. t. 78. fig. 93.
• Buccinum canaliculatum magnum crassum striatum album. MAG⯑NUM. Da Costa tab. 6. fig. 4. p. 120.

This is the largest of the turbinated univalves found in the Britiſh seas. It inhabits deep water, and is said to be a common shell on the []Essex, Sussex, and many other of the Engliſh shores as well as in Scotland, the Orkneys and many of the Irish shores also. On the Dorset coast it is rare.

It is frequently drawn up with oysters, and is sometimes eaten; but as it is coarse food, it more commonly furniſhes bait to fiſher⯑men.

The largest shells of this sort, found in our seas, sometimes ex⯑ceeds five inches in length; it is a strong, thick, and heavy shell; of a whitiſh colour on the outſide; within of a most lovely yellow, inclining to orange, smooth, and very gloſſy.

[]PLATE XXXII.

[]PLATE XXXIII.

[]PLATE XXXIV. OSTREA PUSIO. DISTORTED.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal a Tethys. Shell bivalve, unequal. The hinge without a tooth, having a small oval cavity.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Eared. With about forty longitudinal rays. Shell irregular, or diſtorted.

• Concha testa aurita, striis circiter quadraginta. Linn. F. Suec. 1. p. 384. No. 1345.
• Pecten minimus angustior, inaequalis fere et asper, sinu ad cardinem cylindraceo, ceberrimis minutissimisque striis donatus. List. Hist. Angl. p. 186. tit. 31. tab. 5. fig. 31.
• Pecten Pusio. Writhed. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 65. tab. 61. fig. 65.
• Pecten minor alba, contusa proteiformis. Petiv. Gazoph. tab. 94. fig. 2.
• Twisted Pectines of Stroma. Wallace, Orkn. p. 43, 44
• Pecten parvus inaequalibus, informis, striatus. DISTORTUS, DIS⯑TORTED. Da Costa, Br. Conch. p. 148. tab. 10. fig. 3. 6.

[]Dissimilar as the several figures in this plate may appear, they are merely accidental varieties in size, growth, and colour of an individual species. These shells are generally about an inch, or more, in length, and of a somewhat globose shape; but so extremely irregular and dis⯑torted, that it can with difficulty be defined. Dr. Wallace calls these shells the twisted pectines of Stroma, a little island that lies in the Pightland Frith; he found them on some parts of the Orkneys, where he observed extraordinary cross and strong tides. The irregular form of these pectines rather surprised him. He adds, "I cannot think the odd strange tumbling the tides make there, can contribute any thing to that frame; yet, after all, I never see them in any other place."—These shells are now found on several of the English shores, as York⯑shire, Scarborough, Mouth of the River Tees, and Dorsetshire; and are also frequent in the fossil state, in the chalk pits of Kent and Surry. Both valves are convex, and much diſtorted, but the under one is usually the most irregular; the ribs are numerous, close set, longitu⯑dinal, and prominent. The inside of the lower valve is smooth and white, when alive, and that of the upper has a pearly gloss. The outside is generally of a dingy white, or yellowish cast; sometimes pale violet, or russety; or white mottled, and varied with brown, or brilliant red.

The ears of this shell are large, and nearly equal, but are often so distorted as to appear much otherwise. It is proper to observe, that though the irregular form this shell assumes may be attributed to some injury is has sustained in its growth, every shell of this species is conſtantly found with the same diſtorted appearance. This circum⯑ſtance leaves no reason to doubt that such diſtortions are characteriſtic of this extraordinary and peculiar species.

[]PLATE XXXV. MUREX ERINACEUS.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Spiral, rough. The aperture ending in a strait and somewhat pro⯑duced gutter or canaliculation.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER. AND SYNONYMS. Shell subangular, rugose, or covered entirely with raised scales or points. Spires ſix.

• MUREX ERINACEUS: testa multifarium subfrondoso-spinosa, spirae anfractibus retuso coronatis, cauda abbrevi⯑ata. Linn. Syst. Nat. 526. p. 1216.— Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 3530.
• Buccinum majus canaliculatum, rostratum, ore labioso, fimbriatum, umblicatum, ore angusto, oblongo, rugosum, costu⯑latum, striis eminentibus reticulatim exasperatum, albidum. Gualt. 1. Conch. Tab. 49. fig. H.
• MUREX ERINACEUS. Urchin. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 95. tab. 76. fig. 95. Seba. Muſ. 3. t. 49. fig. 78, 79.—Martin. Conch. 3. t. 110. f. 1026—8.
• Buccinum longirostrum medium subangulatum, porcis spiralibus dis⯑tinctum. Porcatum. Da Costa. tab. 8. fig. 7.7. p. 133.

[]Found on the coast of Cornwall, and Dorsetſhire, and also on that of Hilbree iſland in Cheshire.

[]PLATE XXXVI.