THE CITY OF CARLISLE.

THE traveller approaching from the ſouth, has the beſt view of the city, ſeat⯑ed on a fine eminence, gradually emerging from an extenſive plain of rich cultivated land. The waters of the Frith are ſeen on the one hand, with the ad⯑jacent levells; the back ground of the landſcape is beautifully variegated by the irregular ſwells of the whole Scotch promontory, extending towards the Iriſh ſea. The walls ſtrengthened with an arrangement of buttreſſes at irregular diſtances, lies upon one angle to the view; in part, concealing the houſes of the city, and boldly overtoped by the ſquare tower of the caſtle, and the auguſt and ſolemn ſtructure of the cathedral. This view of Carliſle is the more ſtriking, as there is no adjacent eminence; from which cauſe the city looks more majeſtic, as it crowns ſo beautiful a plain.

The city is walled round, the fortifications towards Scotland appearing the moſt modern; they are formed of better ſquared ſtones than ſeveral other parts of the works. The eaſt and ſouth ſides are ſupported by a multitude of buttreſſes, which, we preſume, have been built up occaſionally, to ſtrengthen the decaying parts of the wall. It is watered by three fine rivers, the Eden on the north, the Peterill on the eaſt, and Caude on the weſt. There are three gates to the city, which, from their different aſpects, are called the Engliſh, Iriſh, and Scotch Gates. On [4]the approach from Penrith, on the ſouth, you enter the Engliſh Gates; on the ap⯑proach from Wigton, on the ſouth-weſt, is the Iriſh Gate; and the Scotch Gate, to the north, opens upon the bridges. The walls are embrazured, but without any earth-work. The Engliſh Gate is guarded by a very ſtrong machicolated gate, flanked by circular towers of great ſtrength; the guns mounted therein in ſeveral tiers, would effectually ſweep every approach. This gateway, with its towers and other works, is commonly called the Citadel, ^† and was erected by the order of King Henry VIII. The caſtle conſiſts of various works, but being kept up as a garriſoned place, we conceive it imprudent to deſcribe them minutely. ^* The donjon, or great tower, more properly deſerves the title of the citadel, being ſurrounded by the other works; it is ſquare and very lofty, and the walls of vaſt ſtrength and thickneſs, being conſtructed agreeably to the old modes of defence, before the uſe of cannon: it was ſtrengthened by a draw bridge over a wide ditch, and defended by modern works; a half-moon battery mounted with cannon, and a very large platform alſo mounted with cannon, under cover of the outward wall. The top of the tower being embrazured and lined with turf, and mounted with large cannon, this part of the fortreſs could make a good defence, and ſuſtain a formidable attack. By a well of vaſt depth conſtructed within the great tower, and ſaid to be of Roman work, the ſupply of water for the garriſon could not be cut off by an enemy. This well is not unlike that in Bambrough Caſtle in Nor⯑thumberland, and has been conſtructed at the ſame time the great tower was built. ^‡ In the outer caſtle is a fine graſs plot, a garden and governor's houſe.

But it will be expected by our readers, that we give a more particular deſcrip⯑tion of this city, and collect the hiſtorical facts relative to it.

The name of Carliſle has been deduced by ſeveral authors, from different ety⯑mologies. The Britiſh chronicle informs us, this city was built by a Britiſh potentate, called Luel. Leland ſays, ‘the Iriſhmen call bale a town, and ſo peradventure did the old Scottes: thus might be ſaid that lugabalia ſoundeth Luel's-town.’ ^§ The Romans called it Lugovallium, or Luguballum, from its ſi⯑tuation on Severus' wall, and from the troops and people garriſoned there. Ptolemy calls it Leucopibi, Nennius Caer Lualid. The Saxons retained the old name Luel; the Welſh writers give it the name of the city of Duballus. Some derive the name [5]from the ancient Britiſh Llu-gyda-gwal, which implies an army by the wall; from whence it is aſſerted the Romans framed their appellation of Lugovallium; others from Lagus, or Lucus, which, in the language of the Celtae and Britains, ſignified a tower; and which, with the Roman compound, expreſſed a tower or fort upon the wall or vallum: to the Saxon name was added, the word caer, or city; and from theſe, Caer Leuel, the preſent name of Car-liſle, ſeems to come by an eaſy corrup⯑tion. It is reaſonable to apprehend, that in ſo fine a ſituation, on the confluence of three rivers, and the grand eſtuarie of the Frith, this place was of ſome ſtrength and diſtinction before the coming of the Romans: it will naturally follow, that the name was given antecedent to the building of Severus' wall, or the vallum of Hadrian; and we conceive that Leland points out the moſt probable etymology. Camden and his editors have taken great pains on this ſubject, ‘The Romans and Britains called it Luguvallum and Luguballium, or Luguballia; the Saxons, as Bede writeth, Luel; Ptolemy, as ſome think, Lucopibia, (which ſeems rather to be a corruption of [...] i. e. white houſes, and to be Candida Caſa, or Whithorn in Galloway) Nemicus Caer Lualid; the ridiculous Welſh prophecies, the city of Duballus; we Carliſle; and the Latins, from the more modern name, Carleolum. For that Luguballia and Carliſle are the ſame, is univerſally agreed by our hiſtorians. But as to the etymology, what pains has our countryman, Leland, taken about it, and at laſt he is driven upon this ſhift, that Ituna might be called Lugas, and that Ballum came from Vallis, a valley, and ſo make Lugu⯑vallum, as much as a valley upon the Luge. But to give my conjectures alſo, I dare affirm, that the vallum and valia were derived from that famous military vallum of the Romans, which runs hard by the city. For Antoninus calls Lugu⯑vallum ad vallum; and the Picts wall, which was afterwards built on the wall of Severus, is to be ſeen at Stanwicks, a ſmall village a little beyond the Eden. It paſſed the river over againſt the caſtle; where, in the very channel, the remains of it, namely, great ſtones appear to this day. Alſo, Pomponius Mela has told us, that lugus or lucus ſignified a tower among the old Celtae, who ſpoke the ſame language with the Britains; for what Antoninus calls lugo auguſti, is in him turris auguſti; ſo that luguvallum, both really is, and ſignifies a tower or fort upon the wall or vallum. Upon this foundation, if the French had made their lugdunum ſignify a tower upon a hill, and their lucotetia (ſo the ancients called what we call lutetia) a beautiful tower; for the words import ſo much in the Britiſh, they might poſſibly have been more in the right, than by deriving the latter from lutum, dirt; and the former from one Lugdus, a fabulous king. As to the preſent name, Carliſle, the original of this is plain enough, from the Britiſh, caer, a city; and Lual, Luel, Lugubal, Leil, or Luil, according to the ſeveral appella⯑tions, antient or modern, importing as much as the town or city of Luul, &c.’ ^†

[6]It has been the opinion of ſeveral judicious viſitants, that the river Eden has ſhifted its courſe and channel ſince the time of the Romans, and that formerly it paſſed nearer to the caſtle; for it ſhould ſeem an inconſiſtent taſk for that wiſe people, to make their work traverſe a rapid and broad river, otherwiſe than in a direct line. Both Mr. Horſley, and Mr. Warburton join in this opinion.

It may ſafely be determined, that the Romans found this a place of ſome im⯑portance; but that it was, in their time, rather a place of receſs after the toils of warfare were over, than a place of chief ſtrength, appears from the vicinity of Stanwix, the ſtation in courſe upon the wall. It is not to be doubted, but Caer-Luel was fortified, as it lay too near the borders not to be ſubject to perils and alarms; but we have no Roman authorities, to denominate it a regular Roman city or ſtation; as we find thoſe neareſt to the wall, on the ſouth, were Olenacum, now called Old Carlifle, near Wigton; and Bremetenracum, called old Perith. The words of Camden and his editors are, ‘That this city flouriſhed in the time of the Romans, appears plainly enough from the ſeveral evidences of antiquity, which they now and then dig up; and from the frequent mention made of it, by the writers of thoſe times. And even after the ravages of the Picts and Scots, it retained ſomething of its ancient ſplendor, and was accounted a city.’ ^§

We have no authority to determine what was the ſize or form of this place in diſtant antiquity. Leland ſays in his Itinerary, vol. VII. p. 48. ‘The hole ſite of the towne, is ſore chaungid.q For whereas the ſtretes were, and great edifices, now be vacant and garden plottes. The cite of Cairluel ſtondeth in the foreſt of Ynglewood. The cite ys yn compace ſcant a myle, and ys walled with a right fayre and ſtronge wal, ex lapide quadrato ſubrufo. In diggyng to make new buildyngs yn the towne, often tymes hath bene, and now alate fownd diverſe foundations of the old cite, as pavimentes of ſtretes, old arches of dores, coyne, ſtones ſquared, paynted pottes, mony hid yn pottes, ſo hold and mauldid, that when yt was ſtronly touchid yt went almoſt to mowlder.’ Page 49, ‘In the feldes about Caerluel, yn plewhyng hath be fownd diverſe Cornelines, and other ſtonys wel entaylid for ſeals, and yn other places of Cumberland yn plewhyng hath be fownde brickes conteynyng the prints of antique workes.’

[7]After the retreat of the Romans, we may naturally conceive, this city would ſoon be evacuated by the Britons, and deſtroyed and laid waſte by the northern nations, who made conſtant irruptions, and at length extended their rapine and devaſtation into the ſouthern, and interior parts of Britain, till repreſſed by the coming in of the Saxon allies. It would even be a conſiderable time after their introduction, before they could extend their arms to theſe weſtern parts. During this period, and in the darkneſs in which the hiſtory of thoſe ages is involved, we are left to conjecture, that this now flouriſhing city lay in aſhes and ruin, till ******* Egfrid poſſeſſing the diadem of Northumbria, carried his conqueſt to the weſtern ocean. The Britons in this mountainous country, long retained their natural ferocity, and ſupported their uncivilized liberty and independance. Egfrid had Cumberland as a tributary province of his kingdom; and from that period we gain ſome degree of certainty in the hiſtory of this place. ^*

The firſt certain account we have of Carliſle, is in the ſeventh century of the Chriſtian aera. It appears, that in Egfrid's reign, it became a place of conſider⯑able ſtrength and conſequence; he having cauſed it to be rebuilt, and fortified with a wall. ^† Camden ſays, ‘in 619, Egfrid, King of Northumberland, gave it to the famous St. Cuthbert, in theſe words: I have likewiſe beſtowed upon him the city called Luguballia, with the lands fifteen miles about it,’ and quotes Symeon Dunelm. This is a palpable error, for Cuthbert's conſecration was in 685. The words of Symeon are, ‘Et quia illa terra minus ſufficiens erat, Lugubaliam que Luel vocatur, in circuita xv. miliaria habentum in augmentum ſuſcepit; ubi etiam ſanctimonialium congregatione ſtabilita. Reginam dato habitu religionis conſecravit, et inprofectu divinae ſervitutis ſcolas inſtituit.’ ^‡ Bede ſays, the citizens carried Cuthbert to ſee the walls of their city, and a well of admirable workmanſhip, built in it by the Romans. ‘Several writers of St. Cuthbert's life, tell us of that holy man's founding here, A. D. 686, a convent of monks, a ſchool, and an abbey of nuns; but from Bede's Life of St. Cuthbert, cap. 27. it ſeems as if the monaſtery here, to which Queen Emenburga retired, was in be⯑ing before St. Cuthbert's coming to Carliſle.’

[8]After Egfrid's having reſtored the city, and fortified it with a wall, it became an appendage to the ſee of Lindisfarn, by the royal gift thereof to St. Cuthbert; and ſo continued till the year 1130, when King Henry I. conſtituted it a ſeparate biſhoprick. By Dugdales Monaſticon, it appears, that in 1082, in the acts of William Carilepho, biſhop of Durham, it was ſtiled part of the dioceſe of the biſhop of Durham. It is aſſerted, that in 1066, William the Conqueror iſſued his mandate to the inhabitants of Cumberland at large, and of Carliſle in particular, that they ſhould continue ſubject to the biſhop of Durham as their dioceſian, from whoſe predeceſſors they had received Chriſtianity.

So far we are allowed to ſpeak of this city from the looſe records of antiquity; from the time of the Conqueſt we have more certainty, and evidence of undenia⯑ble authenticity to guide us. Camden's deſcription of the ſite of Carliſle is to this purport, ‘Between the confluence of theſe rivers (Peteril and Cauda) the ancient city of Carliſle has a delightful, pleaſant ſituation; bounded on the north with Eden, on the eaſt with Peteril, and on the weſt with Caude; and, beſides theſe natural fences, it is fortified with a ſtrong ſtone wall, a caſtle, and citadel. It is of an oblong form from weſt to eaſt: to the weſt is a pretty large caſtle, which was built by William the ſecond, and repaired by King Richard III. as ſhould ſeem by the arms.’ The period of time between the reign of Egfrid, and the coming of the Danes, affords a ſufficient number of years to ſupport a preſumption, that this place would greatly improve in importance and power, before the pro⯑greſs of thoſe ravagers; but the advance only ſerved to aggrandize its woe; for when thoſe invaders had poſſeſſed themſelves of theſe northern parts, we find Carliſle again ſmoking in her aſhes: ^‡ and ſo complete was the deſtruction, that ſhe lay overwhelmed in her deſolation, till the time of William the Conqueror, when one of his followers is ſaid to have rebuilt ſome parts of the city, founded, or reſtored the ancient religious ſociety there, and dedicated the houſe to the honour of the Bleſſed Virgin, of which he became the chief: and, in conſequence of theſe pious works, it was, that the Conqueror iſſued the foregoing mandate, in which Carliſle was particularly ſpecified; that this body of religious ſhould be [9]ſubject to the epiſcopal juriſdiction of Durham, as were the adjacent lands of Northumberland.

King William Rufus ^† having entertained a perfect idea of the importance of this place, on the weſtern part of the frontier, as he ſaw Newcaſtle was on the eaſtern; and ſeeing the infant works of Walter proceeding proſperouſly, he un⯑dertook to reſtore the city, and cauſed many public buildings to be erected; the whole of which, he directed, ſhould be defended by a complete circumvallation, and a ſtrong fortreſs: the care of executing his plan he conſigned to Walter, and under his inſpection, it is alledged, the works were carried on. From the appear⯑ance of ſeveral parts of the fortifications, one is led to determine, they are the work of that aera; for the Normans brought into this country, ſome of the beſt workmen the iſland ever poſſeſſed, as appears by the remains of many of the northern caſtles, whoſe dates are well aſcertained: and there is ſo great a ſimili⯑tude of the form and mode of architecture in the great tower of the caſtle of Car⯑liſle, that thence, by a common obſerver, its date may be aſcertained. In the ſides of this tower, in ſeveral parts, are placed the arms of England, but theſe ſeem to denote no more than the reparations made by the ſeveral ſovereigns. ^§

It is ſaid he firſt placed here a colony of Flemings, and moſt probably they were the artificers who raiſed the fortifications; for ſoon after, we read of the city being reſtored and walled, with the defence of a fortreſs added thereto: we find the Flemings were removed to North Wales, and the iſle of Angleſea, and the king replaced them with a colony of South Britains, men uſed to huſbandry, and [10]the culture of lands, who ſhould till this part of the foreſt of Inglewood, which hitherto had lain in its original ſtate; and teach the natives the mode of reaping from the natural fertility of their country, the many comſorts of life; and the progreſſive treaſures to be won by induſtry; of which they do not, from any thing mentioned by hiſtorians, appear to have conceived a previous idea. To this colony all the records exiſting attribute the firſt tillage that was known in the fertile plains of Carliſle. Biſhop Gibſon, in his edition of Camden, ſpeaking of the evidence touching this matter in the Saxon Chronicle, ſays, ‘It has it [...] which at firſt ſight ſhould ſeem to be an error for; [...]: but in truth, this ſeems rather to be an error of the librarian, for [...], and on that ſuppoſition the words would imply, that a great number of huſbandmen were ſent thither, and not Engliſhmen; for, before that time the inhabitants of Carliſle were Engliſh: and what follows in the Saxon Chronicle, [...], ſtrengthens the conjecture, as expreſſing the errand upon which they were ſent, viz. to cultivate thoſe parts.’ This was deep policy in William, as it was in⯑troducing a certain employment, which would naturally call together many ſettlers; and render his kingdom leſs ſubject to annoyances from a northern enemy, by the increaſe of population, and conſequent ſtrength of the frontiers. The cultivation introduced by William, had not made ſo rapid a progreſs in the courſe of ſeventy years, as to have cleared the neighbourhood of Carliſle of wood; for by the char⯑ter of King Henry II. the citizens had the privilege of taking fuel, and building timber from the Royal Foreſt of Carliſle.

Camden ſays, ‘Lugubalia now grown populous, had, as they write, its Earl, or rather Lord Ralph Meſchines, from whence deſcended the earls of Cheſter.’

‘After the death of Richard, Earl of Cheſter, who was drowned with the king's children, Ranulph Meſchines removed to Cheſter. and was Earl thereof. Pre⯑ſently after King Henry I. died, and King Stephen uſurping the ſtate, gave this county to David, King of Scots, to procure his aid againſt King Henry II. right heirs to the late king, as ſon to Maud the Empreſs, daughter and ſole heir to Henry I. But the Scots ſecretly favoured him for his right's ſake; and for that he had made the ſaid Henry Fitz Empreſs knight at Carliſle. Yet accepting the gift of the county, whereunto he pretended his own right, before granted to his anceſtors by the Saxon kings, he made his eldeſt ſon, Henry Fitz David, Earl of Huntington and Carliſle; which Henry founded the abbey of Holm Cultram in the time of King Stephen, his father confirming the grant of the revenues wherewith he endowed that houſe, and ſo his ſon Malcom, King of Scots, after David. After Henry Fitz David and King Stephen were dead, King Henry Fitz Empreſs took Carliſle and the county from the Scots, and granted to the city the firſt liberties I hear of, that they enjoyed after the Conqueſt. But his charter was burned by a caſual fire that happened in the town, which defaced a great part of the ſame, and all the records of antiquity of that place.’—DENTON.

‘In the wall be iii gates, Bocher (ſouth) gate, Caldew (weſt) gate, and Richard (north) gate. The caſtle being within the towne, is yn ſum part as a cloſer of the wall.’—LEL. ITIN. vol. VII. page 48.

The parts of Carliſle caſtle are particularly mentioned in the report made of the ſtate of it, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, given in the notes. ^‡ The cita⯑del, [12]as it is ſaid, was erected in the reign of King Henry VIII.; and it is ſurpriſ⯑ing that the whole caſtle and fortifications ſhould ſo ſoon fall into ſuch decay, as to be in the ſtate repreſented by that report, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. It appears thereby, that the works conſiſted of a donjon, whoſe walls are twelve feet [13]in thickneſs, an inward and outward ward; the walls of the outward ward, nine feet in thickneſs, and eighteen feet in height; and the walls of the inner ward, twelve feet, having a half-moon baſtion. A tower, called the Captain's Tower. Two gates, one to each ward. In the caſtle a great chamber and a hall, but no [14]ſtorehouſe for amunition. In the walls of the town, three gate-way towers, a ſe⯑micircular baſtion, called Springold Tower: and add to theſe, the citadel. But beſides thoſe mentioned in the report, the walls were garniſhed with ſeveral ſquare towers, particularly a tower at the weſtern ſally port, and a tower called the Tile Tower, of particular ſtrength.

The choir is 137 feet in length, and, with the ſide ailes, 71 feet broad: the croſs aile or tranſept is 28 feet broad, ſo that the length of the church, when entire, was exactly 300 feet within. The choir is of fine Gothic architecture, with light columns, remarkably beautiful. The ſtalls are garniſhed with taber⯑nacle work; (the organ is placed at the croſs ſcreen, which contains but a narrow and low entrance, and is a great injury to this fine edifice.) By late repairs it is greatly embelliſhed, being wainſcotted with oak, from the ſtalls round the whole eaſt end of the choir, in a ſimple ſtile, after the old order. The open gates leading into the ſide ailes, are old and much broken, but ſhew excellent light Tracery work, finely ornamented. The biſhop's throne is not magnificent, but yet elegant and ſtately. The breadth of the choir and ailes being 71 feet, correſponds well with the height, which to the center of the ceiling is 75 feet. The roof was originally lined or vaulted with wood, painted and orna⯑mented with arms and devices of the ſeveral patrons and contributors to the work; with the arms of France and England, were thoſe of the Piercys, Lucys, Warrens, and Mowbrays. The old wood lining remains in the croſs aile, and ſhews what was the former figure, and the ornaments of the choir: but the outward roof and wood ceiling of the choir having gone greatly to decay, when repairs were made, in 1764 the ceiling was ſtuccoed, in the form of a groined vault, which is a great advantage to its appearance. ^* The eaſt window is large, being 48 feet in height, and 30 in breadth, ornamented with fine pilaſters: but it has no caſt of ſolemnity, by means of a border of coloured glaſs thrown round it, of yellow, red, and green, which looks gaudy. ^†

‘In the ailes on each ſide, are ſome ſtrange legendary paintings of the hiſtory of St. Anthony, St. Cuthbert, and St. Auguſtine: one repreſents the ſaint vi⯑ſited by an unclean ſpirit, who tempts him in a moſt indecent manner.’ ^‖ Above every picture is a diſtich relative to the ſubject.

[18]To give the reader an idea of theſe ſtrange compoſitions, we have tranſcribed the legends of St. Anthony, St. Cuthbert, and St. Auſtine.

[19]The croſs aile from north to ſouth, is 124 feet; in the center is a tower, in height 127 feet, which originally ſupported a ſpire of lead, thirteen or fourteen feet high, which being gone greatly to decay, was totally removed ſoon after the Reſtoration.

The pillars of the choir are cluſtered, and in excellent proportion; the arches are pointed; in the inner mouldings of the capitals, are figures and flowers in pierced work, of light carving, and the inſide of the arches are prettily ornamented. Two galleries run above the ſide ailes, but with windows only in the upper: that in the eaſt end has a magnificent ſimplicity.

When the choir was rebuilt in the reign of King Edward III. indulgences were iſſued, the common and moſt effectual claim of aſſiſtance; which were of forty days penance to ſuch laity, as ſhould, by money, materials, or labour, contri⯑bute to this pious work: and the biſhop's regiſter abounds with letters patent, and orders for the purpoſe.

‘At the weſt end of the church, is a large plain altar tomb, called the Blue ſtone; ^§ on this the tenants of the dean and chapter, by certain tenures, were obliged to pay their rents.’—PENNANT.

[20]Several parts of the abbey were enlarged or improved by Prior Gondibour, who occurs in 1484; the initial letters of his name appearing in ſeveral parts. In the veſtry is preſerved an old oak aumery or cheſt, with an inſcription in the old Engliſh letter.—See the Plate, p. 598.

Prior Senhouſe, who occurs in 1507, repaired the ſquare tower within this priory; and on the beams of the middle room are inſcribed many ſentences, with a moral maxim often uſed by him, Loth to offend. ^‡

Prior Slee built the weſt gate-houſe, and in a fillet round the arch, in the ſide towards the court, in an excellent character of raiſed letters is cut, Grate pro anima Exiſtopheri Slee Prioris, qui primus hoc opus fieri incipit, A. D. 1528.

The door with its ornaments, on the ſouth ſide of the choir, near the biſhop's throne; and alſo the throne was the work of Prior Haythwaite, about the year 1480, his name having been on the backſide of it: and the oppoſite door with its ornaments, is ſuppoſed to have been erected by Prior Senhouſe, about the year 1500, by the ſentence inſcribed thereon, "Vulnera quinque dei ſint medicina mei," which was that prior's common adage. The tabernacle work in the quire was done at the expence of Biſhop Strickland, who came to the ſee, A. D. 1400.

There were two chapels, and two chantries, founded within this church; the chapel of St. Catharine was founded by John de Capella, a citizen of Carliſle, which he endowed with certain burgage houſes, ſome lands and rents. In 1366, there being an unjuſt detention of the rights of this chapel, Biſhop Appleby gave notice for reſtitution in ten days, under pain of excommunication by bell, book, and candle. This chapel was on the ſouth ſide of the church.

The chapel of St. Alban in 1356, was on inquiry, found not to have been con⯑ſecrated, and thenceforth divine offices and ſepulture were prohibited to be longer performed therein: this appears by an entry in Biſhop Welton's regiſter. On the diſſolution, King Edward VI. granted the lands and tenements appertaining to this chantry, unto Thomas Dalſton and William Denton.

Biſhop Whelpdale founded a chantry, and endowed it with 200l. for holy offices, for the ſouls of Sir Thomas Skelton, Knt. and Mr. John Glaſton.

There was a chantry of the holy croſs, but who was the founder, and when it was endowed, is not known; King Edward VI. granted the lands and tenements thereto belonging, in Carliſle and Kirklinton, to Hen. Tanner and Tho. Bucher. ^†

In the middle of the choir, is a monument of Biſhop Bell, with his effigies in his pontificals in braſs; and an inſcription on a marginal fillet of braſs.—See []

[21]the plate.—He departed this life, A. D. 1496. Biſhop William Barrow was buried in St. Catharine's chapel; he died at Roſe Caſtle, A. D. 1429. Biſhop John Beſt was alſo buried here; he departed this life, A. D. 1560. Biſhop Henry Robinſon was alſo buried in this church. There is this remarkable entry in the pariſh regiſter of Dalſton, that he died at Roſe Caſtle, on the 19th day of June, 1616, about three o'clock in the afternoon, and was buried in this cathedral, the ſame evening about eleven o'clock. In taking down the old hangings and orna⯑ments of the high altar to make the late repairs, at the north corner was diſcover⯑ed, a braſs plate finely engraven, which had been put up to his memory. The biſhop is there repreſented in his pontiſicals, kneeling before one church in ruins, and another lately or newly erected: upon the former is inſcribed, ‘Invenit de⯑ſtructum, reliquit extructum et inſtructum:’ on the latter, ‘Intravit per oſtium, per manſit fidelis, receſſit beatus.’ The devices on the plate are whimſical and groteſque.

Under the engraving, ‘Henrico Robinſono Carleolenſi S. S. Theol. Doctori, collegii reginae Oxoniae praepoſito providiſſimo, tandemq. hujus Eccleſiae per annos 18. Epiſcopo vigilantiſſimo. 13 Calend Julii, anno apartu virginis, 1616, aetat ſuae 64 pie in Domino obdormienti.’

‘Bernardus Robinſonus frater ac haeres hoc qualecunq. MNHMEION, amoris teſtimonium collocavit.’

Biſhop Richard Senhouſe was interred here.—He died, A. D. 1626, by a fall from his horſe.

Biſhop Thomas Smith died at Roſe-Caſtle, and was interred in this church: the following inſcription is upon his tomb:—

Sir George Fleming, biſhop of this dioceſe, died at Roſe-Caſtle, 1747, and was interred in the ſouth aile. ^‡

[22]In a letter from Mr. G. Smith, in the Gentleman's Magazine, 1749, we have an account of part of a monumental inſcription, found below the biſhop's throne. ^* ‘ [...]’

There is no attempt to explain what perſon was here interred; it is poſſible the tomb was made antecedent to the building of the throne.

The whole of this noble edifice is of red freeſtone, ornamented with pilaſters and pointed arches. There have been ſome ſtatues on the eaſtern turrets, but they are mutilated, and gone greatly to decay.

No circumſtances are come to our knowledge, touching the religious founda⯑tions here, before, or in the time of St. Cuthbert, other than the mention made of them by ancient writers; probably they did exiſt as ſeveral perſons ſpeaking of St. Cuthbert's life, tell us he founded, A. D. 686, a convent of monks, a ſchool, and an abbey of nuns: but from Bede's Life of that ſaint, chap. xvii. it appears the nunnery here, to which Queen Emenburga retired, was exiſting before St. Cuthbert's viſiting Carliſle. Mr. Denton's account of theſe religious foundations is to the following effect:—

‘The rectory of St. Cuthbert's in Carliſle, was founded by the former inhabi⯑tants of Carliſle before the Danes overthrew the city, and by them dedicated to the honour of St. Cuthbert of Dureſm, who of antient times was lord of the ſame for fifteen miles about Carliſle. At the firſt foundation of the church every citi⯑zen offered a piece of money, which was a coin of braſs then current, which they buried under the foundation of the church ſteeple there as was found to be true at the late re-edifying of St. Cuthbert's ſteeple, A. D. ****, for when they took up the foundation of the old ſteeple, they found well near a buſhel of that money.’

‘After the ſaid priors, Athelwold and Walter, ſucceeded John, who gave Water⯑croft in Flimby, to the Lord of Workington, ſon of Goſpatrick; and after John, Bartholomew, who, in the time of Biſhop Hugh, confirmed Orton in Weſtmor⯑land to the prior of Coneyſhead. After him Radulph was prior, who confirmed the impropriation of the rectory of Burgh to the abbey of Holm Cultram, in the time of Walter, biſhop of Carliſle.—After Radulph theſe were priors ſuc⯑ceſſively: Robert Morvill, Adam Felton, Alanus, Galfridus, John de Horncaſtle, John de Penrith, William Dalſton, Robert Edenhall, Thomas Hoton, Thomas Barnaby, Thomas Hathwaite, Thomas Gudybour, Simon Senhouſe, Chriſtopher Slee, Lancelot Salkeld, laſt prior and firſt dean.’

‘After King Henry VIII. had changed the priory into a deanry and cathedral church of a new foundation, ^† at the ſuppreſſion of abbeys, adding thereunto, for their better maintenance the revenues of the diſſolved priory of Wetheral, a cell [24]of St. Mary's abbey York, dedicating the church to the honour of the holy and and indiviſible Trinity.’ After Salkeld ſucceeded in the deanry as follows:—

• 1 Lancelot Salkeld laſt prior and firſt dean. ^§
• 2 Sir Thomas Smith, A. D. 1547, died 12 Aug. 1571.
• 3 Sir John Wooley, Knt. inſt. 11 Octr. 1577, died 1595.
• 4 Chriſtopher Perkins, inſt. 1596, died 1622.—So far DENTON.
• 5 Francis White, inſt. 1622, made biſhop of Carliſle, 1626.
• 6 William Paterſon, inſt. 1626, made dean of Exeter, 1629.
• 7 Thomas Comber, inſt. 1630, died 1653.
• 8 Guy Carleton, inſt. 1660, made biſhop of Briſtol, 1671.
• 9 Thomas Smith, inſt. 1671, made biſhop of Carliſle, 1684.
• 10 Thomas Muſgrave, ^* inſt. 1684, died 1686.
• 11 William Graham, inſt. 1686, made dean of Wells, 1704.
• 12 Francis Atterbury, inſt. 1704, made dean of C. C. Oxon, 1711.
• 13 George Smalridge, inſt. 1711, made dean C. C. Oxon, 1713,
• 14 Thomas Gibbon, inſt. 1713, died 1716.
• 15 Thomas Tullie, inſt. 1716 died 1726.
• 16 George Fleming, inſt. 1727, made biſhop of Carliſle, 1734.
• 17 Robert Bolton, inſt. 1734, died 1764.
• 18 Charles Tarrent, D. D. inſt. 1764, made Dean of Peterborough.
• 19 Thomas Wilſon, D. D. inſt. 1764, died 1778,
• 20 Thomas Percy, D. D. inſt. 1778, made Biſhop of Dromore, 1782.
• 21 Jeffrey Ekins, D. D. inſt. 1782, died, 1792.
• 22 Iſaac Milner, D. D. inſt. 1792.

‘The priory wanted not for reliques of ſaints, for Waldeive the ſon of Goſpa⯑trick, Earl of Dunbar, brought from Jeruſalem and Conſtantinople, a bone of St. Paul, and another of St. John Baptiſt, two ſtones of Chriſt's ſepulchre, and part of the holy croſs, which he gave to the priory, together with a manſion near St. Cuthbert's church, where, at that time, ſtood an antient building, called Arthur's chamber, taken to be part of the manſion houſe of King Arthur, the ſon of Uter Pendragon of memorable note, for his worthineſs in the time of antient Kings. Waldeive alſo gave other antient buildings, called Lyons Yards, often remembered in the hiſtory of Arthur, written by a monk; the ruins whereof are ſtill to be ſeen, as it is thought at Ravenglaſs, diſtant from Carliſle, accord⯑ing to that author, fifty miles, placed near the ſea; and, not without reaſon, thought therefore to be the ſame,’—DENTON's MS.

Mr. Denton's account of the money found in rebuilding the ſleeple of St. Cuthbert's church, is rendered uncertain by ſome late diſcoveries; and it is moſt [25]probable it was a concealed treaſure, intended to be ſecured againſt the Danes, or ſome other ravagers: for when the foundations were making for the preſent new edifice, and the workmen had gone below the foundations of the old church, they diſcovered the remains of a ſtill more ancient erection, and took up ſeveral pieces of broken ſculpture; among the reſt the figure of a nun with her veil or hood, well cut and in good preſervation, which we ſaw in the garden of George Mounſey, Eſq. of Carliſle; ſo that it ſhould ſeem the old nunnery ſtood there. ^‖ It ſeems that Walter's foundation was entirely a new one, and not a revival of St. Cuthbert's inſtitution; for, in Tanner we find ‘Here was a houſe of Gray, or Franciſcan friars, ^*’ before A. D. 1390; ^† and alſo a houſe of Black friars, ^‡ founded here 53d Henry III. ^§

Walter, the Norman, laid the foundation of the priory, which he dedicated to the Bleſſed Virgin: it is ſaid he became the head of the ſociety which he had in⯑ſtituted; but authors of great authenticity, ſpeak of his work as being incomplete at the time of his death; and that King Henry I. in the ſecond year of his reign, took it under his patronage, finiſhed it, and endowed it, A. D. 1101, and therein placed regular canons of the order of St. Auguſtine, appointing Athelwald his confeſſor and chaplain the firſt prior. Notwithſtanding Denton's account, we are convinced there was a ſucceſſion of thirty priors after Athelwald, before the time of the diſſolution. Athelwald afterwards being made biſhop of this dioceſe, was ſucceeded in the priory by Walter, another chaplain of the kings', who had taken upon him the regular habit; and being a rigorous diſciplinarian, he baniſhed all [26]the ſecular prieſts from that religious houſe. ^§ The original poſſeſſions of this priory were very conſiderable; but the foundation of the ſee ſucceeding ſo im⯑mediately almoſt to that of the priory, there is no poſſibility of diſtinguiſhing them [27]at this time. ^‡ The property of the prior and biſhop were ſo blended and mingled, that ſeveral contentions and diſputes aroſe, touching them; till Gallo the Pope's legate, at their mutual petition, made partition of their lands. The caſtle of Lin⯑ſtock, [28]in the pariſh of Stanwix, the capital houſe of the barony of that name, was for a long ſeries of years, the only palace of the biſhops of Carliſle; and in 1293. Johannes Romanus, Archbiſhop of York, was entertained there, whilſt he viſited this dioceſe. The priory was diſſolved 9th of Jan. 1540, and the revenues were then valued at 418l. 3s. 4d. ob. 9. according to Dugdale; and 481l. 8s. 1d. Speed. There were cloiſters appertaining to this religious houſe, and alſo a chapter houſe, which the diſſolute mob, under Cromwell, deſtroyed: part of the ſeats, or ſtalls, of the cloiſter remain.

THE EPISCOPAL SEE OFCARLISLE^‡

was inſtituted and founded by King Henry I. in the year 1133, two and thirty years after the foundation of the priory. By the gift of Egfrid, Carliſle became [30]a member of the ſee of Lindisfarne, and followed the tranſlation of that biſhoprick to Cheſter, and finally to Durham. The cauſe alledged for diſmembering Carliſle, and conſtituting there a ſeparate ſee, was on account of the diſtance from Durham, [31]then the ſeat of the epiſcopacy, and the conſequential delays of epiſcopal duties there. According to Camden, the monks of Durham looked upon this act of the [32]ſovereign, as a grievous infringement of their ancient rights and privileges; but from the abject diſpoſition of mind, peculiar to that age, they avoided pointing [33]the accuſation where it was due, and alledged that ‘when Ralph, biſhop of Dur⯑ham was baniſhed, and the church had none to protect it, certain biſhops joined [34]Carliſle and Tiviotdale to their dioceſe.’ ‘It is obſervable this is the only Epiſcopal chapter in England, of the order of St. Auſtin.’—TANNER.

[35]King Henry conſtituted Ethelwald, or as he is ſome times called, Adeluph, then prior there, the firſt biſhop of this new ſee: and the church of St. Mary then became a cathedral church.

The Succeſſion of Chancellors, Vicars General, and Officials, Archdeacons, and Preben⯑daries.

• A. D. 1220—Andrew de Kirbythore, vic. gen.
• A. D. 1311—Adam de Appleby, offic. conſtituted by Biſhop Halton, when he fled from the Scots.
• A. D. 1311—The prior and William Gosford, vic. gen. The biſhop called to the general council of Vienna.
• A. D. 1314—Adam de Appleby, vic. gen.
• A. D. 1335—Thomas de Halton, vic. gen. Robert de Southayke, official.
• A. D. 1342—John de Stoketon, offic. by patent
• A. D. 1353—Abbot of Holm Cultram, vic. gen.
• A. D. 1354—Nich. de Whitby, offic.
• A. D. 1355—Adam de Caldbeck, offic.
• A. D. 1363—Prior of Carliſle, John de Appleby, and Adam de Caldbeck, vic gen.
• A. D. 1373—William de Bowneſs, offic.
• A. D. 1379—William del Hall, offic.
• A. D. 1397—Richard Pyttes, vic. gen. Biſhops regiſters deficient for 150 years.
• A. D. 1543—Nicholas Williamſon, offic.
• A. D. 1552—Henry Dethick▪ L. L. B. chancellor.
• A. D. 1569—Geo. Scott chancellor, 1570 made vic. gen. and offic.—Since this time the offices have been united.
• A. D. 1576—Thomas Burton, L. L. B. cha. vic. gen. and offic.
• A. D. 1577—Thomas Hammond, L. L. B. chan. &c.
• A. D. 1586—Hen. Dethick, A. M. and L. L. B. ap⯑pointed for life—This appointment was con⯑firmed by the chapter as all ſucceeding ones were.
• A. D. 1597—Henry Dethick, L. L. B.
• A. D. 1615—Henry Woodward.
• A. D. 1622—Iſaac Single, A. M.—Here is a vacancy during the time that epiſcopacy was diſſolved.
• A. D. 1661—Robert Lowther.
• A. D. 1666—Henry Marſhall. He was vicar of Stanwix, and was murdered at his own door.
• A. D. 1667—Rowland Nichols, A. M.
• A. D. 1683—Thomas Tullie, A. M.
• A. D. 1727—John Waugh, A. M.
• A. D. 1765—Richard Burn, L. L. D.
• A. D. 1785—William Paley, A. M.
• A. D. 1795—Joſ. D. Carlyle, B. D.

• A. D. 1230—Robert.
• A. D. 1233—Peter de Roſs.
• A. D. 1293—Richard.
• A. D. 1302—Peter de Inſula.
• A. D. 1311—Gilbert de Halton.
• A. D. 1320—William Karliol
• A. D. 1323—William de Kendale.
• A. D. 1354—Richard de Arthureth.
• A. D. 1363—William de Rothbury.
• A. D. 1364—John de Appleby.
• A. D. 1548—George Nevill.
• A. D. 1567—Edward Threlkeld, L. L. D.
• A. D. 1588—Henry Dethick.
• A. D. 1597—Richard Pickington.
• A. D. 1599—Dr. Giles Robinſon
• A. D. 1602—Nicholas Dean, A. M.
• A. D. 1622—Iſaac Singleton, ditto.
• A. D. 1660—Lewis Weſt.
• A. D. 1667—John Peachil, D. D.
• A. D. 1668—Tho. Muſgrave, A. M.
• A. D. 1682—William Nicholſon, ditto.
• A. D. 1702—Joſeph Fiſher.
• A. D. 1705—Geo. Fleming, A. M.
• A. D. 1734—Wm. Fleming, ditto.
• A. D. 1743—Edmund Law, ditto.
• A. D. 1756—Venn Eyre, ditto.
• A. D. 1777—John Law, A. M.
• A. D. 1782—William Paley, ditto.

• A. D. 1542—William Florens, monk.
• A. D. 1549—Hugh Sewel, D. D.
• A. D. 1585—Edmund Bunnie, D. D.
• A. D. 1617—Richard Snowden.
• A. D. 1619—Lancelot Dawes, A. M.
• A. D. 1660—Thomas Smith, D. D.
• A. D. 1661—Thomas Conon, B. D.
• A. D. 1668—William Sill, A. M.
• A. D. 1681—Wm. Nicholſon, ditto.
• A. D. 1702—John Atkinſon, ditto.
• A. D. 1733—Edward Birk [...]t, ditto.
• A. D. 1768—John Waugh, ditto.
• A. D. 1777—James Stephen Luſhington, ditto.
• A. D. 1785—George Law, ditto.

• A. D. 1542—Edward Loſſi.
• A. D. 1546—William Paroye, D. D.
• A. D. 1552—John Emanuel Tremelius.
• A. D. 1552—Edwin Sands.
• A. D. 1554—Edward Mitchell, L. L. B.
• A. D. 1566—John Maybray.
• A. D. 1568—Thomas Tookie.
• A. D. 1574—John Barnes.
• A. D. 1577—Thomas Fairfax.
• A. D. 1595—John Meyes, L. L. B.
• A. D. 1596—William Meye, A. M.
• A. D. 1600—Thomas Fairfax.
• A. D. 1640—Frederick Tunſtall, A. M.
• A. D. 1660—Arthur Savage, ditto.
• A. D. 1700—George Fleming, ditto.
• A. D. 1727—John Waugh. ditto.
• A. D. 1765—Robert Wardale, ditto.
• A. D. 1773—John Law, ditto.
• A. D. 1782—Joſeph Hudſon, D. D.

• A. D. 1542—Bernard Kirkbride.
• A. D. 1564—Gregory Scott, A. M.
• A. D. 1576—Thomas Burton, L. L. B.
• A. D. 1577—Anthony Walkwood.
• A. D. 1612—Bernard Robinſon.
• A. D. 1637—Lewis Weſt, A. M.
• A. D. 1667—John Peachill, B. D.
• A. D. 1669—Thomas Muſgrave.
• A. D. 1676—John Ardrey, A. M.
• A. D. 1684—Thomas [...]ullie, ditto.
• A. D. 1716—Thomas Benſon, ditto.
• A. D. 1727—Richard Holme, ditto.
• A. D. 1738—William Fleming, ditto.
• A. D. 1743—Thomas Wilſon, ditto.
• A. D. 1764—Roger Baldwin, ditto.

• A. D. 1542—Richard Brandling, monk.
• A. D. 1570—Arthur Key.
• A. D. 1575—Thomas Burton, S. L. D.
• A. D. 1576—George Hower.
• A. D. 1582—Edward Hanſley.
• A. D. 1584—Edward Mayplate.
• A. D. 1624—John Fletcher, B. D.
• A. D. 1632—William Dodding. A. M.
• A. D. 1637—Richard Smith, B. D.
• A. D. 1643—Henry Hutton, A. M.
• A. D. 1660—George Buchanan, A. M.
• A. D. 1666—Henry Marſhal, ditto.
• A. D. 1667—Jeremy Nelſon, ditto.
• A. D. 1685—Hugh Todd, ditto.
• A. D. 1720—Thomas Tullie, L. L. D.
• A. D. 1742—Eraſmus Head, A. M.
• A. D. 1763—Joſeph Amphlet, L. L. D.
• A. D. 1780—William Paley, A. M
• A. D. 1795—William Sheepſhanks, ditto.

The city of Carliſle is divided into two pariſhes. The pariſh of St. Mary's, or which the cathedral is the parochial church; ^* the city and principal parts of both pariſhes are within that liberty, which is known by the name of the manor of the ſoccage of Carliſle. In the notes is the boundaries. ^‡

The pariſh of St. Cuthbert's is the other diviſion of this city. The church [59]becoming ruinous, was rebuilt in 1778, on a new and handſome plan, neatly vault⯑ed, pewed, galleried, and well lighted: it has a ſquare ſteeple or tower, with a dome, and covered with lead, but no ring of bells. The income is but ſmall, yet having had ſeveral augmentations, lands have been lately purchaſed and added thereto, of the yearly value of forty pounds. ^§

In this pariſh is the chapelry of Wrea; its antiquity cannot be aſcertained further back than the reign of King Edward II, In 1319, Biſhop Halton allowed a chaplain there, on condition that he reſided within his chapelry. It conſiſts of the village of Wrea, which conſiſt of twenty-one families, containing ſixty males and fifty-four females. A. D. 1739, the chapel was conſecrated by Biſhop Flem⯑ing; and by augmentations lands have been purchaſed, ſo that the curate's income amounts to about 20l. a-year, with a good houſe upon the lands. In the act of conſecration, the nomination of a curate is reſerved to the dean and chapter; but hitherto they have been appointed by the veſtry men. ^‖

Woodſide, the ſeat of John Loſh, Eſq. ^* adjoining this chapelry, the reſidence of his forefathers for many generations, is a handſome houſe and elegantly fur⯑niſhed: [60]his extenſive eſtate is in high cultivation. We owe him our grateful acknowledgements for the annexed plate which he has favoured us with.

There are two manors within this pariſh, viz. the manor of Botchardgate, or prior lordſhip, belonging to the dean and chapter, and the manor of Blackhall.

‘Botchardby, villa Bochardi, was the inheritance of one Bocharda Fleming, one of thoſe that firſt peopled Carliſle; he had a grange there for the provi⯑ſion of his houſe at Carliſle; and when the Flemings went to Angleſea in Wales, he left that patrimony to Guy the foreſter, with his daughter Iſold. To this Guy the hunter, King Henry I. confirmed Bochardby, to hold the ſame by cornage, paying yearly 6s. 2d. cornage ſilver to the king. It is gildable and vicontiel, and gives aid with Combquinton to the ſheriff, yearly 4s. 4d. torn ſilver. It lineally deſcended in the iſſue male unto William, the ſon of Otho or Odan, ſon of Ralph, ſon of Guido the hunter, de Bochardby. This William lived in the time of King John, and held then the manor of him. Then Wil⯑liam de Bochardby, and Adam de Bochardby, deſcended of younger brothers, held parts of the ſame. In the 12th year of King Henry III. Radulph, the ſon of William de Bochardby entered to the ſeigniory; his ſiſters, Alice, Pavy, and Agnes, were his heirs: Alice and Agnes gave their parts to Jacoline le Blond of Carliſle, and Pavy her part to Adam Leges her ſon, and to William, ſon of Irco. The five daughters of Jacoline did inherit, viz. Sunimote, Johan, Matild, Juhan, and Marriotte.—Bochard.—Guido Venator, and I ſold his wife.—Ralph, ſon of Guy.—Odo, ſon of Ralph.—William, ſon of Odo.—Ralph, ſon of William.— Walter.—Adam.—Robert Parving.—Adam Parving, 3d Richard II.—Robert Parving.—William Stapleton.—William Stapleton.—Margaret Stapleton.— Muſgrave.—Tho. Birkbeck.’—DENTON's MS.

‘Blackhall or Blackhill, commonly called Blackhell, is the name of the town and manor, ſo called of old, before it was inhabited; being a black heathy ground, part of the ancient foreſt of Englewood, and given by Henry I. to Odard de Logis, baron of Wigton, and citizen of Carliſle, after the Flemings were thence tranſlated: Odard firſt builded there and planted habitations, holding part in demeſne, and the reſidue in ſervice; ſome free, which he granted forth to be holden freely; others in bondage and villanage, ſome both perſons and land, ſome land only let to free men, perſons, in that age, called Drenges; and the tenure, in law, is called, "Drengagium notandum eſt eos omnes eorum anteceſſores, qui Drengorum claſſe erant, vel per Drengagium tenure, ſua in⯑coluiſſe patrimonia ante adventum Normanorum.’—SPELMAN.

[61] ‘Blackhill, thus made a manor by Odardus and his poſterity, deſcended by his iſſue male, according to the pedigree of Wigton, until the time of Edward III. when Margaret de Wigton, ſole daughter and heir of Sir John de Wigton, Knt. (laſt iſſue male of the eldeſt ſon of that houſe) to defend her birth-right, was glad to divide away the manors of Blackhill, Melmerby, and Stainton, to Robert Parving, the king's ſerjeant at law, for her ſtrength at the common law; the rectory of Wigton to the Abbey Holme, for the civil law; and Wigton itſelf to the Lord Anthony Lucy, for his help in the country, becauſe her mother, Idyo⯑nyſa Lovelot, was bitterly taxed of incontinency, at the inſtance of Sir Richard Kirkbride, next heir male apparent to the land. But Margaret de Wigton re⯑ſerved an eſtate, in all things but the rectory, to the heirs of her body, and died without iſſue. Therefore Blackhill fell to Sir Robert Parving, who married dame Catharine, the ſiſter of the ſaid Kirkbride, to Adam Parving, alias Peacock, the ſon of John Peacock, who married Johan, one of the daughters and coheirs of the ſaid Sir Robert Parving. After Adam, it deſcended in the blood of the Parvings ſome few deſcents, until Margaret, the wife of Thomas Boyt, and William Boyt his ſon, deſcended of the ſaid Johan, and Matild Walker, the daughter of Alice Atwood and Thomas Whitlockman, ſon and heir of Marga⯑ret Pape, daughters and heirs of Eme, wife of John Scaleby, the other daughter and heir of the ſaid Robert Parving, ſold the ſame to William Stapleton, and Marriotte his wife, of whom the Lord Dacre purchaſed it.’—DENTON's MS.

By the deſcendants of Lord Dacre, it was ſold to Sir Chriſtopher Muſgrave, Bart. grandfather of the preſent owner, Sir John C. Muſgrave, Bart.

‘In the pariſh of St. Mary is the manor of Caldcoates, alias Harrington Houſe. It was Gilbert Camterelles, A. D. 1371, who left it to Julian his wife: ſhe convey⯑ed it to John Semen, and Iſabel his wife, whoſe ſon, Thomas Semen, 26th Henry VI. ſold it to Richard Coldale of Carliſle, merchant, from whom it deſcended as followeth; and from this Coldale, has got the name of Coldale-Hall:—John Coldale, ſon of Richard.—Richard, ſon of John.—John, ſon of Richard.—John —Richard, ſon of John.—Elianor, daughter and heir of Richard, carried the in⯑heritance, by marriage, to Robert Briſcoe, ſon and heir of Leo. Briſcoe, ſecond ſon of Richard Briſcoe of Crofton.—George Briſcoe, ſon and heir of Elianor and Robert, conveyed it to Henry Sibſon, D. D. rector of Bewcaſtle.—Mary, daughter and heir of Henry Sibſon, married Henry Dacre of Lanercoſt, who, conveyed it to Arthur Forſter of Stonegarthſide.—Nicholas Forſter, ſon of Ar⯑thur.—John Forſter, couſin and heir of Arthur, recovered it at law from Hen. Forſter, ſecond ſon of Arthur.’ ^*—Milbourn's Add. to Denton.

We come in courſe to ſpeak of the city of Carliſle: It conſiſts of ſeveral ſtreets, the chief of which are ſpacious, noble, and well built.—For their names, &c. ſee the plan annexed.

[62]This city had many royal grants, and great privileges: the firſt that is pointed out, is that of King Henry II. which was burnt by the devaſtations made by the Scots, and is recited and confirmed by the charter of King Henry III. It doth not appear when the firſt incorporation of the burgeſſes took place, or what was the original conſtitution. In the charter of King Henry III. we have theſe words, ‘Et quod ſimiliter habent Gildain mercatoriam liberam, ita quod nihil inde re⯑ſpondeant aliquibus; etc. Nos omnes libertates illas et conſuetudinos praefatis civibus noſtris concedimus et hac carta noſtra confirmanus pro nobis et haeredi⯑bus noſtris; volentes, quod omnibus praedictis libertatibus et conſuetudinibus de caetera gaudeant et utantur, libere, quiete, bene et in pace; et integre, in per⯑petuum, cum omnibus aliis libertatibus et liberis conſuetudinibus ad praedictam villam Carlioli pertinentibus.’

By this charter the citizens were exempted from the payment of toll, paſſage, pontage, and all cuſtoms belonging to the king; with the privilege of having wood for fuel, and for their erections within the foreſt of Carliſle.

Great part of the city having again ſuffered by accidental fire, the records were a ſecond time deſtroyed. King Edward I. in the 21ſt year of his reign, by charter, dated the 23d day of June, recites the grant of King Henry III. from the inroll⯑ment of it in his chancery, and ſtating that it had been loſt by fire, confirmed it verbatim. In conſequence of his Scotch expeditions, he reſided frequently at Carliſle, and ſeems to have entertained a particular regard for the place, by his honouring the city with the aſſembly of his parliament in the 35th year of his reign; who made their reſidence there, from the 20th day of January to Palm Sunday following. The memorable acts of this parliament give no ſmall luſtre to our annals.

King Edward III. alſo ſeems to have entertained a ſpecial affection and favour towards the citizens; and in order to ſecure to the burgeſſes their privileges, he cauſed an inquiſition to be taken, whereon he ſhould found his charter of confir⯑mation, which bears date the 7th of February, in the 22d year of his reign of England, and 13th of France. Therein it is recited, that it having been found by inquiſition taken by his commiſſioners, Richard de Denton and John de Harring⯑ton, and returned into his chancery, that the citizens, ‘habuerunt et habere con⯑ſueverunt a tempore quo non exiſtit memoria,’ had, and were uſed to have, the privileges therein ſet forth, for time immemorial, on the petition of the citizens; ‘ac etiam cives civitatis praedicta nobis ſupplicaverunt, ut ſibi dictas libertates, quietantias, conſuetudines et proficua per chartam noſtram confirmare velimus.’ And in conſideration of its being in the frontier of Scotland, and well ſituated for the refuge and deſence of the inhabitants of the adjacent territories, againſt the frequent incurſions of the Scots: and alſo, in commiſeration of the late dreadful mortality of the plague, and the frequent devaſtations made by the northern ene⯑my, [63]he granted to them the following privileges, ‘Quod ipſi et eorum haeredes et ſucceſſores, cives civitatis praedide, in perpetuum habeant returnam brevium omnium noſtrorum et ſummonitionum de ſcaccario et aliorum brevium quo⯑rumcunque; ac etiam duos mercatus ſingulis ſeptimanis, videlicet diebus Mer⯑curii et Sabbati; et unam feriam quolibet anno per ſex decim dies duraturam, viz. in die aſſumptionis Bea [...]ae Mariae et per 15 dies proxime ſequentes: nec non unam gildam et liberam electionem majoris et ballivorum civitatis praedictae infra eandem civitatem; et duos coronatores ibidem; ac emendas aſſiſae panis, vini, et cerviſiae fractae; fureas, infangtheoſ ac etiam placita coronae teneant, et omnia quae ad officium vicecomitis et coronatoris pertinent, in eadem civitate facient et exercient; ac catalla felonium et fugitivorum dampnatorum, in eadem civitate habeant; et de omnibus finibus et amerciamentis, comitatibus et ſectis comitatuum, et Wapentak, ſint quieti; placitaque friſciae forciae de libero tene⯑mento infra civitatem illam, ſi querela illa infra quadraginto dies poſt diſſeiſinam factam fuerit attachiata, teneant. etiamque quod ballivi civitatis ejuſdem im⯑placitare poſſint coram ipſis breve noſtrum de recto patens, ac breve de recto clauſum, ſecundum conſuetudinem civitatis praedictae; et habeant cognitiones omnium placitorum praedictorum: nec non quod dicti cives et haeredis et ſuc⯑ceſſores ſui habeant communam paſturae, ad omnimoda averia, omni tempore anni, ſuper moram noſtram, et ibidem turbas fodere et abducere licite: etiam quod quilibet liber homo pleguis alterius eſſe poteſt ad primam curiam in pla⯑citis tranſgreſſionum, conventionum, et debitorum: quod civis praedicti quieti ſint perpetutum regnum noſtrum Angliae de thelonio, pontagio, paſſagio, laſtagio, kaiagio, cariagio, muragio, et ſtallagio, de quibus cunque rebus et mercionibus ſuis: et etiam quod idem cives habeant locum vocatum le Battail holme, pro mercato et ſeriis ſuis; ac tenementa ſua in eadem civitate legare poſſint: et quod habeant molendinum dictae civitatis, &c. piſcariam, noſtram in aqua de Eden, ac thelonium intriſicum et forinſicum vocatum. Burgh toll, et firmas menſuras, Gabelgeld, et minutas frimas ejuſdem civitatis, ut parcellum frimae civitatis illius; prout ipſi cives dictas libertates et quietantius habere, et molendinum piſcariam paſturam foſſman et locum cum pertinentiis tenere debent, ipſique cives et anteceſſores et praedeceſſores ſui a tempore, cujus contrarium memoria non exiſtit ſemper, &c.’

By the recitals of this grant it ſeems, that preceding it, and even for time im⯑memorial, the city had been governed by a mayor, bailiffs, and coroners; but when this body politic had its commencement, there is no evidence that we have yet met with.

King Richard II. in the 5th year of his reign, granted them a confirmatory charter.

In conſequence of the ſpoil and devaſtation, made by the armies of Margaret, Queen of England, and Henry Duke of Exeter her adherent, the city obtained from King Edward IV. a relaxation of one half of the fee-farm rent of eighty pounds yearly, paid to the crown; and alſo gained a grant of the king's fiſheries of Car⯑liſle, in ſome records called the Sheriff's Net; in others, under the denomination of the fiſhery of Frith Net, in the water of Eden.

[64]The rights and privileges of the city were confirmed by ſeveral charters of King Henry VII. 3d year of his reign; King Henry VIII. 1ſt, King Edward VI. 5th, Queen Elizabeth, and King James I. 2d.

King Charles I. in the 13th year of his reign, confirmed the preceding grants of privileges, reforming only the election of mayors, bailiffs, and coroners: this body corporate then, conſiſting of a mayor, eleven aldermen, two bailiffs, two coroners, and twenty-four capital citizens or common council, were ordered to proceed to election in the following manner: ‘The mayor, aldermen, bailiffs, and twenty-four capiral citizens, or the major part of them, in Guild-Hall aſſembled, on the Monday next after Michaelmas-day, ſhall have power to chuſe annually one of the aldermen to be mayor; and in caſe of an equality, the mayor to have a caſting vote; and the mayor ſo choſen ſhall be ſworn into his office by the laſt mayor, if he be living; otherwiſe by the aldermen or major part of them; and ſhall continue therein 'till another ſhall be choſen and ſworn. In like manner, the two bailiffs and two coroners, annually ſhall be choſen and ſworn.’ ^‡

This city ſends members to parliament, who are elected by the free burgeſſes, about ſeven hundred in number. According to Prynne, the firſt members for Carliſle were called in the thirtieth year of the reign of King Edward I. but Ni⯑cholſon and Burn give the names of members in the parliament of the 23d of that reign. ^*

[65]In the reign of King Henry VI. aſſizes began to be held in the city of Carliſle, for the county of Cumberland, by virtue of a ſpecial act, made in the 14th year of that king.

[66]There was an ancient hoſpital without the gates of the city, dedicated to St. Nicholas, and ſaid to be of royal foundation, though by what ſovereign is not known; it was inſtituted for the reception of thirteen lepers, of both ſexes. In the year 1180, it was endowed with a moiety of the tithes of Little Bampton, by Adam, ſon of Robert, on condition that it ſhould conſtantly receive two almſmen from thence. In the year 1336, the maſter brought a prohibition againſt the [67]biſhop to prevent his viſitation, on an allegation of the hoſpital being a royal foundation. In 1371, the maſter, brethren, and ſiſters, lodged a complaint, that the houſe was defrauded of a great part of its revenues, on which the biſhop iſſued a monition, with the terrors of the greater excommunication, againſt all perſons who detained the corn, or other dues appertaining to this hoſpital. ‘It was granted to the prior and convent of the cathedral church here, 17th K. Edward IV. and afterwards 33d Henry VIII. made part of the endowment of the dean and chapter,’ under whom the ſite of the hoſpital is now held by leaſe. ^†

There was a houſe of Grey or Franciſcan Friers in Carliſle, before the year 1390; but what was the endowment, or who was the founder, is not pointed out by any hiſtorian. ^‡

[68]There was alſo here, ‘a houſe of Black Friers, founded before the 53d King Henry III.’ ^§ touching whom, we remain as much in the dark, as we are relative to the other. ^* All that Leland ſays of theſe two monaſteries is, ‘Ther is yn the towne, a chapel of St. Albane, and alſo within the walles ii houſes of freres, blake and gray.’

The chief pieces of antiquity which have been diſcovered here, or are yet pre⯑ſerved, are the following:—

The Triclinium of Roman work ſpoken of by Malmſbury, a ſpacious hall for public feſtivals, is now ſo perfectly deſtroyed, as not even to have left the ſite, or one memorial where it ſtood, remaining. In Leland's Collectania, vol. II. p. 257. it is mentioned, ^† from its admirable conſtruction, and ſtrong arched work of ſtone, it had endured all the caſualties of many ages. The inſcription, ſaid to be cut on the front of this building, has exerciſed the attention of antiquaries.— Camden's words are, ‘On the front of it was this inſcription, Marti victoriae: ſome will have this Marius to be Arnagus, the Britain; others, the Marius who was ſaluted emperor in oppoſition to Gallienus; and is ſaid to have been ſo very ſtrong, that authors tell us, he had only nerves and no veins in his fingers: yet I have heard that ſome copies have it, not Marii victoriae, but Marti victori, which latter may probably be favoured by ſome, as ſeeming to come nearer the truth.’ As no veſtige remains of this piece of antiquity, we muſt reſt contented with the uncertainty, in which Camden and his editor have left us, relative to it.

Other two Roman remains are mentioned by Camden, which he ſays he ſaw here; one in the houſe of Thomas Aglionby, near the citadel, but not ancient.

• DIIS MANIBV
• SMARCITROIANI
• AVGVSTINIANITVMTA
• CIENDVMCVRAVIT
• AFEL AMMILVSIMA
• CONIVX KARISS.

To which was joined the effigies of an armed horſeman with a lance. The other in the garden of Thomas Middleton, in a large and beautiful character.

• LEGVI
• VIC.P.F
• G.P.RF.

Theſe inſcriptions have long been removed, and it is not now known, whether they are yet preſerved, or where they are now depoſited.

‘The following inſcription is on a ſtone, two feet five inches long, twelve feet broad at one end, and nine at the other, and was found in digging Mr. Benſon's cellar, in the year 1744, ſix feet under ground’ ^‡

[69]The reading of this inſcription was given in a ſucceeding Magazine, under the known ſignature of the learned antiquary, Mr. Pegg: ‘I read (it) thus, Deor de Torci Mil. and explain it, Deor, or perhaps, Theor de Torci Knt. De Forcy or Forci, was one of the great men that came into England with William the Conqueror, (ſee the Roll of Battle Abbey) and the family continued here, flouriſh⯑ing long after.’

From the Manuſcripts of the late ROGER GALE, Eſq.—Extract of a Letter from Mr. THOMAS ROUTH.

‘Laſt week in digging a pitt, to receive the water of a drain, from a cellar in the gardens of Jerom Tully, Eſq. in this city, at the depth of between three and four yards, was found a Roman fibula and a medal, and likewiſe two oaken pieces of the joining timber of a houſe, which appeared to have been burnt. The head on the medal is of Trajan, the letters left round it IANOAVG.....PM the others defaced. On the reverſe, is the emperor ſeated on a pile of arms, with a trophy erected before him, the legible letters being S.P.Q.R. OPTI... .. in the exergue S.C. The earth, nigh as far as they dug, is all forced, which is the reaſon that few or no pieces of antiquity are met with here, except they dig to a conſiderable depth.’

CARLISLE, April 13th, 1743.

Extract of a Letter from Mr. RICHARD GOODMAN, Keeper of Carliſle Goal, dated 22d of July, 1728.

‘The figure of a creſcent I here ſend you, is ſufficient to let you ſee what it is. It is of copper, found in digging a cellar oppoſite to the Buſh-Inn here. It lay about nine feet deep: as I looked upon it to be a choice piece of antiquity, I have procured the original for you: I take it to be a ſymbol of Iſis, and alſo wore by other gods. The ſhank or ſtem, by which it was ſtuck into the figure or ſtandard is very ſtrong, and has a hole for a pin to faſten it; from which ſhank, ariſes a ring on the backſide, which is alſo very ſtrong, and will take in a man's finger. I preſume it might be to faſten ſome parts of the garb or for what other uſe, I beg your thoughts.’

Extract from Mr. GALE's Anſwer.

‘As for the braſs plate you ſent me, it ſeems to be nothing but an ornament belonging to the trappings of a horſe, and might have hung before his breaſt, by the ring on the backſide of it. The hole through the ſhank has been for faſtening a drop or pendant to it, as a further ornament.’

‘In opening a gravel pitt lately, on the ſide of a hill, in the pariſh of Stanwix, juſt without the ſuburbs of Carliſle, a ſtratum of bones were diſcovered, at about a yard below the ſurface, lying about a foot thick in moſt parts, and ſtretching the whole length of the pit, which I apprehend to be near twenty feet. I exa⯑mined the ſpot, and found divers fragments of Roman pottery ware, ^* intermixed with the bones. They are, I think, the bones of horſes, and might, perhaps, [70]have been buried after an engagement between the Romans and Picts; but it is not ſo eaſy to account for the fragments of pottery, &c. which were found in great numbers intermixed with them.’

‘N. B. The Picts Wall ran within leſs than half a mile of the ſpot where theſe bones were found.’—Dated Dec. 18th, 1765, (ſigned) C. LYTTLETON.

In the Archaeologia, is publiſhed accounts of ſtone hatchets found at Carliſle, with a learned treatiſe thereon; and to which we refer the curious reader.

If we may preſume to offer our ſentiments on theſe ſubjects, after the learned antiquaries have ſo elaborately expatiated thereon, without the appearance of arrogance and preſumption, we would ſuggeſt, that the bones mentioned by the biſhop, mixed with the fragments of the patarae, were the remains of ſacrifice: when the ordinary receptacle was cleaned out, this has been the general repoſitory. If theſe were the remains of animals ſlain in battle, the mixture is not to be reconciled; and it was more than ſuch occaſion would have required to clear them from the bones of men ſlain at the ſame time. The learned inquirer did not diſ⯑cover any remains of broken trapping, ſtudings, or ornaments of horſes, or men accoutrements. The hammers, or ſtone hatchets, ſeem very unfit for weapons of warfare, unweildy, and uncouth: if they had been in uſe in battle, ſome teſtimony would have been given of them; and they would not have been totally diſuſed, one might preſume, at the coming of the Romans, but would have been exhibited as trophies, or otherwiſe as teſtimonies of the valour of Britiſh heroes, the ancſtors of thoſe who appeared armed againſt the invaders, in the moſt ſacred cauſe of war, the defence of liberty, and their country; and the maintenance of the eſtabliſhed religion. We have received no account of ſuch weapons then in uſe. As domeſtic utenſils, it is not probable they would have been ſecreted with ſuch care, or de⯑poſited with ſuch ſolemnity, as even to ſupport the head of the deceaſed owner in the ſepulchre. Could we imagine the friends of any perſonage, who was to be interred with the funeral pomp of a tumulus, would buſy themſelves with giving the deceaſed labourer his beetle with him, for the regions of death We humbly conceive this was a ſacred implement in the poſſeſſion of the heathen prieſt, with which he prepared the ſacrifice: we have innumerable relations, of the abhorrence the ancients had, of their ſacred things and places being polluted by ſtrangers; and thence we trace the cauſe of theſe flints being concealed. All degrees of reli⯑gious, in remote ages, took great precaution to bury, with the conſecrated miniſter, the inſtruments of his office, and that was followed in the practice of the ancient Romiſh church. The ſacred ſecuris of the Britiſh prieſt, was the firſt emblem of his function, and the propereſt ornament to be placed with his remains in the tomb. The remnants of Britiſh prieſts were driven into Scotland by the arms of Rome; there they longeſt retained their ancient rites and religion, and there thoſe inſtruments of the ancient prieſthood have been moſt frequently found. ^†

[71]Carliſle, from its ſituation, was continually ſubject to the diſtreſs of warſare, in the ſeveral irruptions of the Scots; and frequently was taken from the Engliſh. The border wars were proſecuted with a degree of ferocity and ſavage barbarity, diſgraceful to humanity, and horrid in hiſtory.

Among the various incidents in the hiſtory of Carliſle, the following are the moſt material.

So ſoon, after the fortifications were conſtructed, as the beginning of the reign of King Stephen, David King of Scotland, in the firſt year of his reign, entered into England, and took poſſeſſion of this city. Stephen, on receiving the news, is ſaid to have exclaimed, "Quae doloſe cepit victorioſe recipiam;" but this weak prince, ſo far from performing what he boaſted, made a ceſſion of the whole county to the Scots. ^†

In the year 1138, King David of Scotland, made this city the place of his re⯑treat, after his dreadful overthrow at the battle of the Standard. And here he re⯑ceived Alberic the pope's legate, by whoſe influence, all the women captives were brought to Carliſle and ſet at liberty. He obtained from the Scotch leaders, a ſolemn promiſe, that in future incurſions, they would ſpare the churches, and with hold their ſwords from the aged, from women and infants: an injunction which humanity dictated, but which the ſavage cuſtoms of the contending nati⯑ons had not admitted into the modes of warfare.

Henry, eldeſt ſon of the empreſs Maud, came to David at Carliſle, attended by the great barons of the weſtern parts of England, and received the order of knight⯑hood [72]with much pomp and ceremony; the young prince then taking an oath, that on his acceſſion to the crown of England, he would confirm to David and his ſon, their Engliſh poſſeſſions: but ſuch are the oaths of princes! Henry no ſooner graſped the ſceptre, than he demanded of the Scotch regency, reſtitution of Cum⯑berland: and in 1158, the two monarchs had an interview in this city; but much diſſention aroſe, and the claim of the Engliſh monarch was not complied with. ^† The Engliſh obtained and held quiet poſſeſſion, till after the acceſſion of William the Lion, who ſucceeded Malcome on the throne of Scotland: he, in the year 1173, made a fruitleſs aſſault upon Carliſle; but in the enſuing year, returning with an army of 80,000 men, he commenced a regular ſiege, the city being defended by Robert de Vaux; after laying before it ſome time, the Scotch forces formed a blockade, to give liberty for withdrawing part of the army, to ravage and waſte the adjacent country: the garriſon were reduced to great diſtreſs for want of pro⯑viſion, and came to a conditional capitulation, that if they did not receive ſuccours from the Engliſh before Michaelmas, they would ſurrender the place; but the ſucceeding events prevented the capitulation being carried into effect, and Wil⯑liam's being made priſoner at Alnwick, put an end to the diſaſters of the war. The greateſt part of the city ſuffered by fire in this reign, and the records and charters were deſtroyed. ^§

In the reign of King John, Alexander, King of Scotland, entered England, and beſieging Carliſle, took it: but he could not reduce the caſtle, which remained in the hands of the Engliſh. ^*

King Henry III. made Robert de Veteripont, governor of this caſtle and city.

The city ſuffered greatly by an accidental fire in the year 1292, in which con⯑flagration, great part of the cathedral was deſtroyed, and all the records which the city and convent had procured to be renewed, were alſo burnt, In the chronicle of Lanercoſt, is a full account of the dreadful devaſtations made by this fire.

In 1296, the Scots entered the weſtern march, and having laid the country waſte as they approached Carliſle, they burnt the ſuburbs, and attempted to take the city by ſtorm; but the inhabitants made ſo brave a defence, even the women mounting the walls, diſcharging ſtones, boiling water, and other things on the aſſailants, that they abandoned their enterprize, and retreated to their own country.

By an entry in the old regiſter book of the abbey, it appears that on the 4th June, 32d King Edward I. half the city was burnt down, as far as the gate of Richardby.

King Edward I. reſided here from the 30th of January, in the 35th year of his reign, to the 28th of June, when he proceeded on his laſt expedition towards Scotland, and died in his camp at Brugh on Sands.

[73]In the 9th year of the reign of King Edward II. Robert Brus, King of Scotland, on his incurſion laid waſte the country as far as Allerdale and Coupland in this county: he beſieged Carliſle in a regular form, by engines and other warlike modes, for ten days, and at length was obliged to withdraw his troops in great precipitation, leaving behind them moſt of their inſtruments of war. They were hotly purſued by the Engliſh; and two of the Scottiſh leaders, John de Moravia and Sir Robert Bardolph, were taken priſoners, and afterwards ranſomed.

In the 15th year of King Edward II. Andrew Harcla, Earl of Carliſle, was ſeized in the caſtle, and ſuffered as a traitor. This action was ſo gallant, that it appears worth repeating here: the earl was publicly proclaimed a traitor, by the king's command, Anthony, Lord Lucy, was ſent to apprehend him. Hav⯑ing diſperſed his party in the city to prevent ſuſpicion, Lord Lucy, with a few attendants, entered the caſtle, as having buſineſs with the earl: his principal aſſo⯑ciates in this enterprize, were Sir Hugh de Louther, Sir Richard de Denton, and Sir Hugh de Morriceby, with four eſquires in arms: the party, to whom the deſign was communicated, had ſignals appointed to them for their conduct in the buſineſs; and as the knights paſſed each gate, a number of men halted, as if care⯑leſsly loitering for want of immediate employment; but with an intention to guard the paſs, prevent eſcapes, and to be at hand to lend their aid if occaſion re⯑quired. The four chiefs, with their eſquires, paſſed into the innermoſt, and moſt ſecure parts of the caſtle, even through the great hall, to the earl's private apart⯑ment; where, finding him ſitting in an unſuſpicious manner, Lord Lucy accoſted him, requiring him to ſurrender or defend himſelf; a cry of treaſon immediately echoed through the caſtle, and the keeper of the inner gate prepared to ſhut it, but was inſtantly ſlain by Sir Richard Denton. The watch-word being given, the parties formed into bodies, took poſſeſſion of the gates and avenues, and the earl, with the whole garriſon, ſurrendered without further bloodſhed. The chief pri⯑ſoner was put into ſafe durance till the king's pleaſure relative to him ſhould be known.

In the eleventh year of King Edward III. the Scots laid ſiege to the city of Carliſle, ^† and burnt the ſuburbs with the hoſpital of St. Leonards; but the city held out.

Sir William Douglas of Lochmaben was kept in irons in the caſtle; (an uncom⯑mon act of ſeverity towards a priſoner of war) but he was eſteemed ſo enterpriz⯑ing and dangerous an enemy by King Edward III. that this was done at his ſpecial command.

In the year 1345, Penrith and Carliſle were burnt by the Scots, under the com⯑mand of Sir William Douglas. A body of the Scotch forces, headed by Sir Alexander Strachan, detached for foraging, were intercepted; and Sir Alexander was ſlain by Sir Robert Ogle, who ran him through the body with his lance. Biſhop Kirby, the eleventh biſhop of this dioceſe, ſignalized himſelf in this rencounter; for being diſmounted, and in imminent danger of being made a priſoner; he fought with uncommon bravery, recovered his horſe, and by his valour and animating exhortations, he ſpirited up his party, rallied them frequently, and brought them again to the ſight, to which the victory was deſervedly attributed.

[74]In the ſixth year of the reign of King Richard II. the Scots ſent forth a plun⯑dering band, who ravaged the foreſt of Inglewood, ſacked Penrith at the time of the fair, and returned with a vaſt booty; having gained, as Hollingſhead ſays, a drove of 40,000 head of cattle.

In the 29th year of King Henry VIII's reign, during Aſke's rebellion, Carliſle was beſieged by 8000 men, under the command of Muſgrave and Tilby, partizans in that affair, but they were repulſed by the garriſon; and as they were retiring, were intercepted by the Duke of Norfolk and his troops, who took all the leaders priſoners, except Muſgrave; thoſe, with about ſeventy others, he ordered to im⯑mediate execution, and hung them on the city walls.

In the 40th and 41ſt years of Queen Eilzabeth's reign, this place ſuffered a dreadful viſitation by the plague, in which their died 1196 perſons, being com⯑puted to be one third of the whole inhabitants. It alſo raged in the adjacent country with a great mortality, as was mentioned when we ſpoke of Salkeld and Penrith: for the relief of the diſeaſed poor, contributions were raiſed for the city, to the amount of 209l. 9s. 10d.

In the twentieth year of the reign of King Charles I. A. D. 1644, this place was ſurrendered to the parliament forces commanded by Leſley, having ſuſtained a ſiege and blockade from the 9th of October to June following; during which, the diſtreſs of the garriſon and inhabitants was ſo great, that the fleſh of horſes, dogs, and rats were eaten. Bread was ſo totally exhauſted, that hemp-ſeed was ſubſti⯑tuted, ſo long as any was found in the place. Great aſſiſtance was given by the country, when proviſions could be thrown in, to the amount in value of 463l. 10s. procured by private ſubſcriptions. On ſurrender, honourable terms of capitula⯑tion were obtained, both for the military with honours of war, as alſo for the in⯑habitants their liberties and properties.

A coinage of ſilver pieces of three ſhillings value took place in the caſtle during the ſiege, from the plate of the inhabitants, ſent in for that purpoſe. They are become very ſcarce, and bear a conſiderable price with the curious.

The laſt hoſtile acts, of which Carliſle was the ſcene, were thoſe in the Scotch rebellion, 1745. It ſurrendered to the chevalier on the 14th of November, who lay before it with his whole army. The gazette account of this event, ſaid that for ſeven days before, neither the officers nor the common men of the garriſon got ſcarce an hour's reſt, being perpetually under alarms; that many were ſo ſick through their great fatigue, that being out of all hopes of ſpeedy relief, they abſolutely refuſed to hold out any longer, and multitudes went off every hour over the walls; ſome of whom fell into the hands of the rebels, till the officers of ſeveral companies were at laſt left with three or four men; ſo that the mayor and corpo⯑ration determined to hang out a white flag (though contrary to the opinion and proteſtation of Colonel Durand) and made the beſt terms they could get for them⯑ſelves: that the colonel was thereupon obliged to abandon the caſtle, not having above ſeventy invalids in his whole corps, and moſt of them unfit for ſervice: the rebels threatening, in caſe of refuſal, to ſack and deſtroy the whole town with fire and ſword." ^† The town raiſed 2000l. to ſave the houſes from being plundered.

[75]His Royal Highneſs, the late Duke of Cumberland, was in perſon before Car⯑liſle in the month of December following, and planned the attack. On the 27th of that month his troops opened a battery of ſix eighteen pounders, againſt the four gun battery of the caſtle, his Highneſs putting the match to the firſt gun; and here he narrowly eſcaped a cannon ſhot from the enemy, falling within a yard of him. On the 29th the rebels diſplayed a flag of truce, and on the thirtieth they accepted the conciſe terms offered them by his Highneſs. ‘All the terms his Royal Highneſs will, or can grant to the rebel garriſon of Carliſle, are, that they ſhall not be put to the ſword, but be reſerved for the king's pleaſure.’ Of the Mancheſter regiment that ſurrendered priſoners, there were one colonel, five captains, ſix lieutenants, ſeven enſigns, one adjutant, and ninety-three non-commiſſioned officers, drummers and private men. Of the Scotch, the governor, one ſurgeon, ſix captains, ſeven lieutenants, and three enſigns, with 256 non-commiſſioned offi⯑cers, drummers and private men. Of thoſe who ſaid they were in the French ſervice, three officers, one ſerjeant, and four private men. There was one extra⯑ordinary priſoner, the Rev. James Cappock, a Lancaſhire man, made biſhop of Carliſle, by the chevalier, on his firſt entry. ^‡

The tillage land here bears good crops of wheat, rye, barley, and oats. The mea⯑dows are rich, ſome lands letting from 4l. to 5l. an acre, and upwards. The ſheep and cattle are much ſuperior to the more hilly parts; as a ſpirit of improving the breed, and obtaining better fleeced ſheep is appearing, to the great improvement of the country. The chief manufactory of Carliſle, is in printed cottons, of which there are four very large works, carried to high excellence and perfection, which bring yearly 24,000l. in duties to the crown; ſupporting a vaſt multitude of in⯑duſtrious people, of all ages and ſexes; much of the pencil work being executed by girls. It is a ſight the traveller ſhould not omit, and the generoſity of the proprietors is ſingular, for they give permiſſion to ſhew every branch of the ma⯑nufactory, from the ſhop where the block-cutters carve the pattern, to the dreſſing houſe and calender. There are ſeveral manufactories of checks, calicoes, muſlins, and fancy goods: alſo, an extenſive cotton-ſpinning manufactory, ^* a ſoap boilery, ſeveral tallow-chandlers, tanners, ſkinners, and curriers. Carliſle is likewiſe noted for making hats, whips, and fiſh-hooks.—For further particulars ſee the ſucceeding pages.

The market of Carliſle is ſupplied abundantly; the mutton and beef are of excellent flavour; wild-fowl abounds, and there is a profuſion and variety of fiſh expoſed here to ſale, not to be excelled in any market in Britain: the ſalmon and trout are incomparable; the river fiſh, and thoſe of the lakes, are peculiar and abundant. In a few words, the man of epicurean appetite, who would ſtudy the indulgence of his palate, may find in this market a variety of dainties, not to be ſo generally enjoyed in any other part of England.

THE MODERN STATE OF THE CITY OF CARLISLE. ^‡

The city of Carliſle (the origin of which is loſt in the uncertainties of antiquity) ſtands upon a pleaſing eminence, which having every way a gradual deſcent, the town is eaſily kept clean, without the aid of a common ſhore. Being a frontier town towards Scotland, it is fortified with a wall and citadel now in ruins, and a caſtle kept ſtill in ſome ſort of repair. Whilſt South and North Britain had each their reſpective king, and the inhabitants of the two kingdoms lived in habits of enmity with each other, Carliſle, expoſed to the calamities of war, was often ſacked, and its citizens plundered and murdered. Diſmal times to live in! The acceſſion of the Stuart family to the crown of England ſomewhat abated national animoſities and miſeries; and the union, by conferring reciprocal privileges, and opening a free intercourſe between the two countries, has obliterated invidious diſtinctions, and con⯑vinced the people on both ſides the Tweed, that their vicinity to each other ſhould have induced their anceſtors, always to cultivate habits of amity and friendſhip with their neighbours.

From the wall, which may be aſcended in different parts by flights of ſteps, the eye is entertained with a beautiful and extenſive landſcape, and imperceptibly led into ſeveral diſtant counties, whilſt Scotland and Solway-Frith ^* do not a little contribute to enliven the enchanting ſcene. The city is ſurrounded with three rivers, Petteril on the ſouth, Eden on the eaſt and north, and Caude on the weſt, whoſe meandering ſtreams are ſeen in many places at a great diſtance.—A garriſon was formerly kept here; but there has been none for the laſt thirty years. The military who may be ſtationed in the town for a time, are quartered upon the public houſes in the city and ſuburbs. Carliſle has ſtill a go⯑vernor and deputy governor, whoſe places are only ſine cures. A town major, engineer, barrack maſter, ſtore-keeper, head-gunner, three quarter-gunners, &c. When the governor of this city happened to be one of its repreſentatives in parliament, the ſubordinate places in the garriſon were given to freemen, (but generally to ſuch as were in the corporation) ſo that frequently the chief magiſtrate was a quarter-gunner at the ſame time. Thus was the invalid, worn out in the ſervice of his king and country, too frequently overlooked in the diſpoſition of this appointment.

Carliſle being a biſhop's ſee, has a cathedral, in which are performed the cathedral ſervice; in the ſame edifice is performed the parochial ſervice of St. Mary's: and in a part of it the chancellor of the dioceſe holds the conſiſtory court. As this religious edifice is the chief ornament of the city, a ſhort deſcription of it may, perhaps, not be deemed improper.

The choir of this venerable pile is the moſt magnificent part of the building. It has a ſtately ſteeple, with a ring of eight bells, the roof is covered with lead, and being conſiderably higher than the other buildings in the city, has a very ſine effect when viewed as a diſtant object. This noble edi⯑fice being partly of Gothic and partly of Saxon architecture, offers what is worthy the inſpection of the architect and antiquarian. Contiguous to the cathedral is an extenſive church-yard, (the principal bury⯑ing ground) ſurrounded with a wall ſeven feet high, in the inſide of which is a row of lofty plane trees, whoſe branches overhang a part of the adjacent ſtreet and form a ſhade, under which is a fine paved walk much reſorted to. Within the precincts of the abbey, beſides the cathedral, there are ſeveral ve⯑nerable buildings, which (except the prebends' houſes) ſhew marks of antiquity.

St. Cuthbert's, the other pariſh church in Carliſle, is a modern edifice, rebuilt in the year 1778, upon the ſite of the old church, but without any kind of external or internal ornament. It has a ſquare ſteeple or tower, but ſo confined as not to admit of a ring of bells; ſo that the pariſhioners are called together to their devotion by the weak tinklings of the old bell, which was not exchanged for one of a louder tone. The ſteeple is decorated with a dome covered with lead; from which a fane projects, hav⯑the year in which the church was rebuilt cut in it.

Beſides theſe two churches, there are in Carliſle, three Proteſtant diſſenting meeting-houſes, ^‖ one Quaker, and one Methodiſt meeting-houſe; Weſley's connection.

The public buildings are, the Town-hall, Moot hall, and Council-chamber, conſpicuouſly ſituated in the centre of the city; and to which you aſcend by a ſlight of broad ſteps from the promenade. Above the entrance are placed the arms of the corporation. Here are held the criminal and Niſi Prius courts [77]of Aſſize for the county; the Quarter Seſſions, the Mayor's Court, the election for members to repre⯑ſent the city in parliament, &c. The records and writings belonging to the corporation, the freemen's admiſſions, &c. are kept in detached offices belonging to the ſame building. ^‖ The council-chamber is ornamented with a cupola and clock. The Guild-hall, in which the free trades hold their meetings, is ſituate at the head of Fiſher-ſtreet; and though it has the appearance of antiquity, is but a very mean ſtructure ^‡ The Market-croſs ſtands at the ſouth end of the promenade, and oppoſite to the town-hall. It ſeems to be a modern edifice, has a neat appearance, but without any cover: it has the corporation arms cut upon it; underneath which was ſculptured, but of late years defaced, a lion with its paw upon a large folio, alluding either to magna charta or the city charter. The guard-houſe, contiguous to the butcher-market, is a very great nuiſance, and hurts the view of the principal ſtreets; and what renders it ſtill more ſo is, the corporation have granted leaſes, and built houſes adjoining to it, perhaps, upon the royal property. Near the Engliſh-gate are charity houſes, built by the corporation, in which decayed freemen, or the widows of thoſe deceaſed, are allowed to live gratis. In Carliſle there is one endowed ſchool. ^* There is alſo a charity ſchool for cloathing and educating the daughters of poor freemen. ^†

The corporation of this city conſiſts of a recorder, twelve aldermen, and twenty-four common council⯑men. ^¶ One of the aldermen is annually choſen mayor, and the other annual place-men are choſen out of the common council. The ſubordinate officers are three ſerjeants at mace, five bedals, or town ſca⯑vengers. The ſerjeants and bedals wear the corporation livery, and their places are generally for life. The ſerjeants act as bailiffs in proceſſes before the mayor's court, and to them is committed the execution of ſummons and writs of arreſt for debt iſſued by it. The office of the bedals is to keep the ſtreets clean, and to put in execution the puniſhment awarded to offenders within the mayor's juriſdiction. The liberties of the corporation extend a few yards without the city walls, and are aſcertained by what is called the Freelidge ſtone, with their arms ſculptured upon it. It may alſo be proper to obſerve, that the public and private buildings belonging to the body corporate, have the name of the mayor by whom, and the year in which each edifice was erected, ſculptured on ſome conſpicuous part, ſo that the traveller's eye often catches theſe words, "Erected by — Eſq. Mayor," even upon a mean edifice.

Carliſle, about the beginning of the preſent century, exhibited no marks of modern convenience and elegance. The buildings, moſtly of wood, clay, and laths, beſpoke the poverty and bad taſte of the in⯑habitants. The gabels fronted the ſtreets, the doors were generally in the centre, and many of the houſes had porches which projected two or three yards into the ſtreet, doubtleſs for warmneſs. The front door was arched, or Gothic, formed to correſpond with the gabel; and the diminutive windows, which gave light to the inner apartments, were very improperly placed, but of the ſame order. ^§ The doors were of oak, very ſtrong and clumſy, put together with large wood pins, a part of which projected an inch or two from the door. Theſe pins were many in number, and ſometimes placed in figures romanticly irregular. Houſes were not then painted either within or without; this being only a modern improve⯑ment. The ſtreets, though ſpacious, were paved with large ſtones, and the centre part or cauſeway, roſe to a conſiderable height. The fronts from the houſes were paved in the ſame manner, the conſequence of which was, that the kennels or gutters were deep trenches, and ſtone bridges were placed in many different parts, for the convenience of paſſing from one ſide of the ſtreet to the other. Theſe gutters were the reſervoirs of all kinds of filth, which when a ſudden heavy rain happened, by ſtopping the conduit of the bridges, inundated the ſtreets ſo, as to render them impaſſable on foot.

The ſhambles, which ſtood in the market place, were private property, and being built entirely of wood and covered with different kinds of ſlate, gave them a very groteſque and antique appearance. At the north end of the ſhambles was a well, over which was a building placed upon pillars, called Carnaby's [78]Folly. On the front of each ſide of this building was the fiſh market: the Folly and the ſhambles have been lately taken down, the latter having been purchaſed, at a great price, by the corporation. The former was their own property. For this the corporation deſerve the thanks of the inhabitants of Carliſle, as the ſhambles, by occupying a great part of one of the principal ſtreets of the city, were a public nuiſance.

Little more than half a century ago, the inhabitants of Carliſle carried on no foreign commerce.— Their trade conſiſted in that of a good weekly market, two annual fairs, and two extraordinary well at⯑tended ſtatutes, for hiring ſervants. The annual fairs in this city, formerly drew together numbers of people from many parts of England and Scotland. The buſineſs for the whole year was ſettled at theſe meetings; as in many places the intercourſe between town and town, or man and man, was not yet car⯑ried on by way of port carriers, and other public conveyances. The aſſize and public diverſions con⯑tributed greatly to draw together the neighbouring gentry. Though there was very little trade and commerce in this city, yet the inhabitants did not ſeem to know the want of it. The neceſſaries of life were uncommonly cheap, and the chief part of their wearing apparel was of their own ſpinning.— Pride and luxury in eating, drinking, furniture and dreſs, had not yet made their entrance within the city walls; induſtry and hoſpitality were the prominent features of the people. The victuallers brewed their own ale, of a good quality, and ſold it for threepence a quart, full meaſure. And (ſuch was the cuſtom of the place) ſeldom did a company call for the ſecond pot, without the landlord or landlady preſenting them with the fare of the houſe to reliſh their liquor. Spirituous liquors were very ſeldom made uſe of: though the inhabitants were not opulent, yet many of them had conſiderable property, and for the moſt part under a good tenure. ^*

The town, at the time we are ſpeaking of, was not very populous, and therefore the office of mayor, or chief magiſtrate, was conſidered to be of great conſequence. He ſeldom appeared in public without the rod of juſtice, and had always one of the ſerjeants to attend him. The baleful ſeeds of party were not then ſown among the inhabitants, a friendly and neighbourly intercourſe pervaded the whole city. All the ancient cuſtoms were kept up with harmony and feſtivity, and man united to man by love and good fellowſhip, circumſtanced as the inhabitants were, living in the centre of a rich and well cultivated country, it is no wonder if their minds were free. In ages prior to this aera, they had been expoſed to one continued ſcene of warfare. Under this hazardous ſituation, it may reaſonably be ſuppoſed that, their contentions could not lead them to dive much into the myſteries and fluctuations attendant upon a trading intercourſe. And ſuppoſe they had been in affluent circumſtances, it cannot be imagined they would have expended their money in building. Having been ſo long accuſtomed to the calamities inci⯑dent to war, they wiſhed for nothing more than to enjoy that tranquility, they and their anceſtors had been ſo long ſtrangers to.

This city continued in the ſituation above-mentioned, without any material alteration either in reſpect to trade or improvement in building, till the rebellion in 1745. Soon after this period, a company of Hamburgh merchants fixed upon Carliſle as a proper place to carry on an extenſive woolen manufactory. ^‖ The diſtance from Lincolnſhire, Yorkſhire, Scotland, and thoſe parts of the two kingdoms enriched with the ſtaple commodity, was a very inconſiderable object to this company of adventurers. To faci⯑litate this undertaking, two gentlemen (brothers) of the name of Dewlicher, were ſent over from the continent to ſuperintend the work. This manufactory was of great importance to the inhabitants of Carliſle and the country around. It brought from various parts of the three kingdoms many workmen in the different branches of the woolen trade. People, to the diſtance of twenty miles from the city were employed, and every loom that could be got was engaged. The moſt ſanguine hopes were enter⯑tained, that the undertaking would anſwer the end propoſed: and never were two men engaged in any buſineſs more carreſſed by all ranks of people, than the Dewlichers were. A few years after this manu⯑factory was eſtabliſhed, the elder brother died, who had taken the moſt active part of the buſineſs upon himſelf; and who, from its flouriſhing ſtate during his life, ſeemed to be every way competent to ſo great a truſt. The younger brother had, ſometime prior to the death of the elder, made a very imprudent con⯑nection by marriage with the houſe keeper to the family. ^§ This woman was weak and ambitious, and by [79]her was the ruin of this once flouriſhing manufactory brought about. Having the aſcendancy over her credulous huſband, ſhe perſuaded him to diſmiſs moſt of the old workmen, who were overſeers, from their employment: theſe men having been bred to the buſineſs, were capable of conduting the different bran⯑ches of it. In their places, the relations and acquaintances of the new miſtreſs were ſubſtituted, people that knew nothing of the matter. Things ſoon began to wear a different aſpect; the workmen were much diſſatisfied with their new maſters; quarrels and complaints daily increaſed, and a very little time put a finiſhing hand to the whole undertaking: for, by miſmanagement on the part of the new foremen, and by the negligence and extravagance of the ſuperintendant and his wife, the company was declared inſolvent: and as no perſon or company would come forward as ſucceſſors, Carliſle, in a very little time, was reduced to the ſtate it was in at the commencement of this manufactory. ^† The failure of this com⯑pany was ſeverely felt by many in Carliſle and the neighbourhood; for, as nothing was carried forward as a ſubſtitute to employ the induſtrious poor, thoſe who had been employed in the work were driven to travel with their families to different parts to ſeek for employment; and for many months nothing but diſtreſs appeared around Carliſle for ſeveral miles. ^*

During the period we are ſpeaking of, proviſions of all kinds were very cheap, ^‡ and moſt of the peo⯑ple's apparel continued to be of their own ſpinning. Very little improvement had taken place in build⯑ing, and the ſtreets continued in the ſame ſituation. Manure was at this time of ſo little value, that the corporation gave a man forty ſhillings a-year, and a new cart occaſionally, to take it away once a-week. All the goods which came to this place from Newcaſtle, were conveyed chiefly upon pack-horſes; the roads were impaſſable the greateſt part of the ſeaſon for any other conveyance. No public works were carried on, except a ſmall manufactory for linen by an Alderman Cook, and a whip manufactory, under the firm of Brown and company, which employed a few paupers. Whips and fiſh-hooks were the two chief articles in trade Carliſle was noted for. ^‖ Great quantit es of coarſe linen yarn were weekly expoſed in this market for ſale, chiefly from the borders and Scotland, where the people grew their own flax, and ſpun it. This yarn was principally purchaſed by country weavers, or by people commiſſioned to buy and ſend it to manufacturing towns. ^§

Little increaſe in population had hitherto taken place. A few foot ſoldiers and artillery men kept garriſon, and theſe were quartered chiefly upon the public. Carliſle, at this time, kept up the appearance of a formidable place: centries were ſtationed at every gate, at the commanding-officer's houſe, the caſtle, &c. and the gates were ſhut, and locked every night with much military parade; morning and evening guns were fired as a ſignal when to open and ſhut the garriſon gates, and pieces of ordnance were placed upon the turrets, ſituated in different parts of the fortification.

The publicans ſtill continued to brew their own ale, and moſt of them made their own malt. ^¶ It had been a cuſtom for many years backward, for the corporation to demand multure, by compelling the victuallers to grind the malt at their mills. This began to be felt as an oppreſſion; and to remove the grievance, and ſave the multure, many of them provided ſmall hand mills of their own. The corporation, irritated at this breach of what they deemed their right, refuſed to grant licences to the refractory inn⯑keepers. The public, however, would not comply, but brought an action at law, to compel them to ſhew upon what grounds ſo intolerable and arbitrary a cuſtom reſted. The action was determined in favour of the victuallers; and this became a heavy ſtroke to the corporation revenue. ^**

[80]About the year 1750, the trade of Carliſle began to have a different appearance. A manufactory of coarſe linen cloth, called Oſnaburghs was eſtabliſhed: ^† this kind of work can be wrought by women and boys at the loom. About the ſame time, there aroſe a new woolen manufactory, chiefly womens' wear, the proprietor of which was a George Blamire. From the time of the Dewlichers, the woolen buſineſs had been almoſt entirely neglected in Carliſle; the little which was done this way, was by three brothers of the name of Machrell, from Yorkſhire. Blamire's manufactory was of ſhort duration; and after his time, except what was done by the Machrells, and by one Thorpe, and this to no great amount, the buſineſs was no more purſued by any other adventurer.

At the period we are ſpeaking of, the military road between Carliſle and Newcaſtle was begun. Prior to this date, this road from the city was by the Engliſh gate, and Warwick bridge; but now the route was changed, and travellers go by the Scotch-gate. The new road was planned near four miles more to the north than the old one. The badneſs of the road had hitherto been a great hindrance to the conveyance of merchant goods from Newcaſtle to this place and Whitehaven: and Dumfries, from this circumſtance only, had greatly the advantage: but when this turnpike was completed, then the caſe was much altered for the better. Large carts and waggons were ſoon introduced, and nothing was now wanting but a ſufficient loading from Carliſle: this want was in ſome ſort ſupplied by people buying up⯑on commiſſion, and others upon their own account, and ſending off large quantities of butter and bacon for the London market. It was now that proviſions began to riſe in price, the butchers to ſell their meat by weight, and the country frugal houſe-wiſe to throw aſide her old pound ſtone, ſubſtituting in its place, the ſtandard of ſixteen ounces for weighing her butter. Every article of life increaſed in value: in the mean time the face of the country began to wear a more cultivated aſpect. John Holmes, Eſq. who had eſtates in different parts of the county, ^* was a gentleman of a perſevering ſpirit, in making trial of the ſeveral modes of agriculture: no part of huſbandry was loſt in him for the ſake of expence, or procuring men uſed to agricultural improvements. Mr. Holmes' laudable ſpirit opened the eyes of the country in general, and every ſucceeding year added ſomething to the former, to the advantage of the induſtrious huſbandman. It has already been obſerved, that manure was of little value; that what the ſtreets of Carliſle aſſorded was conveyed away by a perſon who had an annual ſalary: it now became an article of value, and the produce of the ſtreets was generally put up to lett along with the corporation lands. ^§

The county and city tolls were a part of the corporation revenue. The number of black cattle which came into England from Ireland and Scotland, by the way of Cumberland, and moſtly by Carliſle, greatly increaſed the value of the toll; but as the collecting of it was attended with trouble and danger, the drovers endeavouring to evade this toll as an impoſition, it alſo underwent a trial at law, in which the drovers were defeated, on the grounds that the barrier fortreſs was ſtill maintained: but as the collecting of this toll from theſe refractory people, is ſtill attended with difficulty; the perſon who undertakes the whole farm from the corporation, generally lets it out in parcells to different people, who live moſt con⯑tiguous to the places where the droves take their departure out of the county.

At this period, manufactories of linen and cotton began rapidly to encreaſe in Carliſle; and this increaſe in the branches of ſpinning and weaving brought many Scotch and Iriſh weavers, with their families, to reſide in the city and its environs. The population of the city had encreaſed very little for forty or fifty years prior to the eſtabliſhment of theſe manufactories. The bleaching of yarn was a con⯑ſequent of theſe manufactories, and it went on very proſperouſly. Carliſle is a place very well adapted for carrying on the linen and cotton manufactories to a very great extent. The progreſs of improve⯑ment advanced with rapid ſteps. Every year houſes were rebuilt upon a more elegant plan, and alſo many new ones. The graſs which disfigured the ſtreets, lanes, and avenues, began daily to diſappear.

In the year 1756, a brewery commenced in the ſuburbs of the city, without the Iriſh Gates, under the firm of Atkinſon and Co. But the inhabitants of Carliſle and the neighbourhood, having been long accuſtomed to home brewed ale, did not reliſh this factory drink, ſo that it was ſometime before this public brewery met with much encouragement: though after a few years' trial the prejudice was entirely removed, and the ſucceſs of the undertaking has ſufficiently proved its utility, and fully anſwer⯑ed the end the company had in view. The many new manufactories now begun, and the increaſe of population attendant on them raiſed the purvey. But as this did not then ſeem grievous to the ancient [81]inhabitants, I only mention it as a prelude to what afterwards became a ſevere burthen. Not long after, the ſtreets of the city, and that part of the liberties without the walls, were paved upon a new plan. This alteration for the better (to the great credit of the corporation) removed many intolerable nuiſan⯑ces. And the inhabitants of the ſuburbs, and that part of the ſuburbs which came under the direction of the ſurveyor of the highways, were alſo put under a proper regulation. Richardgate felt the good effects of this alteration; being expoſed to inundations from the overflowing of the river Eden, it now felt only in part what formerly was almoſt general.

In the year 1758, were brought here a number of French priſoners from Edinburgh caſtle. Theſe were ſoon followed by the regular troops of Thurot's ſquadron, captured by the brave captain Elliot; and about three or four hundred more were ſent to Carliſle, from Launceſton in Cornwall. All theſe priſoners, except Thurot's regulars, were upon their parole of honour. As each of theſe priſoners had ſeven ſhillings a week regularly paid them, this cauſed a deal of money to be expended. The French priſoners were ſoon after followed by the Weſtmorland militia; and as the inhabitants of that county were much prejudiced againſt a military life, they entered into a voluntary ſubſcription to allow their balloted men, or ſubſtitutes, an additional ſum to the king's pay, ſo that many of the privates had from one to three ſhillings per day. Two companies of invalids kept garriſon in the caſtle; ^§ and did alſo duty as centinels at the ſeveral gates. Such a number of men in the city, and ſo well circumſtanced as to money, greatly benefited the place. The conſequence of this influx of wealth was, the introduction of more expenſive modes of living. Now four wheeled carriages began to run from the different inns. ^† To this period, 1759, there had not been any public conveyance for travellers in poſt chaiſe from this city. Hitherto balls and aſſemblies had been kept in a room at the caſtle; and when any gave a ball it was chiefly at the Buſh Inn: but now an aſſembly room is built, and finiſhed for that purpoſe, in a plain and neat manner.

The year 1761 ſaw new works eſtabliſhed. A company from Newcaſtle begun the calico printing buſineſs, which has been progreſſively carried on ever ſince, and affords employment to many hundreds of men, women, and children. This was followed by an extenſive manufactory, carried on by the in⯑genious Bernard Barton, whoſe premature death deprived the public of the abilities of an able and enterpriſing tradeſman. Theſe public works employed a great deal of good land about the city, ſo that the value of ground, either in the ſelling price or in letting, roſe conſiderably: and the increaſe of population, owing to theſe cauſes, may reaſonably be ſuppoſed to occaſion an equal riſe in every other article bought and ſold.

As the year 1761 was an aera of real advantage to Carliſle, both with reſpect to the proſpect of an increaſing commerce and the further progreſs of politics; the reader, we hope, will not deem it impro⯑per, that we are a little more particular. The printing or ſtamping of Calico was introduced here about this period. Gentlemen from Newcaſtle and its vicinity, under the firm of Scot, Lamb, and Co. were the firſt eſtabliſhers of this branch of trade, in the environs of Carliſle. And as the Calico buſineſs has been the principal means of increaſing the population of the city, it is ſufficient to remark that the flouriſhing advances of this manufactory induced others to form themſelves into companies to begin and carry on the ſame buſineſs. Some of them were men unacquainted with commerce; for in former times a country Eſq. would have thought it a degradation of his rank, to have his name entered with any company in a manufacturing or mercantile line. Time has removed this prejudice, and men are convinced that trade enriches, in particular, thoſe engaged in it, and the public in general. Common day labour for men not bred to any mechanic trade, and lint or two ſpinning for women in indigent circumſtances, was all the employment that could be obtained. Eight pence or ten pence a day, without victuals, was as much as a labourer could earn, and a woman muſt have worked very hard at her wheel to make a ſhilling a week, The employment for children was winding pirns for weavers or twiſting whips, for which they had only about eight pence per week, and generally worked ſixteen hours out of the twenty⯑four.

The eſtabliſhment of the calico manufactory greatly altered the caſe. The work in the green or bleach⯑yard found employment for men and ſtout boys. Apprentices were taken to the ſeveral branches of the work, viz. Drawers, Cutters, and Calico printers, at a genteel weekly allowance, and their wages in⯑creaſed as they advanced in their ſervitude. Little boys were employed as tearing boys to the printers. [82]Women had tables ſet out for them to pencil the colours into the pieces. Every table employed three or four female children; and even the youngeſt boys and girls could make near two ſhillings per week. Such encouragement brought numbers of families out of the country into the city and ſuburbs, and ſo great was the change, that a common labourer, who probably, with his wife's aſſiſtance, did not make above eight ſhillings weekly, could, by having his family fixed in the manner repreſented, eaſily earn twenty or thirty ſhillings a week. Nay, ſuch was the infatuation of the young men, or deſire of great wages, that many who had ſerved an apprenticeſhip to a mechanic trade, bound themſelves a new to the ſtampery; and even thoſe that were married followed the ſame ſteps, perſuaded that this manufactory would give the whole family bread. People of property reaped their advantage from this increaſe of population, as land and houſes increaſed in value.

The ſeveral manufactories began to thrive much beyond the moſt ſanguine expectation. People in trade, with little to begin with, acquired fortunes which enabled them to live in a much more ſplendid ſtyle than formerly. The town rapidly improved, and the land around increaſed in value, far beyond what could have been foreſeen. The advantages, however, were balanced by ſome inconveniences: people of pro⯑perty, who taſted not the ſweets of a thriving trade, began to feel the diſadvantages which aroſe from the increaſe of population. Before the year 1761, the poor rates were not felt by thoſe who paid them: forty purveys in a year was the annual collection. This was the mode purſued, and the inhabitants acted in the office of collecting by rotation. But the increaſe of manufactories invited numbers of ſtrangers here for bread. The town was ſoon filled with Scotch and Iriſh families; and as theſe people had no place to return to, in caſe of indigence and ſickneſs, they became a great burthen upon the ancient inha⯑bitants. This was not the only grievance; the mode of collection was very irregular, being ſtill by the old rate. New improvements did not pay any kind of proportion, nor did the manufacturers, though thoſe were the only people that throve by this increaſe of trade, and the cauſe which brought theſe ſtran⯑gers to the city, pay any kind of rate for their valuable ſtocks in trade. This cauſed a general murmur amongſt the ancient inhabitants, and a redreſs was loudly called for. A pound rate was thought to be the moſt equitable mode, and after many veſtry meetings it was finally agreed to. All this time, neither the pariſh of St. Mary, or St. Cuthbert, had a common workhouſe: the poor were either let out, or paid out, in their own houſes. The pariſh of St. Mary ſeeing the diſadvantage which aroſe from this mode of providing for the poor, entered into a ſubſcription to build a workhouſe; the good effects of which have been felt by the inhabitants, as well as by the poor that receive the benefit.

The chief part of the manufactoring buſineſs before the year 1761, conſiſted of a few check and Oſna⯑burg looms, and about a dozen of looms employed in weaving very fine linen. But after the eſtabliſh⯑ment of the manufactory of printed or ſtamped calicoes, cotton looms were ſet up. The ſtamperies had before this, been ſupplied with cottons from Lancaſhire, at an extraordinary expence in carriage; but now machinery for carding, roving, and ſpinning of cotton, is erected in different places in the neigh⯑bourhood of the city, and they purchaſe their cottons at a cheaper rate. This machinery employs a great number of men and women, of old and young. Buildings, particularly in the environs, have a⯑mazingly increaſed, and ſo has every trade in proportion.—We ſhall now only paticularize the different employments:—

At preſent there are four printfields which employ about one thouſand people, and pay above 20,000l. annually to the revenue. Their firms are Meſſrs. Lamb, Scot, Forſter, and Co.—Meſſrs. Loſh and Co. Meſſrs. Mitchell, Ellwood, and Co —Meſſrs. Donald, Carrick, Shaw, and Co.—Meſſrs. Wood and Co. who employs above two hundred people in ſpinning of cotton.—Meſſrs. Forſters have the moſt extenſive manufactory in the north of England, in all the branches from the raw materials to the finiſhing of checks, calicoes, muſlins, and all kinds of fancy work.—Meſſrs. Ferguſons are next in extent in ſimilar articles.—Meſſrs. Langcake, M^cWilliam, and Co. manufacturers in ſimilar articles.—Meſſrs. Stoddards, ditto—Mr. Thomas Pearſon, ditto.—Mr. Nixon, ditto.—Meſſrs. Wilſon and Co. muſlins. —Beſides the brewery previouſly mentioned, a few years after another was eſtabliſhed near it, now under the firm of Meſſrs. Pattrickſon and Co. and lately Mr. Daniel Pattinſon erected another; theſe three breweries pay above 6000l. duty annually; and juſt now there is another erected by Mr. Haugh.— There is a ſoapry under the firm of Meſſrs. Barker and Langcake, which pays about 1500l. duty annually; when thereto is added the duties upon candles, leather, licences, and other things under the exciſe, Car⯑liſle pays above 100,000l. annual revenue.—Beſides theſe public works, there are many others on a ſmaller ſcale; and all the common trades are carried on to great perfection.

The late Mr. Forſter and ſons eſtabliſhed a bank here, and Mr. Wilſon another, which is of great ſervice to trade.

[83]WAGES, within theſe twelve months, have roſe, much owing to the advance in all the neceſſaries of life.—Calico printers make from one and a half, to two guineas per week; carpenters, joiners, maſons, and bricklayers here 2s. 6d. per day; labourers, from 1s. to 1s. 8d.; weavers earn from 10s. to 1l. 1s. per week, according to their abilities; and the ſame with all the other trades.—For the former rate of wages, proviſions, &c. ſee our account of Brampton, being nearly the ſame, vol. I. page 131.

FRIENDLY SOCIETIES were eſtabliſhed here about twenty years ago, and are now ſeven for men and three for women; conſiſting of about twelve hundred members. A number of gentlemen are joined to theſe ſocieties, which add much to their reſpectability, and ſtrengthens their funds: their allowance to ſick and old members is in proportion to their funds; and members or their relatives are genteely buried at the ſociety's expence.—There are two maſonic ſocieties conſiſting of a number of reſpectable people.

THE CARLISLE DISPENSARY

Was eſtabliſhed on the 1ſt of July, 1782, for adminiſtering medical relief to the ſick poor of Carliſle.— The officers appointed for conducting this charity were:—

PRESIDENT.—The Right Honourable the Earl of Surrey, now Duke of Norſolk.—Vice Preſidents, the Right Rev. the Biſhop of Dromore; the Right Rev. the Biſhop of Clonſe [...]t, now Biſhop of Elphin; [96]William Dacre, Eſq. Joſeph Liddell, Eſq. John Loſh, Eſq.—Treaſurer Mr. John Mitchinſon.—Secretary, Mr. A. Elliot.—Phyſician, John Heyſham, M. D·—Surgeon, Mr. William Graham.—Apothecary, Mr. Watſon.