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BRITISH ZOOLOGY.

ILLUSTRATED BY PLATES AND BRIEF EXPLANATIONS.

LONDON, Printed: And Sold by B. WHITE in FLEET-STREET.

MDCCLXX.

TO WILLIAM CONSTABLE, Eſq OF BURTON-CONSTABLE.

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DEAR SIR,

AS you have quitted your philoſophic retirement, give me leave to wiſh every felicity may attend you, and that you may ſoon be enabled to reſume thoſe beloved Studies, and all the agreeable amuſements of which you have ſo fully learnt the true enjoyment. May the tour thro' the different parts of EUROPE you propoſe viſiting, be proſperous and entertaining; and to enſure that, may your primary object, the re-eſtabliſhment of your health, meet with the moſt perfect ſucceſs. May you return with the ſame inclinations you ſet out with, with that munificent diſpoſition, and that benignity which a retreat from the world, inſtead of impairing, (as is too often the caſe) has exalted and improved.

[iv]To the laſt it is poſſibly owing that you have entertained ſuch a favourable opinion of my labors, in a ſcience we are both ſo enamoured of; to you therefore I addreſs this little ſupplementary work; it may perhaps overtake you on the road, and if it does not afford you a tranſient amuſement, will at leſt give you a proof, that abſent or preſent, at home or abroad, I remain unalterably, and with the trueſt eſteem,

Dear Sir,
Your affectionate friend, And obedient humble Servant, Thomas Pennant.

ADVERTISEMENT.

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THIS publication is intended to illuſtrate the Zoology of Great Britain, and particularly to ſupply the deficiency of plates in the three firſt volumes; and to correct any errors that may have crept into them. Every defect of that nature which can be diſcovered, and introduced with propriety into this work, will be fairly confeſſed, it being far from the editor's deſign to conceal any miſtakes which thro' his own fallibility, thro' miſinformation of others, or too great confidence in preceding writers, have found a place in the arduous taſk he has undertaken.

The few ſubjects engraved in this volume which have been before inſerted in the folio edition, are ſuch only as have been ill expreſſed in the great book; or are intended to exhibit ſome very different variety; or in a few inſtances meerly to fill the plate: a very few muſt be excepted, which are repeated in order to give here a ſeries of birds of every Britiſh genus; and this will apologize for regraving the Cuckoo, Wryneck, and a few others; there being only a ſingle ſpecies of each in theſe iſlands, as a repreſentative of thoſe genera.

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Figure 1. I FALCON GENTIL.


[] EXPLANATION.
PLATE I. FALCON GENTIL.

  • Falco gentilis. F. cera pedibuſque flavis corpore cinereo, maculis fuſcis, cauda faſciis quatuor nigricantibus. Lin. ſyſt. 126.
  • Falk. Faun. ſuec. No. 58. Kram. auſtr. 328.
  • Falco gentilis. Brunnich. No. 6.

A Species highly eſteemed by Falconers; thoſe of Germany ſearch for them in the Dalecarlian Alps, thoſe of Denmark in Jutland and Norway, and thoſe of our countrymen, who ſtill purſue the diverſion, find them in the N. of Scotland *.

Cere and legs yellow; irides pale yellow; pupil large and of a full black. Head light ruſt color, with oblong black ſpots; whole under ſide from chin to tail white, tinged with yellow; each feather marked with heart-ſhaped duſky ſpots, pointing [8]downwards. The back brown; quill feathers duſky, barred on the outward web with black, on the lower part of the inner web with white. Coverts of the wings and ſcapulars brown, edged with ruſt color; wings reach only one half of the length of the tail. The tail barred with four or five broad bands of black, and the ſame of cinereous, the edges of the firſt bounded by narrow lines of dull white. The tips of the feathers white.

II.

PLATE II. Is a variety, a young bird not arrived at its full plumage, with tranſverſe bars of brown on the breaſt inſtead of cordated ſpots.

III. SPOTTED FALCON.

TWO of theſe were killed in different years, near Longnor, in Shropſhire.

Size of a buzzard: bill black: cere and legs yellow: irides pale yellow: crown of the head, and hind part of the neck, white: ſpotted with light reddiſh brown: back, and ſcapulars of the ſame color, edged with white: quill feathers duſky, barred with aſh color: under ſide of the neck, breaſt, []

Figure 2. II FALCON GENTIL.

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Figure 3. III SPOTTED FALCON.

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Figure 4. IV LANNER.

[]

Figure 5. V MOOR BUZZARD.

[9]belly, and thighs, white: the firſt of theſe, likewiſe the beginning of the breaſt, marked with a few ruſty ſpots: rump white: middle feathers of the tail barred with deep brown and white; the reſt with a lighter and deeper brown: the legs ſtrong.

IV. LANNER.

The Lanner. Br. Zool. I. 138. ſp. ix.

V. MOOR BUZZARD.

Moor Buzzard. Br. Zool. I. 146. ſp. xiv.

THIS exhibits a ſingular variety, with a yellowiſh white head and chin; and the hind and lower part of the neck, and the coverts of the wings blotched with the ſame color. Iſle of Man.

VI. EAGLE OWL.

[10]
  • Bubo maximus nigri et fuſci coloris. Sib. Scot. 14.
  • Great horn, or eagle owl. Wil. orn. 99. Raii ſyn. av.
  • Strix bubo. Lin. ſyſt. 131.
  • Uff. Faun. ſuec. No. 69.
  • Berg-uggle, Katugl-hane. Strom. Hiſt. Sondmore, 222.
  • Buhu. Kram. Auſtr. 323.
  • Le grand Duc. Briſſon av. I. 477.

SIR Robert Sibbald ſays it is found in the Orknies: it has been once ſhot in Yorkſhire; another time in the county of Fife. It inhabits inacceſſible rocks and deſert places; and preys on hares, and game of all kinds. Its appearance in cities was deemed by the Romans an unlucky omen; Rome * itſelf once underwent a luſtration, becauſe one of them ſtrayed into the Capitol. The antients had them in the utmoſt abhorrence, and thought them, like the ſcreech owl of the moderns, the meſſengers of death.

Solaque culminibus ferali carmine BUBO,
Saepe queri et longas in fletum ducere voces.
Virgil.
Perch'd on the roof, the bird of night complains
In lengthen'd ſhrieks, and dire funereal ſtrains.

In ſize it is almoſt equal to the eagle: the irides bright yellow: the head, and whole []

Figure 6. VI. EAGLE OWL

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Figure 7. VII. BUTCHER BIRD.

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Figure 8. VIII TURTLE

Figure 9. ROCK PIGEON.

[11]body, finely varied with lines, ſpots, and ſpecks of black, brown, aſh color, and ferruginous: the wings long: the tail ſhort, marked with duſky bars: the legs thick, covered to the very end of the toes with a cloſe and full down, of a pale yellowiſh brown: the claws great, much hooked, and duſky.

VII. GREAT BUTCHER BIRD.

Br. Zool. I. 161. ſp. 1. the female.

DISTINGUISHED from the male by ſemicircular brown lines acroſs the breaſt. It breeds in the North of England; makes its neſt of heath, and moſs, lines it with wool and goſſamer; and lays ſix eggs, of a dull olive green, ſpotted in the thickeſt part with black. It is ſaid to kill the young of ſmall birds in their neſts.

VIII.

TURTLE.

Br. Zool. . 222. ſp. 3.

ENGRAVEN to give a better figure than that in the folio edition, which was taken from a young bird.

ROCK PIGEON.

[12]

Br. Zool. I. 217. in the note.

IX.

SWALLOW.

Br. Zool. II. 242. ſp. I. App. 502.

TO ſtrengthen the two opinions in regard to the diſappearance of theſe birds, a few other evidences in ſupport of each are added to thoſe before given.

Figure 10. IX SWALLOW.
Figure 11. SWIFT

This rendezvous of ſwallows about the ſame time of year is very common on the willows, in the little iſles in the Thames. They ſeem to aſſemble for the ſame purpoſe as thoſe in Hampſhire, notwithſtanding no one has yet been witneſs of their departure. On the 26th of September laſt, two gentlemen who happened to lie at Maidenheadbridge, furniſhed at leſt a proof of the multitudes there aſſembled; they went by torchlight to an adjacent iſle, and in leſs than half an hour brought aſhore 50 dozen, for they had nothing more to do than to draw the willow twigs thro' their hands, the birds never ſtirring till they were taken.

The northern naturaliſts will perhaps ſay, that this aſſembly met for the purpoſe of plunging into their ſubaqueous winter quarters; but was that the caſe, they would never eſcape diſcovery in a river ſo perpetually fiſhed as the Thames, ſome of them muſt [14]inevitably be brought up in the nets that haraſs that water.

Other witneſſes crowd on us to prove the reſidence of thoſe birds in a torpid ſtate during the ſevere ſeaſon: Firſt, In the chalky cliffs of Suſſex; as was ſeen on the fall of a great fragment ſome winters ago.

Secondly, In a decayed hollow tree that was cut down, near Dolgelli, in Merionethſhire.

Thirdly, In a cliff near Whitby, Yorkſhire, where, on digging out a fox, whole buſhels of ſwallows were found in a torpid condition.

Theſe are doubtleſs the lurking places of the latter habitations of thoſe young birds, who are incapable of diſtant migrations. There they continue inſenſible and rigid; but like flies may ſometimes be reanimated by an unſeaſonable hot day in the midſt of winter, for very near Chriſtmas a few appeared on the moulding of a window of Merton College, Oxford, in a remarkable warm nook, which prematurely ſet their blood in motion; having the ſame effect as laying them before the fire at the ſame time of year.

SWIFT.

[15]

Br. Zool. I. 245. ſp. iv.

THE fabulous hiſtory of the Manucodiata, or bird of Paradiſe, is here in a great meaſure verified. It was believed to have no feet, to live upon coeleſtial dew, to float perpetually on the Indian air, and to perform all its functions in that element.

The Swift actually performs what has been in theſe enlightened times diſproved of the former, except the ſmall time it takes for ſleeping, and what it devotes to incubation; every other action is done on wing. The materials of its neſt it collects either as they are carried about by the winds, or picks them from the ſurface in its ſweeping flight. Its food is undeniably the inſect tribe: its drink the dew: even its amorous rites are performed on high. Few perſons who have attended to them in a fine ſummer's morning, but muſt have ſeen them making their aerial courſes at a vaſt height, encircling a certain ſpace with an eaſy ſteady motion. On a ſudden they fall into each others embraces, then drop precipitate with a loud ſhriek for numbers of yards. This is the critical conjuncture, and no more to [16]be wondered at than that inſects (a familiar inſtance) ſhould diſcharge the ſame duty in the ſame element.

X.

SEDGE BIRD.

  • Leſſer reed ſparrow. Wil. orn. 144.
  • Paſſer arundinaceus minor. Raii ſyn. av. 47.
  • Motacilla ſalicaria. Lin. ſyſt. 330. Faun. ſuec. No. 249.
  • La Fauvette babillarde. Briſſon av. III. 384.

FREQUENTS the fens of Lincolnſhire, but not peculiar to that part of the kingdom. It ſits on low buſhes, on reeds or ſedges, and has a moſt haſty jarring note.

It is a ſmall ſlender ſhaped bird: its bill black: over each eye a white line: the crown of the head, hind part of the neck, and upper part of the back, cinereous, marked with duſky ſpots: the lower part of the back and rump, tawny; coverts of the wings, and quill feathers, duſky; the firſt edged with pale brown: the tail deep brown: the feet, as Mr. Ray well obſerves, remarkably large for the ſize of the bird.

Figure 12. TREE SPARROW.
Figure 13. SEDGE BIRD.
Figure 14. XI YELLOW HAMMER.
Figure 15. SNOW-FLAKE.

TREE SPARROW.

[17]

Mountain Sparrow. Br. Zool. II. 308. ſp. iv.

COMMON near Lincoln, Spalding, &c. is converſant among trees, but does not frequent houſes. It is leſs than the common ſparrow: the bill thick and black: the crown of the head, hind part of the neck, and leſſer coverts of the wings, bright bay; the firſt plain; the two laſt ſpotted with black; juſt above the greater coverts is a row of feathers, black, tipt with white; the greater coverts black, edged with ruſt color: quill feathers duſky, edged with pale red: lower part of the back olive brown: tail brown: legs ſtraw color.

Behind each ear is a large black ſpot; on the chin another: cheeks and whole under ſide of the body whitiſh.

XI.

SNOW FLAKE *.

Greater Brambling. Br. Zool. II. 321. ſp. iv.

THESE birds appear in hard weather on the Cheviot hills, and in the Highlands of Scotland, in amazing flocks: a few [18]breed on the ſummits of the higheſt mountains, in the ſame places with the Ptarmigans, but the greateſt numbers migrate from the north: they appear firſt * in the Orkney iſles, and multitudes of them often fall, wearied with their flight, on veſſels in the Pentland Firth. Their appearance is a certain forerunner of hard weather, and ſtorms of ſnow, being driven by the cold from their ſummer retreats, Spitzbergen, Greenland, Hudſon's bay, and the Lapland alps, into leſs rigorous climates: they viſit at that ſeaſon all parts of the northern hemiſphere, Sweden, Pruſſia, Auſtria, Siberia **: they arrive lean and return fat: in their flights keep very cloſe to each other, mingle moſt confuſedly together: and fling themſelves collectively into the form of a ball, at which inſtant the fowler makes great havock among them.

I had opportunity of examining ſeveral in North Britain; ſome were of the colors of that deſcribed p. 121, others were black and white, vide p. 322, paragraph 2. I am not certain, but ſuſpect the former to be young; [19]but poſſibly they may vary according to the ſeaſon, as is common with arctic birds.

The weight of one I call an old bird, was 1 oz. one-fourth: the bill and legs black: the forehead and crown white: hind part of the head black; and ſome mixture of black on the hind part of the neck; the reſt of the neck, and whole under ſide of the body white: the back of a full black: the rump marked with a white ſpot: the baſtard wing, and the ends of the greater coverts black; the others white: the baſe of the quill feathers white; the remaining part black: the ſecondaries white, with a black ſpot on their exterior web: the middle feathers of the tail black; the three outmoſt white, with a duſky ſpot near their ends *.

YELLOW HAMMER.

[20]

Br. Zool. II. 319. ſp. ii.

XII.

WOODPECKER.

Picus major. P. albo nigroque varius, criſſo pileoque rubris. Lin. ſyſt. 176. Faun. ſuec. No. 101.

A Bird that ſeems only a variety of my greater ſpotted woodpecker.

LITTLE SPOTTED WOODPECKER.

Br. Zool. I. 180. ſp. iii. the female,

DIFFERS from the male, in wanting the crimſon mark on the head: the vent feathers in both ſexes are of a dirty light yellowiſh brown.

Figure 16. XII MIDDLE & LITTLE SPOTTED WOODPECKERS.
Figure 17. XIII F. GROUS. PTARMIGAN.
Figure 18. XIV REDSHANK
Figure 19. WOODCOCK.

XIII.

[21]

GROUS.

Br. Zool. I. 204. ſp. iii. the female.

PTARMIGAN.

Br. Zool. I. 206. ſp. iv.

ONE that I weighed laſt ſummer, in the county of Breadalbane, was nineteen ounces *. They inhabit the very ſummits of the higheſt of the Highland mountains, amidſt the rocks, perching on the grey ſtones, the general color of the ſtrata in thoſe lofty ſituations: they ſeldom take long flights, but fly about like pigeons; are very ſilly birds, and ſo tame as to ſuffer a ſtone to be flung at them without riſing. It is ſcarce neceſſary to have a dog to find them. They taſte ſo like a grous as to be ſcarce diſtinguiſhable. They are found from Breadalbane. in the county of Perth, to the vaſt naked hill of Scaraben, in the county of Caithneſs.

XIV.

WOODCOCK.

Br. Zool. II. 348.

RED SHANK.

[22]

Br. Zool. II. 368. ſp. vi.

XV. RUFF AND REEVE.

Br. Zool. II. 363. ſp. iii.

RUFFS loſe their long feathers in moulting ſeaſon, nor do they recover them till ſpring. At the ſame time the pimples break out about the bill; and the older the birds the larger and more numerous are theſe marks, and the longer the neck feathers.

Soon after their arrival in the fens in ſpring, they begin to hill, i. e. to collect on ſome dry bank near a flaſh of water, in expectation of the Reeves, which reſort to them; each male keeps poſſeſſion of a ſmall piece of ground, which he continues running round till he has formed a naked circle on the ſpot. If a female lights the Ruffs immediately fall to fighting.

Figure 20. XV REEVE.
Figure 21. RUFF
Figure 22. XVI PURR
Figure 23. SANDPIPER

There is a great difference between the weight of a Ruff and Reeve, the firſt being 7 oz. ½ the laſt only 4 oz. Beſides the fens they viſit annually a place called Martin Moor in Lancaſhire, the latter end of March, or beginning of April, but continue there ſcarce three weeks.

XVI.

PURRE.

Br. Zool. II. 374. ſp. xiii.

SANDPIPER.

Br. Zool. II. 373. ſp. xi.

XVII.

[24]

GREBE.

Br. Zool. II. 395. ſp. ii.

LITTLE BLACK AND WHITE GREBE.

Br. Zool. II. 397. ſp. iv.

XVIII. GREAT AUK.

Br. Zool. II. 401. ſp. i.

XIX.

COMMON AUK.

Br. Zool. II. 403. ſp. ii.

LITTLE AUK.

Br. Zool. II. 409. ſp. iv.

THE variety mentioned by Mr. Edwards, I met with it in the cabinet of Doctor David Skene, at Aberdeen, ſhot on the coaſt about twenty miles north of that city, in the ſpring of the year.

Figure 24. XVII BLACK & WHITE. GREBE.
Figure 25. GREBE.
Figure 26. XVIII GREAT AUK.
Figure 27. XIX. LITTLE AUK.
Figure 28. AUK.
Figure 29. XX. LESSER GUILLEMOT.
Figure 30. POTTED GUILLEMOT.
Figure 31. XXI LUMME. M. & F.
Figure 32. XXII ARCTIC GULLS.

XX.

[25]

SPOTTED GUILLEMOT.

Br. Zool. II. 412. ſp. viii.

A Variety of the ſame ſpecies with the black guillemot, ſhot on the ſame coaſt as the former.

LESSER GUILLEMOT.

Br. Zool. II. 411. ſp. vii.

XXI. LUMME.

Br. Zool. II. 415. ſp. iii.

LINNAEUS obſerves very juſtly, that they are monogamous, and that their cry forebodes a tempeſt. I ſaw a pair on the coaſt of Caithneſs, flying wildly high in the air, with a horrible croaking.

XXII. ARCTIC GULLS.

Strundt-jager, i. e. Coprotheres. Raii ſyn. av. 127. Br. Zool. II. 420. ſp. iv.

THE Faſkidar of Martin, hiſt. weſt. iſles, p. 73. and the dirty aulin of the Firth of Forth, from its filthy manner of life.

XXIII.

[26]

KITTIWAKE.

  • Larus albus major Belon? Raii ſyn. av. 129.
  • Larus Riſſa. Lin. ſyſt. 224.
  • Iſlandis Ritſa, incolis Chriſtianſoe, Lille Solvet, Rotteren.
  • Brunnich, No. 140.
  • La petite mouette cendrèe. Briſſon, av. vi. 178. tab. xvii.

INhabits the romantic cliffs of Flamborough head; *; the Baſs iſle, and the vaſt rocks near the caſtle of Slains, in the county of Aberdeen, the elegant and hoſpitable ſeat of the Earl of Errol, placed like a falcon's neſt on the edge of a precipice waſhed by a wild ocean. Theſe and various other ſorts of gulls ſcream perpetually over the head, while the waves roar beneath.

The young of theſe birds are a favorite diſh in North Britain, being ſerved up roaſted, a little before dinner, in order to provoke an appetite, but from their rank taſte and ſmell, ſeem much more likely to produce a contrary effect. Theſe proved to be the Corniſh Tarrock, Br. Zool. II. 425, or the Kittiwake, before its firſt moulting.

Figure 33. XXIII. KITTIWAKE
Figure 34. GULL.
Figure 35. WILD DUCKS. XXIV
Figure 36. XXV. SHAG.

GULL.

Br. Zool. II. 424. ſp. viii.

HAS a great reſemblance to the former, in reſpect to colors; but ſometimes the head and hind part of the neck is marked with pale brown ſpots, as Mr. Ray deſcribes it.

XXIV. WILD DUCKS.

Br. Zool. II. 462. ſp. xiii.

XXV. SHAG.

Br. Zool. II. 478. ſp. ii.

ARE found in ſmall flocks of five or ſix, on Flamborough Head, and on other rocks on the coaſt of Britain; but this variety with a creſt is very rare.

XXVI. SMOOTH HOUND.

[28]

Br. Zool. III. 91. ſp. x.

XXVII-VIII. THORNBACK.

Br. Zool. III. 69. ſp. v.

XXIX.

LUMP FISH.

Br. Zool. III. 103. ſp. i.

FIG. I. ſhews it on its back, in order to give a view of the part by which it adheres ſo ſtrongly to the rocks. Theſe fiſh are found in vaſt numbers during ſpring on the coaſt of Sutherland, near the Ord of Caithneſs, a vaſt promontory, with a road over it much more tremendous than our Penmaenmawr. The ſeals which abound beneath, feed greatly on theſe fiſh, leaving the ſkins, numbers thus emptied floating at that ſeaſon aſhore. Erratum, p. 104. lower lege upper.

SEA SNAIL.

Br. Zool. III. 105. ſp. ii.

FIG. II. The adhering part. Theſe fiſh are full of ſpawn in January, and their bellies at that time vaſtly prominent.

[]
Figure 37. XXVI SMOOTH HOUND.

[]

Figure 38. XXVII. THORN-BACK.

[]

Figure 39. XXVLII. THORNBACK.

[]

Figure 40. XXIX. I LUMP FISH.

Figure 41. II

Figure 42. III

Figure 43. IIII SEA SNAIL.

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Figure 44. XXX. DRAGONET.

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Figure 45. XXXI. I LESSER DRAGONET.

Figure 46. II WEEVER.

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Figure 47. XXXII LESSER HAKE.

Figure 48. COAL FISH.

XXX. DRAGONRT.

[29]

Br. Zool. III. 130. ſp. i.

IS taken by bait in 30 or 38 fathom water; and is very often found in the ſtomach of cod fiſh.

XXXI.

LESSER DRAGONET.

Br. Zool. III. 133. ſp. ii.

WEEVER.

Br. Zool. III. 134. ſp. i.

XXXII.

LESSER HAKE.

Br. Zool. III. 158. ſp. xi.

COAL FISH.

Br. Zool. III. 152. ſp. vii.

TWO Specimens of the ſame ſize, and caught at the ſame time, proved the fallibility of the characters of ſpecies, taken from the number of rays, for in the two were theſe differences in the ſeveral fins:

  • P. Dors. 14 17 21. Pect. 20. Vent. 6. An. 22 22.
  • P. Dors. 13 19 21. Pect. 19. Vent. 6. An. 25 20.

The ſame variation is ſometimes obſerved [30]in the rays of other fiſh; and in the ſquamae and ſcuta of ſerpents.

XXXIII.

WHISTLE FISH.

Br. Zool. III. 164. ſp. xv.

BROWN WHISTLE FISH.

Br. Zool. III. 165. ſp. xvi.

XXXIV. BLENNY.

Br. Zool. III. 169. ſp. iii.

XXXV. FATHER LASHER.

Br. Zool. III. 179. ſp. iii.

XXXVI. WRASSE.

Br. Zool. III. 207. ſp. iv.

XXXVII.

WRASSE.

Br. Zool. III. 208. ſp. v.

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Figure 49. XXXIII. BROWN WHISTLE FISH.

Figure 50. SPOTTED WHISTLE FISH.

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Figure 51. XXXIV. SMOOTH BLENNY.

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Figure 52. XXXV. FATHER LASHER.

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Figure 53. XXXVI. STRIPED WRASSE.

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Figure 54. XXXVII. GIBBOUS WRASSE.

Figure 55. TRIMACULATED WRASSE.

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Figure 56. XXXVIII. GRAY GURNARD.

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Figure 57. XXXIX. TUB FISH.

[]

Figure 58. XL. SAMLET.

Figure 59. TROUT.

WRASSE.

[31]

Br. Zool. III. 206. ſp. iii.

XXXVIII. GURNARD.

Br. Zool. III. 231. ſp. i.

IS fond of ſporting near the top of the water. Is ſometimes taken above two feet and a half long.

XXXIX. TUB-FISH.

Br. Zool. III. 235. ſp. iv.

XL.

TROUT.

Br. Zool. III. 250. ſp. iv.

SAMLET.

Br. Zool. III. 253. ſp. v.

XLI.

[32]

RUD.

  • Br. Zool. III. 310. ſp. vi.
  • Rothauge. Meyer An. II. tab. 53.
  • Scarf? Faun. ſuec. No. 366.

FREQUENT opportunity has occurred ſince the publication of the hiſtory of the Britiſh fiſh, of examining this more attentively. It is found in the river Charwell, near Oxford; in Holderneſs; and in the Witham in Lincolnſhire. Our former deſcription is in part erroneous, being confounded with the next ſpecies: the rays of the fins of this were, P. D. 11. P. 17. V. 9. A. 13. Linnaeus makes the Orf, figured by Meyer, II. 94. a ſynonym of our fiſh; but the laſt gives the print of one widely differing from the Rud, which in form has much reſemblance to the roach: the Orf is leſs deep, and comes nearer the ſhape of the dace.

CRUSIAN.

  • Karaſs. Geſner piſc. Paralip. 16.
  • Karauſchen. Meyer An. II. 54.
  • Ruda? Faun. ſuec. No. 364.

IS a deeper and thicker fiſh than the laſt, and of a deeper yellow color: the dorſal fin extended further along the back, and []

Figure 60. XLI. CRUSIAN.

Figure 61. RUD.

[]

Figure 62. XLII. STICKLEBACKS. I

Figure 63. II

Figure 64. III

[]

Figure 65. XLIII. TUNNY.

[33]conſiſted of eighteen or twenty rays; the two firſt ſtrong and ſerrated.

This ſpecies is not uncommon in the ponds near London; whether it is native, or brought out of Germany originally, as many ſuppoſe, is unknown to me.

XLII.

STICKLEBACK.

Fifteen ſpined, S. back. Br. Zool. III. 120. ſp. iii.

STICKLEBACK.

Br. Zool. III. 217. ſp. i.

STICKLEBACK.

Br. Zool. III. 219. ſp. ii.

XLIII. TUNNY.

Br. Zool. III. 223. ſp. ii.

THE magnificent environs of Inveraray receive no ſmall improvement from the buſy ſcene during the herring-fiſhery on Lough Fine, an arm of the ſea, which from its narrowneſs, and the winding of its ſhore, has all the beauties of a freſh water lake. [34]Every evening ſeveral hundreds of boats in a manner cover the ſurface: on the week days the chearful noiſe of the bagpipe and dance ecchoes from on board: on the ſabbath each boat approaches the land, and pſalmody and devotion divide the day; for the common people of the north are diſpoſed to be religious, having the example before them of a gentry untainted by luxury and diſſipation, and being inſtructed by a clergy who are active in their duty, and who preſerve reſpect amidſt all the diſadvantages of a narrow income.

Each morning the capture of the night is brought on ſhore: the herring is too common a fiſh to attract the attention of a ſtranger, but the ſize and form of the tunny is what immediately catches his eye.

This fiſh is the follower of the herring, on which it preys, and often, during night, ſtrikes into the nets and does conſiderable damage. When the fiſhermen draw them up in the morning, the tunny riſes at the ſame time towards the ſurface, ready to catch any fiſh that drop out; a ſtrong hook, baited with a herring, and fixed to a rope, is immediately flung out, and the tunny ſeldom fails taking it; but as ſoon as hooked loſes all ſpirit, and after very little reſiſtance, ſubmits to its fate.

[35]They do not come in ſhoals like the tunnies of the Mediterranean, for not above two or three are taken in a night, which are dragged on ſhore and cut up, either to be ſold freſh to the people who carry them to the country markets, or elſe are ſalted in large caſks.

The fleſh when freſh cut looks exactly like raw beef; but when boiled looks very pale, and has ſomething of the flavor of ſalmon.

One that I ſaw * was 7 feet 10 inches long, the greateſt circumference 5-7; the leſt near the tail 1-6; the diſtance between one point of the tail, and the other, 2-7: The firſt dorſal fin conſiſted of thirteen ſtrong ſpines, which when depreſſed, were ſo concealed in a deep ſlit in the back, as to be quite inviſible till very cloſely inſpected: it had ſix branchioſtegous rays; above were eleven; beneath, ten ſpurious fins of a fine yellow color: eyes large: irides pale green: the ſkin on the back ſmooth, black, and thick: on the belly the ſcales were viſible, ſtrong, compact, and white.

This fiſh was cut up without being weighed; but another taken the ſame day, (which I did not ſee) and weighed for my information, was 460 lb.

They are known on this coaſt by the name [36]of Mackrel Sture, mackrel, from ſome reſemblance they have to that fiſh, Sture from the Daniſh, Stor, great.

XLIV.

FLYING FISH.

Br. Zool. III. 282. ſp. i.

THE upper figure repreſents it in front; the lower ſideways. It is found in all warm climates; this is the moſt northerly I ever heard of its being ſeen in.

ANCHOVY.

Br. Zool. III. 296. ſp. iv.

TAKEN April 21, 1769, in the Cheſter channel, near my houſe. Length 5 inches: under jaw much ſhorter than the upper: teeth ſmall, a row in each jaw, and another in the middle of the tongue: eyes great: ſcales large, and very deciduous: back green, and ſemipellucid: ſides and belly ſilvery and opake: edge of the belly ſmooth. This is the ſame with the Italian anchovy, having compared it with one which I procured laſt ſummer in ſpirits from Leghorn. []

Figure 66. XLIV. FLYING FISH.

Figure 67. ANCHOVY.

[]

Figure 68. XLV. II.

Figure 69. II.

Figure 70. I WARTY LIZARD.

[]

Figure 71. XLVI SEALS

[37]This is no new diſcovery, for Mr. Ray mentions them in a letter to Doctor Liſter, May 7th, 1669 *.

XLV. LIZARD.

Br. Zool. III. 15. ſp. ii.

THE two ſmall ones are Larvae, with their branchial fins, which drop off when they quit the water.

XLVI. SEAL.

Br. Zool. I. 71. ſp. i.

THE lower figure is the common ſpecies; the upper are two white ſeals, taken from a painting in the Muſeum at Oxford, and probably are young ones.

Seals are found in great numbers on the north coaſt of Scotland; and are ſeen floating amidſt the waves near the foot of the rocks. They prey entirely on fiſh, never [38]moleſting the birds, which ſwim with great compoſure amongſt them: they eat their prey beneath the water, and if they are devouring any very oily fiſh, the place is known by a certain ſmoothneſs of the waves immediately above.

On the coaſt of Caithneſs are immenſe caverns opening into the ſea, and running ſome hundreds of yards beneath the land: theſe are the reſort of ſeals in the breeding time, where they continue till their young are old enough to go to ſea, which is in about ſix or ſeven weeks. The firſt of theſe caves is near the Ord, the laſt near Thrumſter: their entrance is ſo extremely narrow as only to admit a boat; their inſide very ſpatious and lofty. In the month of October, or the beginning of November, the ſeal-hunters enter the mouths of the caverns about midnight, and rowing up as far as they can they land, each of them being provided with a bludgeon, and properly ſtationed, light their torches and make a great noiſe, which brings down the ſeals from the further end in a confuſed body with frightful ſhrieks and cries; at firſt the men are obliged to give way for fear of being over-born, but when the firſt crowd is paſt, kill as many as ſtraggle behind, (chiefly the young) by ſtriking them on the noſe; a very ſlight blow on that part diſpatches [39]them. When the work is over, they drag the ſeals to the boat, which two men are left to guard. This is a moſt hazardous employ, for ſhould their torches go out, or the wind blow hard from ſea during their continuance in the cave, their lives are loſt. The young ſeals are moſt eſteemed, yielding more oil than their emaciated dams, above eight gallons having been got from a ſingle whelp: the oil ſells from 6 d. to 9 d. per gallon; the ſkins from 6 d. to 12 d. The growth of the ſeals is very ſudden; the ſeal-hunters ſay that after nine tides from their birth (54 hours) they are as active as their parents: this is certain that a whelp which yields that great quantity of oil is not above five or ſix weeks old.

On this coaſt, and on the rock Hiſkyr, one of the weſtern iſles, is the ſpecies of ſeals (as I conjecture) deſcribed by Doctor Parſons, * and mentioned by M. de Buffon; **; it reſembles the other in all reſpects but in ſize: a gentleman told me he once killed one near 12 feet long; the common kind ſeldom exceeds ceeds ſix feet.

XLVII.

[40]

ALPINE HARE.

ON the very top of the higheſt Scotiſh Alps, with the Ptarmigans and Snowflakes, natives of the loftieſt ſituations, is found a ſmall ſpecies of hare, grey in ſummer, white in winter; which never deſcends to the ſides of the hills, never mixes with the common brown hare, notwithſtanding the laſt abounds in its neighbourhood. It is inferior in ſize to that ſpecies, weighs about 6 lb. ½ has very ſlender legs, and ſhorter ears and tail. It does not run faſt, and when purſued is very apt to take ſhelter under ſtones, and in clifts of rocks. It is very eaſily tamed, and ſoon becomes much more familiar than the common hare; is exceedingly ſprightly and full of frolick, and ſhews great agility in its boundings round a room: is very fond of honey and carraway comfits, and is commonly obſerved to eat its own dung before a ſtorm. The hair is ſoft and full; the predominant color grey, mixed with a little black and tawny: this is its ſummer's dreſs.

In winter it entirely changes to a ſnowy whiteneſs, except the edges and tips of the []

Figure 72. XLVII WHITE HARE. RABBET

[41]ears, which retain their blackneſs; the alteration of color commences in September, and firſt appears about the neck and rump; in April it again reſumes its grey coat. This kind is found on the Alps, in Norway, Sweden, and Ruſſia *, and like this is ſubject to the ſame changes; but in the extreme cold of Greenland never varies from white, the eternal color of the country.

RABBET.

Br. Zool. I. 90. ſp. ii.

A Gentleman long reſident in the Orkney iſles informed me, that abundance of rabbets were found there, and that their ſkins formed a conſiderable article of trade; but that no hares, foxes, ſnakes or toads were to be ſeen in the country.

XLVIII.

[42]

ARGENTINE.

Br. Zool. III. 276.

FROM a drawing of a fiſh of this ſpecies, taken in the ſea near Downing, in April laſt. The figure is as big as life.

ATHERINE.

Br. Zool. III. 277.

THESE are found in high ſeaſon near Southampton, from the latter end of March to the latter end of May, or beginning of June, in which month they ſpawn: they never entirely deſert the place, and are taken in every month, except when there is a hard froſt.

XLIX.

DOREE.

Br. Zool. III. 181.

SMEAR DAB.

Br. Zool. III. 189.

L. HORSE.

Figure 73. XLVIII ARGENTINE
Figure 74. ATHERINE
Figure 75. XLIX SMEAR DAB.
Figure 76. DOREE
[figure]

This horſe, by its long reſidence among us, may be ſaid to be naturalized, therefore we hope to be excuſed for introducing it here, notwithſtanding its foreign deſcent. From its great beauty it may be preſumed that it derives its lineage from Monaki Shaduhi, of the pure race of horſes, purer than milk *.

Arabia produces theſe noble animals in the higheſt perfection; firſt, becauſe they take their origin from the wild unmixed breeds that formerly were found in the deſerts **, which had as little degenerated from their primaeval form and powers as the lion, tiger, or any other creature which ſtill remains in a ſtate of nature unchanged by the diſcipline of man, or harveſted proviſion.

[44]The Arabs place their chief delight in this animal; it is to them * as dear as their family, and is indeed part of it: men, women, children, mares, and foals, all lie in one common tent, and they lodge promiſcuouſly without fear of injury.

This conſtant intercourſe produces a familiarity that could not otherwiſe be effected; and creates a tractability in the horſes that could ariſe only from a regular good uſage, little acts of kindneſs, and a ſoothing language, which they are accuſtomed to from their maſters; they are quite unacquainted with the ſpur; the leſt touch of the ſtirrup ſets theſe airy courſers in motion; they ſet off with a fleetneſs that ſurpaſſes that of the ** ofſtrich, yet they are ſo well trained as to [45]ſtop in their moſt rapid ſpeed by the ſlighteſt check of the rider: there are ſometimes inſtances of their being mounted without either bridle or ſaddle, when they ſhew ſuch compliance to their rider's will, as to be directed in their courſe by the meer motion of a ſwitch *.

Paret in obſequium lentae moderamine virgae,
Verbera ſunt praecepta fugae, ſunt verbera fraena **.

Several things concur to maintain this perfection in the horſes of Arabia, ſuch as the great care the Arabs take in preſerving the breed genuine, by permitting none but ſtallions of the firſt form to have acceſs to the mares: this is never done but in the preſence of a witneſs, the ſecretary of the Emir, or ſome publick officer; he aſſerts the fact, records the name of the horſe, mare, and whole pedigree of each, and theſe atteſtations are carefully preſerved, for on theſe depends the future price of the foal.

The Arabs, whoſe riches are their horſes, take all imaginable care of them; they have it not in their power to give them graſs in their hot climate, except in the ſpring; their [46]conſtant food is barley, and that given only in the night, being never ſuffered to eat during the day.

[47]In the day-time they are kept ſaddled at the door of the tent, ready for any excurſion their maſters may make; the Arabs being fond of the chace, and living by the plundering of travellers. The horſes are never hurt by any ſervile employ, never injured by heavy burthens, or by long journies, enjoy a pure dry air, due exerciſe, great temperance, and great care.

Every horſe in Arabia (except thoſe which by way of contempt are called Guidich, or pack horſes) has a degree of good qualities ſuperior to thoſe of other places; but it is not to be ſuppoſed but that there are certain parts of that country, which have attained a higher perfection in the art of management than others.

Thus we find by ſome late information *, that Yemine, in Arabia Felix, is at preſent in great repute for its breed; for the jockies of that part have acquired ſuch a ſuperior name, as to be able to ſell their three year old horſes for two or three hundred guineas a-piece, and when they can be prevailed on to part with a favorite ſtallion, they will not take leſs for it than fifteen hundred guineas. It is from this country that the great men in India are ſupplied with horſes, for India itſelf is poſſeſſed of a very bad kind. [48]Theſe noble animals being much neglected there, from the conſtant uſe of the Buffalo, not only in tillage, but even in riding.

It may be allowed here to give ſome account of the horſes of other countries, which derive their origin, and at leſt receive their improvement from the Arabian kind, for whereſoever the Saracens ſpread their victorious arms, they, at the ſame time, introduced their generous race of horſes.

Thoſe of Perſia are light, ſwift, and very like thoſe of Arabia, but formed very narrow before: they are fed with chopped ſtraw, mixed with barley, and inſtead of ſoiling, are fed with new-eared or green barley for about fourteen or twenty days *.

Aethiopia has with ſome writers the credit of having originally furniſhed Arabia with its fine race of horſes; but we believe the reverſe, and that they were introduced into that empire by the Arabian princes, whoſe lineage to this day fills that throne. The horſes of that country are ſpirited and ſtrong, and generally of a black color: they are never uſed in long journies, but only in battle, or in the race, for all ſervile work is done by mules: the Aethiopians never ſhoe them, for which reaſon, on paſſing thro' ſtony [49]places, they diſmount, and ride on mules, and lead their horſes *; ſo from this we may collect, that this nation is not leſs attached to theſe animals than the Arabs.

Aegypt has two breeds of horſes, one its own, the other Arabian; the laſt are moſt eſteemed, and are bought up at a great price, in order to be ſent to Conſtantinople; but ſuch is the diſcouragement ariſing from the tyranny of the government, that the owners often wilfully lame a promiſing horſe ** leſt the Beys ſhould like it and force it from them.

Barbary owes its fine horſes to the ſame ſtock, which in general are far inferior in point of value; and for the ſame reaſon as is given in the laſt article, the great inſecurity of property under the Turkiſh government. The breed was once very famous: M. D'arvieux ſays, that when he was there in 1668, he met with a mare that he thought worthy of the ſtud of his grand Monarque, when in the height of his glory; but Doctor Shaw informs us, that at preſent the caſe is entirely altered .

[50]Notwithſtanding Spain has been celebrated of old for the ſwiftneſs of its horſes, yet it muſt have received great improvement from thoſe brought over by their conquerors, the Saracens. According to Oppian *, the Spaniſh breed had no other merit than that of fleetneſs, but at preſent we know that they have ſeveral other fine qualities.

To ſum up the account of this generous animal, we may obſerve, that every country that boaſts of a fine race of horſes, is indebted to Arabia, their primaeval ſeat. No wonder then, that the poetic genius of the author of the book of Job, who not only lived on the very ſpot, but even at a time when the animal creation ſtill enjoyed much of its original perfection, ſhould be able to compoſe that ſublime deſcription which has always been the admiration of every perſon of genuine taſte**.

Figure 1. LI. SEA EAGLE.
Figure 2. LII. PEREGRINE FALCON.

LI. SEA EAGLE.

[51]

Br. Zool. I. 126.

THE largeſt of this ſpecies inhabits Greenland, where they are ſtrong enough to take a young ſeal out of the water: It is ſtrange that writers ſhould give the name of Niſus to the ſparrow-hawk, when the poet expreſsly mentions the bird into which the father of Scylla was tranſformed.

Quam pater ut vidit (nam jam pendebat in auras
Et modo factus erat fulvis Haliaeetos alis.)
Ibat, ut haerentem roſtro laniaret adunco.

LII. PEREGRINE FALCON.

Br. Zool. I. 136. Br. Mus.

THIS engraving was taken from a dark colored and very beautiful ſpecimen preſerved in the Britiſh Muſeum. Theſe birds breed in the north of Scotland, and are ſometimes trained for falconry, being an excellent ſpecies. They never quit their [52]prey as long as it is in ſight, but daſh through the thickeſt woods after it. This is the ſpecies * which Dame Juliana Barnes, ſayeth, is by the beſt judgments bequeathed to an Earl.

LIII. BUZZARD.

Br. Zool. I. 143. Falco Buteo. Carniol. Kaine, Scopoli An. I. No. 4.

LIV.

CROW.

Br. Zool. I. 167. Corvus vulgaris. Carniol. oru, Scopoli No. 36.

VERY few crows in the highlands of Scotland, the Royſton, or as it is called there the hooded crow, being much more numerous.

JACK-DAW.

Br. Zool. I. 175. Br. Mus. Scopoli No. 38.

JACK-DAWS ſometimes breed in hollow trees, near a rookery, and will join the rooks in their foraging parties. []

Figure 3. LIII. BUZZARD.

[]

Figure 4. LIV. JACKDAW.

Figure 5. CROW.

[]

Figure 6. LV. F. CUCKOO.

Figure 7. WRYNECK.

[53]They alſo breed in the interſtices between the upright and tranſome ſtories of ſtone-henge, a proof of the prodigious height of that ſtupendous antiquity, for their neſts, are placed beyond the reach of the ſhepherds boys, who are always idling about the place: but in the neighboring country of Hampſhire, theſe birds affect as humble a ſituation to breed in as the other is lofty, laying and bringing up their young in the rabbet burrows.

LV.

CUCKOO, FEMALE.

Br. Zool. I. 182. Carniol. Kukautra, Scopoli, No. 48. Br. Mus.

JUVENAL * very properly transfers the diſgrace of cuckoldom to the bird in whoſe neſt the cuckoo leaves its offspring.

Tu tibi tunc Curruca places.

WRYNECK.

Br. Zool. I. 181. Carniol. Tſchudeſch, Scopoli, No. 50. Br. Mus.

BOTH theſe birds migrate in the winter from Carniola. This feeds on ants, [54]as we found on opening the ſtomach of one recently killed. Its note is like that of a Keſtrel, a quick repeated ſqueak.

LVI.

NUTHATCH.

Br. Zool. I. 185. Carniol. Barleſs, Scopoli, No. 50. Br. Mus.

LAYS up againſt winter a conſiderable proviſion of nuts in a hollow tree.

KINGFISHER.

Br. Zool. I. 187. Alcedo Iſpida Scopoli, No. 64. Br. Mus.

LVII.

CREEPER.

Br. Zool. I. 193. Certhia familiaris. Scopoli, No. 59. Br. Mus.

HOOPOK.

Br. Zool. I. 195. Smerda kaura, Smerduch Scopoli No. 62.

FEEDS on infects which it picks out of ordure of all kinds, carries them to its young, which ſeems the reaſon why []

Figure 8. LVI NUTHATCH.

Figure 9. KINGFISHER.

[]

Figure 10. LVII. CREEPER.

Figure 11. HOOPO.

[]

Figure 12. LVIII. CHOUGH.

[]

Figure 13. LIX. BUSTARD.

[55]its neſt is ſo exceſſive foetid. Is found far S. as Ceylon: alſo found in Aegypt, where it is called Tir Chaous, or meſſenger bird, from its creſt reſembling the plumes worn by the Chaous or Turkiſh meſſengers *.

LVIII. CHOUGH.

Br. Zool. I. 197. Gracula Pyrrhocorax. Italis Zaola, Zola. Scopoli No. 46, Br. Mus.

SCOPOLI ſays that in Carniola and Carinthia, it devours the locuſts, is very fond of juniper berries; and that the feet of ſome turn black in autumn.

LIX. BUSTARD.

Br. Zool. I. 214. Otis Tarda. Scopoli, No. 159.

DRAWN in all its inſolence from a moſt beautiful bird in the menagery of her grace the Dutcheſs Dowager of Portland.

LX. BLACKBIRDS.

[56]

Br. Zool. I. 228. Carniol. Koſs, Scopoli No. 197. Br. Mus.

LXI.

RING-OUZEL.

Br. Zool. I. 229. Turdus Torquatus Scopoli No. 198. Br. Mus.

Figure 14. LX. M. & F. BLACKBIRD.
Figure 15. LXI. RING OUZEL.
Figure 16. STARE.

To this account I muſt add, that theſe migratory flocks ſeem to be on their paſſage to ſome other kingdom; for as far as I could learn, that this ſpecies, which is found plentifully in the mountanous parts of Wales and in the highlands of Scotland *, reſides in both places the whole year: it breeds in the hills, and comes down from the highlands in flocks to eat the berries of the wicken trees. I have ſeen theſe birds diſturbed in the breeding ſeaſon, when they flutter for ſome time about, and make a harſh chattering noiſe.

STARE.

Br. Zool. I. 231. Carniol. Starl. Scopoli, No. 189. Br. Mus.

DURING winter aſſemble in myriads in the fens of Lincolnſhire and do great damage to the fenmen, by breaking [58]down the reeds by rooſting on them; the reeds being the thatch of that country, and harveſted for that purpoſe with great care.

LXII.

SKY LARK.

Br. Zool. II. 233. Carniol. Lauditza. Scopoli No. 184. Br. Mus.

YELLOW WAGTAIL.

Br. Zool. II. 276. Italis Squaſſacoda d'acqua Scopoli No. 225. Br. Mus.

THIS ſpecies migrates during winter from our country. A few of the grey, and of the white wagtails continue with us.

WHITE WAGTAIL.

Br. Zool. II. 275. Carniol. Pliſka, Paſteritza. Scopoli No. 224. Br. Mus.

[]

Figure 17. LXII. WHITE WAGTAIL.

Figure 18. YELLOW WAGTAIL.

Figure 19. SKY LARK.

[]

Figure 20. LXIII. M.&F. GOATSUCKERS.

[]

Figure 21. LXIV F. CROSS BILL.

Figure 22. M. GREAT BULFINCH.

LXIII. GOATSUCKER.

[59]

Br. Zool. II. 246. Caprimulgus Europeus. Scopoli No. 167. Br. Mus.

MALE, and female. The error of their ſucking the teats of goats and other horned cattle, prevalent from the time of Ariſtotle * to the preſent: for Scopoli ſeems to credit the report. In fact their food is only moths and nocturnal inſects; perhaps Dorrs, or canthari, for which reaſon Charlton calls them Cantharophagi **.

LXIV.

PINE BULL FINCH.

  • Loxia enucleator. L. Linea alarum duplici alba, rectricibus totis nigricantibus. Lin. Syſt. 299.
  • Suecis Tallbit, Swanſk Papgoja. Wbothnis natt-waka. Faun. Snece. No. 223.
  • Coccothrauſies canadenſis Briſſon av. III. 250. Pl. Enl. 135. Greateſt Bull-Finch Edw. 123, 124.

INHABITS the pine foreſts of Invercauld in the county of Aberdeen and perhaps other parts of Scotland. Found alſo [60]in the north of Europe and of America; feeds on the ſeeds of the pine and fir: Linnaeus ſays they ſing in the night. I have ſeen them flying in the foreſts of North Britain, Auguſt the fifth, ſo ſuppoſe they breed there.

Length nine inches three quarters. Bill ſtrong, duſky, hooked at the end; head, back, neck, and breaſt of a rich crimſon; the bottom of the feathers of a deep aſhcolor; back and head ſpotted with black; leſſer coverts of the wings duſky edged with orange croſſed with a white line, and the greater coverts with another; quil feathers and tail duſky; the exterior edges of the feathers whitiſh; lower belly and vent aſh-color; legs black.

The female is of a dirty green; the quil feathers and tail duſky.

CROSS-BILL:

Br. Zool. II. 279. Loxia curviroſtra. Scopoli. No. 200.

The female.

Figure 23. LXV. M. & F. SPARROWS.
Figure 24. LXVI SISKIN. M. & F.
Figure 25. TWISTE. M. & F.
Figure 26. LXVII. GREATER AND LESSER RED POLIS.

LXV. SPARROWS.

[61]

Br. Zool. II. 300. Carniol. Grabetz, Scopoli. No. 220. Br. Mus.

SPARROWS ſometimes make their neſts in trees that are near buildings.

LXVI.

SISKINS.

Br. Zool. II. 309. Carniol. Saiſl, Scopoli. No. 212. Br. Mus.

TWITE.

Br. Zool. II. 315. Br. Mus.

IS very ſoon tamed; is almoſt inceſſantly uttering a weak low note.

LXVII.

GREAT RED-POLL.

Br. Zool. II. 312. Br. Mus.

LESS REDPOLL.

[62]

Br. Zool. II. 313. Br. Mus.

LXVIII. TITMICE.

1. GREAT.

Br. Zool. II. 334. Carniol. Snitza, Scopoli. No. 242. Br. Mus.

IS very deſtructive to bees; watches thoſe inſects at the door of the hive, and catches them as they go in and out: If the bees are not inclined to ſtir out, the titmouſe will ſtrike againſt the hive with its bill in order to force them abroad.

2. BLUE.

Br. Zool. II. 325. Carneol. Blava ſnitza, Blau-mandltz. Scopoli. No. 244. Br. Mus.

3. COLE.

Br. Zool. II. 326. Scopoli. No. 246.

4. Marſh.

Br. Zool. II. 326. Scopoli. No. 245. Br. Mus.

[]

Figure 27. LXVIII. 1 GREAT

Figure 28. 2 BLUE

Figure 29. 3 COLE

Figure 30. 4 MARSH TITMOUSE.

[]

Figure 31. LXIX. RED GODWIT.

[]

Figure 32. LXX WHIMBREL.

LXIX. RED GODWIT.

[63]

Br. Zool. II. 354. Br. Mus.

DR. BUCKWORTH, of Waſhenborough, Linconſhire, informed me, that a few of theſe birds breed in the fens, near his houſe.

LXX. WHIMBERL.

  • Br. Zool. II. 347.
  • Kleiner Goiſſer. Kramer. 350.

I Received one from Invercauld, ſhot on the Grampian hills, where they breed: it differed from that deſcribed in the Britiſh Zoology, and perhaps might have been of another ſex.

The length was ſixteen inches; the bill two; the head round, black on the top, divided lengthways by a white line; chin white; cheeks, neck, breaſt, and upper part of the belly of a whitiſh brown, marked with ſtreaks of black, pointing downwards: [64]the ſtreaks on the neck narrow, on the belly broader; lower belly and vent white. Back and coverts of the wings duſky; the ſides of each feather ſpotted with reddiſh white. Lower part of the back white. Rump white, barred with black. Tail barred with duſky and white; quil feathers black, with large white ſpots on the inner webs only; the ſecondaries ſpotted on both webs. Legs black.

Theſe birds are called at Spalding, curlew knots: appear in that neighborhood in April, continue there a month, and never reviſit the place till the year following, and about the ſame time.

LXXI.

SNIPE.

Br. Zool. II. 358. Carniol. Koſitza, Scopoli. No. 138. Br. Mus.

JACKINIPE.

Br. Zool. II. 350. Carniol. Pokerl, Scopoli. No. 139. Br. Mus.

[]

Figure 33. LXXI. JACK SNIPE.

Figure 34. SNIPE.

[]

Figure 35. LXXII. RED SAND-PIPER.

Figure 36. GREEN PLOVER.

LXXII.

[65]

RED SANDPIPER.

  • Tringa Icelandica. Tr. roſtro pedibuſque fuſcis, corpore ſubtus ferrugineo, remigibus ſecundariis margine albis. Lin. ſyſt. inter addenda.
  • Tringa ferruginea iſlandis Randbriſlanger Brunnich. ornith Boreal. No. 180.

HAVE appeared in great flocks on the coaſt of Eſſex, on the eſtate of Col. Schutz.

Crown of the head ſpotted with black and ferruginous. The lower ſide of the neck, the breaſt, and belly of a full ferruginous color. Back marked with black and ruſt color. Coverts of the wings aſh-colour; legs black. Bill ſtrong, an inch and a half long: the whole length of the bird ten inches.

GREEN PLOVER.

  • Br. Zool. II. 379.
  • The variety with a minute back toe, mentioned Br. Zool. II. 380.

GREEN plovers breed on the Cheviot hills, in Northumberland, and in the highlands of Scotland. The bellies of the young birds are black.

LXXIII.

[66]

DOTREL.

Br. Zool. II. 381.

APPEARS near the ſea ſide at Meales, in Lancaſhire, the beginning of April, frequents the barley fallows, and continue there about three weeks; from thence remove northward to a place called Leyton Haws, where they ſtay only a fortnight. From the account I received of certain birds that breed in the Highlands, I ſuſpect that lofty tract to be one of the ſummer retreats of the dotrel.

SANDERLING.

Br. Zool. II. 384.

THESE birds vary much in their marks, ſome being much whiter than others.

LXXIV.

WATER-RAIL.

Br. Zool. II. 385. Rallus aquaticus Scopoli. No. 155. Br. Mus.

[]

Figure 37. LXXIII. SANDERLING.

Figure 38. DOTTEREL.

[]

Figure 39. LXXIV. WATER-RAIL.

Figure 40. LAND-RAIL.

[]

Figure 41. RED AND GREY SCOLLOP TOED SAND-PIPER.

LAND RAIL.

[67]

Br. Zool. II. 387. Carncol. Roſtz, Scopoli. No. 154.

LXXV. SCOLLOP TOED SANDPIPERS.

GREY.

Br. Zool. II. 391.

RED.

Br. Zool. II. 391.

SHOT on the banks of a freſh water pool in the Iſle of Stronſa, one of the Orknies, May, 1769 *.

Size of a purr. Bill an inch long, ſtrait to near the end, which bends a little downwards. Crown of the head, hind part of the neck, back, ſcapulars, and coverts of the wings of a deep lead color; the back and ſcapulars ſtriped with dirty yellow. Croſs the greater coverts is a line of white. Throat white; under part and ſides of the neck of a bright ferruginous; breaſt of a deep cinereous; belly white; tail ſhort and cinereous; legs black.

LXXVI.

[68]

WATER-HEN.

Br. Zool. II. 388. Fulica Chloropus, Scopoli, No. 153. Br. Mus.

COOT.

Br. Zool. II. 392. Carniol. Liſka. Scopoli, No. 149. Br. Mus.

A Few years ago a white coot was ſhot near Spalding. I have been credibly informed that the common coots will lay fourteen Eggs.

LXXVII.

LITTLE GREBE.

Br. Zool. II. 398.

IN the male birds the chin is black; the feathers on the cheeks, over the ears, bright ferruginous. Theſe breed as far north as the iſle of Tirey, one of the weſtern iſles of Scotland.

LESSER CRESTED GREBE.

Br. Zool. II. 396. Colymbus auritus. Scopoli, No. 100, Br. Mus.

Figure 42. LXXVI. WATER HEN.
Figure 43. COOT.
Figure 44. LXXVII. LITTLE GREBE.
Figure 45. EARED GREBE.

Length to the rump one foot; extent of wings twenty-two inches. Bill turns up a little; lorum naked and black; irides red. Behind each eye a long tuft of ferruginous feathers, pointing backwards; feathers on the head, cheeks, and throat full and black; neck, back, and quil feathers black; ſecondaries white; ſides under the wings as far as the rump of a bright ſerruginous color. Belly white and gloſſy; outſide of the legs duſky, inſide greeniſh.

LXXVIII. AVOSETTA.

Br. Zool. II. 399. Scolopax avoſetta Scopoli, No. 129. Br. Mus.

ARE found in conſiderable numbers during the breeding ſeaſon, near Foſsdyke waſh, in Lincolnſhire, called there Yelpers, on account of their noiſe; and ſometimes Picarinis. Like the lapwing when diſturbed, fly about and have a ſhrill note (twit) twice repeated; and carry their long necks and legs quite extended during their flight.

LXXIX.

[70]

HERRING GULL.

Br. Zool. II. 421.

WAGEL.

Br. Zool. II. 422.

LXXX:

WINTER MEW.

Br. Zool. II. 423.

BLACK TOED GULL.

Br. Zool. II. 419.

A Variety that in color nearly approaches that deſcribed by doctor Lyſons, in the 52d volume of the Phil. Tranſ. p. 135.

LXXXI.

GREAT TERN.

Br. Zool. II. 428. Br. Mus.

[]

Figure 46. LXXVIII AVOSETTA.

[]

Figure 47. LXXIX. GULLS.

[]

Figure 48. LXXX. WINTER MEW.

Figure 49. BLACK TOED GULL.

[]

Figure 50. LXXXI LITTLE & GREAT TERN.

[]

Figure 51. LXXXII. LITTLE PETREL.

Figure 52. FULMAR.

[]

Figure 53. LXXXIII. M.&F. RED-BREASTED GOOSANDER.

[]

Figure 54. LXXXIV. WILD GOOSE.

LESS TERN.

[71]

Br. Zool. II. 429. Br. Mus.

LXXXII.

FULMAR.

Br. Zool. II. 431.

STORM FINCH.

Br. Zool. II. 434.

LXXXIII. RED BREASTED GOOSANDER.

Br. Zool. II. 437. Edw. 95, Br. Mus.

MALE and female: the firſt rarely migrates farther ſouth than the Firth of Forth; the female is often ſeen in the ſouthern parts of this iſland.

LXXXIV. WILD GOOSE.

Br. Zool. II. 447.

BREEDS in ſuch numbers in Harris and Viſt, two of the weſtern iſles, that the inhabitants are obliged to watch their [72]corn to prevent it from the attacks of theſe birds. In autumn they begin to migrate ſouthward: ſome ſpecies of wild gooſe (I could not learn which) breeds in the fens of Lincolnſhire, which they leave in October, and go to the rye grounds.

Head of the white fronted wild gooſe, Br. Zool. II. 450. Branta Albifrons Scopoli, No. 87.

LXXXV. VELVET DUCK.

Br. Zool. II. 456.

Male and female.

LXXXVI. SWALLOW TAILED SHIELDRAKE.

Br. Zool. II. 469. Anas hiemalis Brunnich. ornith. Boreal. No. 76.

DIFFERS from that deſcribed in the Br. Zoology; the crown of the head is duſky, reſt of the head white; all the neck; breaſt and back of a chocolate brown; ſcapulars edged with tawny; belly white.

Figure 55. LXXXV. M.&F. VELVET DUCK.
Figure 56. LXXXVI. SWALLOW TAILED SHIELDUCK.
Figure 57. WHITE THROATED DUCK.
Figure 58. LXXXVII. GARGANEY.
Figure 59. LITTLE BROWN DUCK.

[73]The lower figure is a duck taken in a decoy in Lincolnſhire, ſeems only a variety of the common kind.

LXXXVII.

GAROANEY.

Br. Zool. II. 474. Anas Querquedula Scopoli No. 75. Br. Mus.

A Few breed in the fens of Lincolnſhire, called there the ſummer duck or teal.

BROWN DUCK.

LESS than the laſt above, the whole plumage is brown and cinereous, ſome parts clouded with a deeper ſhade; coverts of the wings cinereous. No ſpeculum or ſpot on the wings; quil feathers duſky; belly white: from the furtheſt corner of the eye is a whitiſh line, extending almoſt to the hind part of the neck; bill duſky and flattiſh.

I found two of theſe in Leaden-ball market. Whether the females of the Garganey?

LXXXVIII. LAMPRIES.

[74]
  • 1. LAMPREY, Br. Zool. III. 58.
  • 2. LESSER L. Br. Zool. III. 60.
  • 3. PRIDE L Br. Zool. III. 61.

LXXXIX.

STURGEON.

Br. Zool. III. 96.

THE drawing is taken from a young fiſh; which have the tubercles much larger in proportion than old fiſh, and alſo much cloſer together; the number of tubercles on the back differ in different fiſh, is therefore no ſpecific character.

SUN FISH.

OBLONG. Br. Zool. III. 100.

Figure 60. LXXXVIII. 1 LAMPRIES.
Figure 61. 2
Figure 62. 3
Figure 63. LXXXIX. SUN-FISH.
Figure 64. STURGEON.
Figure 65. XC. SWORD-FISH.
Figure 66. XCI. GILT HEAD.
Figure 67. OPAH.

[75]SHORT. Br. Zool. III. 102. Tetrodon mola Brunnich piſc. maſſil. No. 16.

MR. BRUNNICH informs us, that between Antibes and Genoa, he ſaw one of this ſpecies lie aſleep on the ſurface of the water, and adds, that a ſailor jumped overboard and caught it. Perhaps the name is derived from its thus baſking on the top of the water.

I took the liberty of borrowing the figures of theſe two ſpecies from doctor Borlaſe's hiſtory of Cornwall; the ſword fiſh from Klein's hiſt. piſc. and the opah from the pbiloſophical tranſactions, as I could not poſſibly procure the originals for my limner to paint.

XC. SWORD-FISH.

Br. Zool. III. 126. Xiphias gladius Brunnich, piſc. maſſil, No. 27.

XCI.

GILT-HEAD.

Br. Zool. III. 197.

ORAN.

[76]
  • Br. Zool. III. 201.
  • Zeus cauda cauda bifurca, colore argenteo, purpureo ſplendens Strom Sondmor. 323.325. tab. I. fig. 20.

A Fiſh inhabiting the Norwegian and North Britiſh ſeas; to be placed in the genus of zeus, in the Artedian ſyſtem; and to be removed into that of doree in the Br. Zool. III. 181.

XCII.

PERCH.

Crooked Perch, Br. Zool. III. 213. phil. tranſ. LVII. 204. Faun. ſuec. No. 332. p. 118.

A Variety with a very hunched back, and the back bone near the tail laterally diſtorted; found in Great Britain in the water of Llyn Raithlyn in Merionethſhire; ſome have been taken of two pounds weight; but they are moſt commonly much ſmaller. In ſome parts of Caernarvonſhire, are alſo found trouts with the ſame curvature, which likewiſe never attain the ſize of the common ſort.

Figure 68. XCII. PERCH.
Figure 69. SEA PERCH.
Figure 70. XCIII. SALMON.
Figure 71. LOCHE.

SEA PERCH.

[77]
  • Une perche de mer, Belon. 163.
  • Perca marina, Salvian. 225. Rondel. 182. Wil. Icth. 327. Raii ſyn. piſc. 140.
  • Perca lineis utrinque ſeptem tranſverſis, nigris, ductibus miniaceis, coeruleiſque in capite et antica ventris, Arted. ſyn. piſc. 68.
  • Perca marina. P. pinnis dorſalibus unitis radiis xv ſpinoſis, xiv muticis, corpore lituris variegato, Lin. ſyſt. 483.

TAKEN in the ſea near Scarborough, but omitted in the Britiſh Zoology; grows to the length of a foot; the head large and deformed; irides yellow; on the gill covers two large ſpines; body deep; back fins united: the rays next the head ſpiny, the others ſoft; tail ſlightly forked; color on the head and fore part of the belly red and blue diſpoſed in ſtripes; the reſt of the body and fins red tinged with yellow.

XCIII.

LOCHE.

Br. Zool. III. 239.

SALMON.

Br. Zool. III. 239.

ALL fiſhermen agree that they never find any food in the ſtomach of this fiſh; it is likely that many neglect their [78]food entirely during the time of ſpawning and melting; as ſea lions * and ſea bears ** are known to do for months together during their breeding ſeaſon: and it may be obſerved, that like thoſe animals the ſalmons return to the ſea lank and lean; and come from the ſalt water in good condition. It is evident that their food is both fiſh and worms, for the angler uſes both with ſucceſs, as well as a large gaudy colored artificial fly, which probably the fiſh miſtakes for a gay libellula, or dragon fly.

Otters are ſaid to hunt this ſtrong and active fiſh, in concert; one ſtations itſelf above, another beneath the place where the fiſh lies, and continue chaſing it inceſſantly from one to the other, till the ſalmon quite wearied, becomes their prey .

Figure 72. XCIV. MULLET.
Figure 73. PARR.
Figure 74. XCV. PIKE.
Figure 75. SEA PIKE.

XCIV.

[79]

MULLET.

Br. Zool. III. 278.

PAR.

A Small ſpecies never exceeding eight inches and a half in length; but very rarely reaches that ſize: the ſides marked with eight or nine large oval ſpots, lying tranſverſly; and of a bluiſh color; the ſide line marked with red ſpots; and above them in old fiſh are ſome black ſpots; tail forked.

Common in the rivers of Scotland; the river Levin that waſhes Dunbarton, during the month of May, is animated with their fry: are perhaps a variety of the ſamlet. Br. Zool. III. 253.

XCV.

PIKE.

Br. Zool. III. 270.

SIA PIKE.

Br. Zool. III. 274.

XCVI.

[80]

GATTORUGINE.

Br. Zool. III. 168.

CRESTED.

Creſted Blenny, Br. Zool. III. 167.

SPOTTED.

Spotted Blenny, Br. Zool. III. 171.

XCVII. WRASSES.

THESE three ſpecies were ſent to me from the coaſt of Cornwall.

The firſt was of a ſlender form; the back, fins, and tail red; the belly yellow; the ſides marked beneath the ſide line with a ſmooth, even ſtripe from the gills to the tail of a ſilvery color; the tail rounded at the end. P. D. 20. ſpiny, 11. ſoft. Pect. 14. vent. 5, an, 3 ſpiny, 7 ſoft. caud, 14. perhaps the COMBER, Br. Zool. III, 210.

Figure 76. XCVI. GATTORUGINE.
Figure 77. CRESTED. BLENNY
Figure 78. SPOTTED BLENNY.
Figure 79. XCVII: WRASSES. 1
Figure 80. 2
Figure 81. 3
Figure 82. XCVIII. SCAD.
Figure 83. MACKREL.

[81]The ſecond, a deeper ſpecies, of a red color, ſtriped with yellow about the head; the tail rounded; the red on the fins and tail more brilliant than the body.

P. D. 16 ſpiny, 9 ſoft. Pect. 14, vent, 5. an. 3 ſpiny, 9 ſoft, caud, 13.

The third, the colors of this were much faded, but ſeemed to have been olive or greeniſh; was marked with a black ſpot near the tail; another about the vent. Goldſinny, Br. Zool. III. 209.

P. D. 16 ſpiny, 9 ſoft. Pect. 14. vent. 6. an. 3 ſpiny 11 ſoft. caud. 15. tail almoſt even.

XCVIII.

SCAD.

Br. Zool. III. 225.

MACKREL.

Br. Zool. III. 221.

MACKREL appear very late on the coaſts of Scotland, I think not till Auguſt, and are ſmall and lean in compariſon [82]ſon of what they are in the ſouth of Great Britain. It is a common opinion among fiſhermen, that at a certain ſeaſon of the year, theſe fiſh are blind, and they aſſert they have taken them with a film over their eyes. Martin relates ſomething to this purpoſe, in his voyage to Spitsbergen, p. 121, he ſays he took * ſome mackrel near the iſle of St. Kilda that were half blind, occaſioned by a black ſkin which grows over their eyes in winter and comes off the beginning of ſummer.

XCIX. GOAT.

Br. Zool. I. 29.

O ſenior! cui ſaepe tuis in montibus hirci
Prolixam invident barbam.

C.

OTTER.

Br. Zool. I. 67.

[]

Figure 84. XCIX. GOAT.

[]

Figure 85. C. OTTER.

Figure 86. BADGER.

[]

Figure 87. CI. WEESEL.

Figure 88. ERMINE.

[]

Figure 89. CII. MOUSE.

Figure 90. WATER SHREW MOUSE.

BADGER.

[83]

Br. Zool. I. 64.

CI.

ERMINE.

Br. Zool. I. 84.

TAKEN in the winter of 1770, in Whiteford pariſh, Flintſhire, at a time when it had undergone only a partial change of color.

WEISEL.

Br. Zool. I. 82.

CII.

WATER SHREW-MOUSE.

  • Mus araneus dorſo nigro ventreque albo Merr [...] Pinax. 167.
  • La muſaraigne d'eau de Buffon. viii. 64. tab.
  • Sorex fodiens. Pallas ined.

FOUND in the fens of Lincolnſhire, May, 1768, where it is called, from the ſmallneſs of its eyes, the blind mouſe: [84]the Germans call it Groeber, or digger. I imagine it is the ſame which the inhabitants of Sutherland name the water mole; and thoſe of Caithnes the Lavellan. Inhabits the banks of ditches and other wet places; brings, according to M. de Buffon, nine young at a time.

Length from the noſe to the tail is three inches three quarters; tail two inches; eyes very ſmall; noſe long; color of the head and upper-part of the body black; belly white, or very pale aſh-color; beneath the tail is a triangular duſky ſpot.

MOUSE.

Common mouſe Br. Zool. I. 105.

CIII.

BATS.

Long eared bat, Br. Zool. I. 116.

NOCTULE.

La noctule de Buffon. viii. tab. XVIII p. 128.

A Species firſt diſcovered by M. de Buffon, in Burgundy; ſince that in Flintſhire, and in other parts of England; ranges high in the air for food; retires early in ſummer.

Figure 91. CIII. LONG EARED BAT.
Figure 92. GREAT BAT.

[85]Is the largeſt kind in Great Britain; its length being four inches 6/10 tail incluſive; that of the tail one 7/10 ears ſmall and rounded; eyes ſmall; noſe bilobated; on the chin a little verruca; color of the fur ferruginous.

Theſe bats collect in great numbers in ſome places, if I miſtake not the ſpecies; for doctor Buckworth informed me, that at Queen's College, Cambridge, in one night were taken in a net placed againſt the eaves 185, the ſecond night 63, the third night 2, and in two or three years after 95 were taken in one night, each meaſuring fifteen inches in extent.

END of the four firſt Claſſes of BRITISH ANIMALS.

Appendix A CATALOGUE OF The European Quadrupeds, Birds, and Reptiles Extra-Britannic.

[]

SINCE the great uſe of Mr. RAY'S Sylloge ſtirpium EUROPAEARUM extra Britannias * has been ſo fully approved by the travelling Botaniſt, it is thought a ſimilar enumeration of the Species of certain claſſes of the animal kingdom would be equally agreeable and ſerviceable to the traveling Zoologiſt. It comprehends the extra-Britannic Quadrupeds, Birds, and Reptiles of Europe, formed from the works of the general Naturaliſts, from the Fauna of different countries and from my own obſervations. The arrangement of the ſubjects are according to the excellent method of our countryman Mr. RAY, a little altered, or reformed. As there are not at this inſtant Engliſh names for moſt of the articles, we have been obliged to ſubſtitute thoſe uſed by Linnoeus and other foreign writers; but to gratify the Engliſh reader's curioſity, who may wiſh for fuller accounts of the quadrupeds in his own language, we refer him to the ſecond column to out own ſynopſis of Quadrupeds, ſpeedily to be publiſhed: and in reſpect to the birds, to the Engliſh edition of Mr. WILLUGHBY'S Ornithology.

Appendix A.1 CLASS I. QUADRUPEDIA. QUADRUPEDS,

[88]
 I.    
  Lin.Syn. noſt.No.Place.
I BosUrus99 4Lithuania
 Bubalisibid. 5Italy
II OvisStrepſiceros98 8B. Hungary
 Laticauda   Calmuck country
III CapraRupicapra95 10Alps, Pyrenees
 Ibexibid. 9Alps
 Ammon97 11Corſica, Sardinia
 Tataricaibid. 30Ukraine
IV CervusAlces92 35N. of the Baltic
 Tarandus93 36ibid.
V SusAper Sylveſtris102 54Germany, France, &c.
 II.    
VI CanisLupus58 111Almoſt-all the continent
 Lagopus59 113Lapland
VII FelisLynx62 135Many parts of Europe
VIII UrſusArctos69 138ibid.
 Maritimus70 139Nova Zembla
 Luſcus, et71   
 Muſtela Gulo67 140N. of the Baltic
IX ViverraGenetta65 171Spain
 Zibellina68 156Lapland
 Perouaſca  P. 233Note, Poland
X LutraMuſtela Lutreola66 174Sueden
XI CaſtorFiber78 190N [...] of Europe
 Moſchatus79 192Ruſſia
XII HyſtrixCriſtata76 193Italy
XIII MarmottaMus Marmotta81 197Alps, Poland
 Cricetus82 200Germany
 Souſlik  201S. of Ruſſia
 Lemmus80 202Lapland
 Citellus80 203S. of Europe
 Zemni  204Poland
XIV SciurusVolans88221 Poland
 Glis87217 S. of Europe
 Mus quercinus84218 ibid.
XV JerboaMus Jaculus85223 Calmucks country
XVI MusGregarius84234 Germany, Sueden
 III.    
XVII TrichechusRoſmarus49263 Within the polar circle
 IV.    
XVIII VeſpertilioSerotina 288 France
 Pipiſtrilla 289 ibid.
 Barbaſtella 290 ibid.
   286 ibid.

Appendix A.2 CLASS II. AVES. BIRDS.

[90]
I. ACCIPITRES. RAPACIOUS.
Wil.orn.Place.
II VulturVulturBriſſ. I.45366Alp, ItalyPercnopterusRaii. ſyn.1064. 67Spain, MinorcaNorth
III FalcoLeucocephalusLin.124Melanaeetosibid.61Morphno congenerRaii. ſyn.763RuſticolusLin.125SwedenSt. MartiniBriſſ. I.443FranceIſlandicusBrunnichNo.IcelandLagopusNo.VeſpertinusLin.129IngriaMinutus131MaltaSubfurcatusKiamer326 No. 5CaſtaneusKiamer327—6AuſtriaFerrugineusKiamer328—7CinereusKiamer329—12
III Strix* ScandiacaLin.132NorthScopsLin.ib.** NycteaLin.132NorthSylveſtrisScop. No.13CarniolaFunereaLin.133North
IV LaniusInfauſtusLin.138197?North?Major Geſneri 581Briſſ. II.14688Germany
II. PICAE. PIES.
   Wil. orn.Place.
V CorvusCaryocatactesLin. 157132Germany. N.
 Pyrrhocorax—158. Alps
VI CoraciasGarrulusLin. 159131Eur. paſſim
VII OriolusGalbula—160198ibid.
VIII CuculusGlandarius—169 Spain
IX PicusMartius—173135Europe paſſ [...]
 Tridactylus—177 Norway
X MeropsApiaſter—182147Ita. S. of Eu.
 IcterocephalaBriſ. IV. 537148ibid.
XI CerthiaMuraria—184 Italy
III. GALLINAE. GALLINACIOUS.
   Wil. orn.Place
XII Tetrao* NemeſianusSco. No. 171 Caraiola
 BetulinusNo. 172 ibid.
 LagopusBru. No. 199 Norway
 BonafiaLin. 257175Europe paſſim
 ** Rufus—276167S. of Europe
 Francolinus—275174ibid.
 Alchata—276167 No. 5Pyrenees
 Graeca (Perdix)Briſſ. I. 241169S. of Europe
 Montana224  
 TridactylaShaw's t. 253 Spain
XIII OtisTetraxLin. 264179France, Italy

[92]

IV. PASSERES. SMALL BIRDS.
   Wil. orn.Place.
XIV Stur [...]sCollarisSco. No. 192. Carniola
XV TurdusArundinaceusLin. 296143Europe paſſim
 Roſeus294194Italy
 Saxatilis294197 
 Cyanus296191Italy, Spain
 Caeruleus Belon 192Alps
XVI Al [...]udaCriſtataLin. 288209Europe paſſim
 Spinoletta288209Italy
 Calandra288 Italy, Spain
 Alpeſtris299 Poland
 Luſitanicanova Portugal
 Craſſiroſtrisnova ibid.
XVII EmberizaHortulanusLin. 309270S. of Europe
 Cia310271ibid.
 Cirlus311269 zivoloibid.
 BarbataSco. No. 210 Carniola
 BrumalisNo. 213 ibid.
XVIII FringillaLapponicaLin. 317 North
 Lulenſis318 Sueden
 Citrinella320265S. of Europe
 Serinus320265ibid.
 Petronia322267ibid.
 Paſſer CampeſtrisBriſſ. III. 82251 Friquetibid.
 Torquatus85250 No. 7ibid.
 Stultus87249—2ibid.
 Bononienſis91250—4ibid.
 Albicilla92250—5ibid.
 Paſſerculus93252—13ibid.
 Sclavonicus24250—6Dalmatia
 Argentoratenſis146 Straſbourg
 Grau-finkFriſch I. 3 Germany
XIX MotacillaSchaenobanusLin. 329 Italy
 Curruca329 Sueden
 FicedulaLin. 330 S. of Europe
 Stapazina331Strapazino 233ibid.
 Dumetorum334 Auſtria
 Erithacus3353tia Aldr. 218Sueden
 Suecica336 North
 Curruca minorBri. III. 374Borin. Wil. 216Italy
 cineraria376 Italy, &c.
 rufa387 Germany
 naevia389Boarina 217Italy
 Ruticilla Gibraltar407 S. of Europe
 Phaenicurus torqua.411 ibid.
 Ruhecula bononien.422Spipola 234Bologna
 Curruca griſea naev.App. VI. 112  
 TithysSco. No. 233 Carniola
 Zya—234 ibid.
 Muſcipeta—236 ibid.
 Luſitanicanova Portugal
 Hiſpanieanova Spain
XX ParusCriſtatusLin. 340242Germany
 Pendulinus342 Auſtria
 IgnotusBrun. p. 73 North
XXI HirundoMelbaLin. 345 Spain
 RupeſtrisSco. No. 167 Spain, and Carniola
V. AQUATICAE FISSIPEDES. CLOVEN FOOTED WATER FOWL.
   Wil. orn.Place.
XXII PlataleaLeucorodiaLin. 231289Europe paſſim
XXIII Ard [...]aGrus—234274 
 Ciconia235286 
 Nigraibid.ibid. 
 Nycticoraxibid.279 
 Purpurea236 S. of Europe
 Garzetta237280ibid.
 Griſea239  
 MinutaLin. 240  
 Candida minorBriſſ V. 438280 
 Torquata440282 
 Botaurus major455283 
 Botaurus minor453  
 Botaurus ſtriatus454  
 Botaurus rufus458283 
 Botaurus naevius462  
 Cancrophagus466281 No. 9Italy
 Cancroph. caſtaneus468 ibid.
 Cancroph. rufus469281—7 
 Cancroph. naevius471  
 Cancroph. luteus472281—8Italy
 Viridis Belgicanova Holland
 Ardea albaSco. No. 127 Carniola
XXIV TantaiusFalcinelluaLin. 241295Germany
XXV NumeniusDanicusnovus? Denmark
 Paſſerinusnovus Holland
XXVI ScolopaxFuſcaLin. 243  
 AuſtralisSco. No. 94 Carniola
XXVII TringaGambettaLin. 248  
 Striata?   
 Calidris   
 Helvetica   
 Varia   
 Minutanova  
 Totanus naeviusBriſſ. V. 200  
 Cinclus torquatus216  
 Calidris griſea233  
 Calidris naevia229  
 Bononienſis major110  
 ErythropusSco. No. 146  
 UndataBrun,—183  
XXVIII PratincolaKrameriaKramer 381L. 345 No. 12Auſtria
XXIX CharadriusAlexandrinusLin. 253  
 Apricarius254  
 Luteusnovus France
XXX GallinulaGrinetta Wil. orn. 315Italy
 Serica ibid.ibid.
 Major 313 
 Porphyrio Balearicusnovus Minorca
VI. PEDIBUS PINNATIS. WITH FINNED FEET.
   Wil. orn.Place.
XXXI PhalaropusPlatyrhynchus Brunnich Mo. 172North
VII, PEDIBUS PALMATIS, WITH WEBBED FEET.
   Wil. orn.Place.
XXXII PhoenicopterusRube [...]Lin. 230320S. of France
XXXIII CorriraLongipesRaii ſyn 118231Italy
XXXIV MergusCaſtor   
 AethiopsScopoli No. 90 Carniola
XXXV LarusAlbusScopoli No. 106 ibid.
 Merulinus108 ibid.
 Bicolor110 ibid.
XXXVI SternaCinereaBriſſ. VI. 210  
 Naevia216  
XXXVII AnasNiveus (anſer)Briſſ. VI 288 North
 Moſcoviticus?277360 
 SpectabilisLin. 195 North
 Glaucion201367 
 Hiſtrionica204 North
 RufaFau. ſu. No. 134 Sueden
 MuſcariaRaii ſyn. 146375 
 FerroënſisBriſſ. VI. 466 Ferroe iſles
 SubterraneaScopoli No. 83 Carniola
 CinereaK. 341 No. 14 Auſtria
XXXVIII PelecanusOnocrotalusLin. 215327Danube, Po.

Appendix A.3 CLASS III. REPTILIA. REPTILES.

[96]
* PEDATA: WITH FEET.
    Place.
RanaBombinaLin. 355 Sueden
 Arborea357Raii ſyn. qua. 251Germany
LacertaChamaeleonLin. 364Raii ſyn. qua. 276S. of Europe
 Salamandra371273ibid.
 Orbicularis365264Naples
 Marmorata368 S. of Europe
 Aurataibid. ibid.
 Umbra?367 ibid.
 Seps363 ibid.
 Chalcides369Raii ſyn. qua. 272ibid.
Teſtud [...]CoriaceaLin. 350 Mediterran.
 CorticataRondel piſc. 445 ibid.
 OrbicularisLin. 351 S. of Europe
 Graeca352Raii ſyn. qua. 253ibid.
 Lutariaibid.254ibid.
** APODIA. WITHOUT FEET.
    Place.
SerpentesAnguis AeſculapiiPlinii lib. xxix. c. 4Raii ſyn. qua. 291Italy
 Coluber CherſeaLin. 377Wulff. Boruſſ. 10Sweden
 AſpisLin. 378Strom Sondm. 193Fr. Norway
 JaculusWulff. Boruſſ. 13 Pruſſia

Appendix B INDEX.

[]
A
  • A Berdavine vide Siſkin
  • Anchovy XLIV 36
  • Argentine XLV 42
  • Atherine ib. ib.
  • Auk,
    • greater or Penguin XVIII 24
    • common XIX ib.
    • little ib. ib.
  • Avoſetta LXXVIII
B
  • Badger c
  • Bat,
    • long eared CIII
    • noctule ib.
    • gregarious in their retreats
  • Black-birds LX
  • Blenny,
    • Gattorugine XCVI
    • crefted ib.
    • ſpotted ib.
    • ſmooth XXXIV 30
  • Buſtard LIX
  • Butcher bird, great VII II
  • Butter fiſh, vide ſpotted Blenny
  • Buzzard,
    • common LIII
    • moor V 9
  • Bulfinch, pine LXIV
C
  • Cepphus, vide blacktoed Gull
  • Chough LVIII
  • Coal Fiſh XXXII 29
  • Cole Mouſe LXVIII
  • Coot LXXVI
  • Creeper LVII
  • Crosſbill LXIV
  • Crows, few in the Highlands
  • Crucian KLI 3 [...]
  • Cuckoo, female LV
D
  • Didapper, vide little Greble
  • Diver,
    • red throated or Lumme XXI 25
    • black throated ib. ib.
  • Doree XLVI 42
  • Dottrel LXXIII
  • Dove, Turtle VIII II
  • Dragonet XXX 29

    leſſer XXXI ib.

  • Duck Wild XXIV 27

    little brown LXXXVII

E
  • Eagle, Sea LI
  • Ermine CI
F
  • Falcon
    • gentle I 7
    • peregrine LII
    • [] ſpotted III 8
  • Father Laſher XXXV 30
  • Flying Fiſh XLIV 36
  • Fulmar LXXXII
G
  • Garganey LXXXVII
  • Gattorugine XCVI
  • Gilt-head XCI
  • Goat XCIX
  • Goatſucker LXIII
  • Godwit, the red LXIX
  • Goldſinny XCVII
  • Gooſander red breaſted LXXXIII
  • Gooſe,
    • wild, where it breeds LXXXIV
    • white fronted ib.
  • Grebe XVII 24
    • black and white ib. ib.
    • little LXXVII
    • eared ib. ib
  • Grous, female XIII 21
  • Guillemot,
    • leſſer XX 25
    • ſpotted ib. ib.
  • Gull
    • arctic XXII ib.
    • black toed LXXX
    • brown and white LXXIX
    • herring ib.
    • kittiwake XXIII 26
    • common ib. 27
  • Gurnard,
    • grey XXXVIII 3 [...]
    • Tub XXXIX ib.
    • yellow, vide Dragonet
H
  • Hake, leſſer or forked beard XXXII 29
  • Hare, alpine or white XLVII 40
  • Hoopoe LVII
  • Horſe
    • Arabian L 43
    • Perſian 48
    • Aethiopian ib.
    • Aegyptian 49
    • Barbary ib.
    • Spaniſh 50
  • Hound Smooth, a ſhark XXVI 28
I
  • Jack Curlew, vide Whimbrel
  • Jack-daw LIV
  • Jack-ſnipe LXXI
  • Invercauld, its magnificent ſcenery 19
K
  • King-fiſh, vide Opah
  • Kingfiſher LVI
  • Kittiwake Gull XXIII 26
L
  • Lamprey
    • common LXXXVIII
    • Lampern ib.
    • Pride ib.
  • Lanner IV
  • Lark, Sky LXII
  • Lavellan, vide Water
  • Shrew Mouſe
  • Linnet,
    • red headed LXVII
    • leſſer ib.
  • Lizard warty XLV 37
  • Loche XCIII
  • Lumme XXI 25
  • Lump Fiſh XXIX 28
M
  • Mackrel
    • common XCVII
    • horſe ib.
    • Spaniſh XLIII 33
  • Mallard XXIV 27
  • Martin black IX 15
  • Mew, winter LXXX
  • Migration of Swallows 12
  • Mouſe common CII
N
  • Nuthatch LVI
  • Noctule, Bat CIII
O
  • Opah XCI
  • Otter c
  • Ouzel, ring LXI
  • Owl, Eagle VI 10
P
  • Parr XCIV
  • Penguin XVIII 24
  • Perch,
    • crooked XCII
    • ſea ib.
  • Petrel or Storm Finch LXXXII

    Fulmar ib.

  • Pigeon, rock VIII 12
  • Pike XCV

    ſea, or ſea needle ib.

  • Plover green LXXII
  • Pride LXXXVIII
  • Ptarmigan XIII 21
  • Purre XVI 23
R
  • Rabbet XLVII 40
  • Rail,
    • land LXXIV
    • water ib.
  • Ray, or Thornback XXVII 28
  • Razor Bill or Auk XIX 24
  • Red game viae Grous
  • Redſhank XIV 21
  • Reed Sparrow leſſer X 16
  • Ring Ouzle, its migrations LXI
  • Rud XL 32
  • Ruffe and Reeve XV 22
S
  • Salmon XCIII
  • Samlet XL 31
  • Sandpiper XVI 23

    ſcollop toed

  • Scad XCVIII
  • Sedge Bird X 16
  • Seal,
    • how taken in Caithnes XLVIII 27
    • great 39
  • Shag XXV 27
  • Shielduck, ſwallow tailed LXXXVI
  • Shrew Mouſe, water CII
  • Siſkin LXVI
  • Smeardab XLVI 42
  • Snail, ſea XXIX 28
  • Snipe LXXI

    Jack ib

  • Snow-fleck XI 17
  • Sparrows
    • common LXV
    • mountain, or tree X 17
  • Stare LXI
  • Sticklebacks XLII 33
  • Stint or Purre XVI 23
  • Stoat CI
  • Storm-finch LXXXII
  • Sturgeon LXXXIX
  • [] Swallow, its migration IX 12
  • Swallow ſea, vide Tern
  • Swift IX 15
  • Sword-fiſh XC
T
  • Tarrock, vide Kittiwake
  • Tern,
    • greater LXXXI
    • leſs ib.
  • Thornback XXVII 28
  • Titmouſe,
    • great LXVIII
    • blue ib.
    • marſh ib.
    • cole ib.
  • Trout XL 31
  • Tub-fiſh XXXIX 31
  • Tunny XLIII 33
  • Turtle Dove VIII II
  • Twite LXVI
U
  • Velvet Duck LXXXV
W
  • Wagel LXXIX
  • Wagtail
    • white LXII
    • yellow ib.
  • Water Hen, common LXXVI
  • Weeſel CI
  • Weever XXXI 29
  • Whimbrel LXX
  • Whiſtle Fiſh,
    • brown XXXIII 30
    • ſpotted ib. ib.
  • Winter Mew LXXX
  • Woodcock XIV 21
  • Woodpecker
    • greater ſpot. XII 20
    • leſſer ib.
  • Wraſſe
    • ſtriped XXXVI 30
    • gibbous XXXVII ib.
    • trimaculated ib. ib.
    • Goldſinny XCVII
  • Wryneck V
Y
  • Yellow Hammer X 20

Appendix C BOOKS ſold by BENJAMIN WHITE, at HORACE'S HEAD, Fleet-ſtreet.

  • BRITISH ZOOLOGY, with 132 Plates of the moſt curious Quadrupeds and Birds, elegantly coloured, Imperial Paper.
  • II. BRITISH ZOOLOGY, or a compleat ſyſtematic Hiſtory of the Quadrupeds, Birds, Reptiles, and Fiſh of this country, illuſtrated with 139 Plates, compleat, in 4 Volumes 8vo. by THOMAS PENNANT, Eſq
  • III. INDIAN ZOOLOGY, Part I. with 12 Plates, 4to. Imperial, finely coloured, by the ſame.
  • Speedily will will be publiſhed by the ſame, a Syſtematic Synopſis, of Quadruped, illuſtrated with Figures of 50 Animals omitted by M. de Buffon, 1 vol. 8vo.
Notes
*
Laſt ſummer I ſaw one at his grace the Duke of Gordon's, taken in Glenmore.
*
Pliny. lib. x. c. 12. who calls it Noctis monſtrum.
*
The name they are known by in Scotland, from their appearance in hard weather, and deep ſnows.
*
Biſhop Pocock's journal, M. S. the ſtages or reſting places of theſe birds in their paſſage to Scotland, are probably theſe, Greenland, Iceland, Faroe, Shetland, Orknies, Caithneſs.
**
Bell's travels, I. 198. Kramer Auſt. 372. the laſt ſays they are taken and fed with millet, and like the Ortolan, grow exceffively fat.
*

This bird was killed amidſt the Grampian hills, in the centre of thoſe vaſt mountains not diſtant from Invercauld, the ſeat of Mr. Farquharſon, whoſe hoſpitality I experienced in my late tour, and under whoſe conduct I ſaw, with the greateſt pleaſure, the auguſt ſcenery, which that ſecluded part of the world affords. Invercauld lies in a fertile vale, thro' which flows the Dee, a large and rapid river: nothing can be more beautiful than the different views from the ſeveral parts of it: on the northern entrance, immenſe ragged and broken crags bound one ſide of the proſpect, over whoſe grey ſides and ſummits is ſcattered the melancholy green of the pictureſque pine, which grows out of the naked rock, where one would think that nature had denied vegetation.

A little lower down, is the caſtle of Braemar, formerly a neceſſary curb on the diſcontented chieftains; for this country was once the property of the family of Mar; but now happily ſerves for little more than to adorn the landſcape.

The views from the ſkirts of the plain, near Invercauld, are very great; the hills that immediately bound it are cloathed with trees, particularly with birch, whoſe long and pendent branches, waving a vaſt height above the head, ſurpaſs the beauties of our weeping willow.

The ſouthern extremity is particularly magnificent; the mountains form there a vaſt theatre, the boſom of which is covered with extenſive foreſts of pines; above, the trees grow ſcarcer and ſcarcer, and then ſeem only to ſprinkle the ſurface; after which vegetation ceaſes, and naked ſummits of a ſurprizing height ſucceed; many of them topped with perpetual ſnow: and as a fine contraſt to the ſcene, the great cataract of Garval bourn, which ſeems at a diſtance to divide the whole, foams amidſt the dark foreſt, ruſhing from rock to rock for a vaſt diſtance.

*
My account of the weight of this ſpecies in the Br. Zool. was taken from Mr. Willoughby, for at that time I had no opportunity of examining a freſh bird.
*
Where it is called Petrel.
*
Sept. 6.
*
Praeterea Encraſicholos piſces, ſeu Anchovas non procul inde (Ceſtriae) in mari captos vidimus. Philoſoph. Letters. p. 47.
*
Ph. Tr. No. 469.
**
Le grand Phoque, xiii. 341.
*
Theſe countries ſeem unacquainted with our brown hare, for Linnaeus, Pontoppidan, and Strahlenberg, all ſpeak of that as grey in ſummer, white in winter.
*
Vide the Arabian certificate in a following note for the meaning of this phraſe.
**
Leo Africanus, who wrote in the time of Leo X. ſays, that in his days great numbers of wild horſes were found in the Numidian and Arabian deſerts, which were broke for uſe. He adds that the trial of their ſwiftneſs was made againſt the Lant, or the Oſtrich; and if they could overtake either of thoſe animals, they were valued at a hundred camels. Hiſt. Africa, 339.
*
As a proof of this, receive the following lamentation of an Arab, obliged, thro' poverty, to part with his mare: My eyes, ſays he, to the animal, my ſoul, muſt I be ſo unfortunate as to have ſold thee to ſo many maſters, and not to keep thee myſelf? I am poor, my ANTELOPE. You know well enough, my honey, I have brought thee up as my child; I never beat nor chid thee; I made as much of thee as ever I could for my life. God preſerve thee my deareſt; thou art pretty, thou art lovely; God defend thee from the looks of the envious. To underſtand the firſt part of this ſpeech, it muſt be obſerved, that it is uſual for many Arabs, of the poorer rank, to join in the purchaſe of a horſe, the original owner generally retaining one ſhare. This, as well as moſt of the other particulars relating to the Arabian horſe, are taken from M. D'Arvieux's curious account of Arabia, p. 167. London, 1732.
**
For an account of its ſpeed, vide Adanſon's vay. 85.
*
Tavernier's5 travels. I. 63.
**
Nemeſiani Cyneg. 267.
The reader is here preſented with an original atteſtation, ſome of which M. D' Arvieux ſays have been preſerved for above 500 years in the publick records.

Taken before ABDORRAMAN KADI of ACCA.

The Occaſion of this preſent Writing or Inſtrument is that at ACCA in the Houſe of Badi legal eſtabliſh'd Judge, appear'd in Court Thomas Usgate the Engliſh Conful and with him Sheikh Morad Ebnal Hajj Abdollah, Sheikh of the County of Safad, and the ſaid Conſul deſir'd from the aforeſaid Sheikh proof of the race of the Grey Horſe which he bought of him, and He affirm'd to be Monaki Shadûhi, Theſe are the Names of the 2 Breeds of Arab Horſes, which are reckon'd pure and true, and thoſe which are of both theſe breeds by Father and Mother are the moſt noble and free from Baſtardy. but he was not ſatisfied with this but deſir'd the Teſtimony of the Arabs, who bred the Horſe and knew how he came to Sheikh Morad, whereupon there appear'd certain Arabs of Repute whoſe Names are undermention'd, who teſtified and declar'd that the Grey Horſe which the Conſul formerly bought of Sheikh Morad, is Monaki Shadûki of the pure Race of Horſes, purer than Milk, A Proverbial Expreſſion. and that the beginning of the Affair was, that Sheikh Saleh, Sheikh of Alsabal, bought him of the Arabs of the Tribe of al Mohammadat, and Sheikh Saleh ſold him to Sheikh Morad Ebn al Hajj Abdollah, Sheikh of Safad, and Sheikh Morad ſold him to the Conſul aforeſaid, when theſe Matters appear'd to us, and the Contents were known, the ſaid Gentleman deſir'd a Certificate thereof, and Teſtimony of the Witneſſes, whereupon we wrote him this Certificate, for him to keep as a Proof thereof. i. e. 29 Jany. 1722. Dated Friday 28 of the latter Rabi in the Year 1135.

Witneſſes.
  • Sheikh Jumat al Falibau of the Arabs of al Mohammadat.
  • Ali Ebn Taleb al Kaabi
  • Ibrahim his Brother
  • Mohammed al Adhra Sheikh Alfarifat,
  • Khamis al Kaabi.
*
Wall on horſes, 74.
*
Tavernier's Travels. I. 145.
*
Ludolph. hiſt. Aethiop. 53.
**
Univ. modern hiſt. quoted from Maillet & Pocock.
D'arvieux. 173.
Shaw's travels. 238.
*
Cyneg. lib. I. v. 284.
**
Job ch. XXXIX. v. 19 to 25.
*
Booke of St. Albans, firſt printed by Wynken de W [...]rde, 1486.
*
Satyr. vi. 275.
*
Shaw's Trav. Suppl. 72.
*
It is alſo ſaid to inhabit Dartmoor in Devonſhire.
*
Hiſt. An. lib. ix. c. 30.
**
Charlton ex. 79.
*
Doctor Ramſay, Pr. nat. hiſt. t Edenburg was of obliging as to communicate this bird.
*
Leonine ſeal, No. 272.
**
Urſine ſeal, No. 271 of my ſynopſis of Quadrupeds, printed for Benjamin White, Bookſeller, Fleet ſtreet.
I think myſelf much indebted for theſe obſervations to Mr. Robert Harriſon, teacher of mathematics at Newcaſtle upon Tyne.
*
June 27.
*
Stirpium Europoearum extra Britannias naſcentium Sylloge, 1694.
Countries the other ſide the Baltic.
Thoſe with this word refer to all the continent, except the extreme north, Lapland, &c.
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