NUMB. 137. TUESDAY, July 9, 1751.

THAT wonder is the effect of ig⯑norance, has been often obſerved. The awful ſtilneſs of attention, with which the mind is overſpread at the firſt view of an unexpected effect or uncommon performance, ceaſes when we have leiſure to diſentangle complications and inveſtigate cauſes. Wonder is a pauſe of reaſon, a ſud⯑den ceſſation of the mental progreſs, which laſts only while the underſtanding is fixed upon ſome ſingle Idea; and is at an end when it recovers force enough to divide the object into its parts, or mark the intermediate gradations from the firſt motive to the laſt conſequence.

IT may be remarked with equal truth, that ignorance is often the effect of wonder. It is common for thoſe who have never ac⯑cuſtomed [2] themſelves to the labour of enquiry, nor invigorated their confidence by any con⯑queſts over difficulty, to ſleep in the gloomy quieſcence of aſtoniſhment, without any effort to animate languor or diſpel obſcurity. What they cannot immediately conceive, they con⯑ſider as too high to be reached, or too exten⯑ſive to be comprehended; They therefore content themſelves with the gaze of igno⯑rance, and forbearing to attempt what they have no hopes of performing, reſign the plea⯑ſure of rational contemplation to more perti⯑nacious ſtudy or more active faculties.

AMONG the productions of mechanic art, many are of a form ſo different from that of their firſt materials, and many conſiſt of parts ſo numerous and ſo nicely adapted to each other, that it is not poſſible to conſider them without amazement. But when we enter the ſhops of artificers, obſerve the va⯑rious tools by which every operation is facili⯑tated, and trace the progreſs of a manufacture through the different hands that in ſucceſſion to each other, contribute to its perfection, we ſoon diſcover that every ſingle man has an eaſy taſk, and that the extremes however [3] remote of natural rudeneſs and artificial ele⯑gance, are joined by a regular concatenation of effects, of which every one is introduced by that which precedes it, and equally introduces that which is to follow.

THE ſame is the ſtate of intellectual and manual performances. A long calculation or a complex diagram affrights the timorous and unexperienced from a ſecond view; but if we have ſkill ſufficient to analiſe them into ſimple principles, it will generally be diſco⯑vered that our fear was groundleſs. Divide and conquer, is a principle equally juſt in ſcience as in policy. Complication is a ſpecies of confederacy, which, while it con⯑tinues united, bids defiance to the moſt active and vigorous intellect; but of which every member is ſeparately weak, and which may therefore be quickly ſubdued if it can once be broken.

THE chief art of learning, as Locke has obſerved, is to attempt but little at a time. The fartheſt excurſions of the mind are made by ſhort ſlights frequently repeated, the moſt loſty fabricks of ſcience are formed by the [4] continued accumulation of ſingle propo⯑ſitions.

IT often happens, whatever be the cauſe, that this impatience of labour or dread of miſcarriage, ſeizes thoſe who are moſt diſtin⯑guiſhed for quickneſs of apprehenſion; and that they who might with greateſt reaſon promiſe themſelves victory, are leaſt willing to hazard the encounter. This diffidence, where the attention is not laid aſleep by lazi⯑neſs or diſſipated by pleaſures, can ariſe only from confuſed and general views ſuch as negligence ſnatches in haſte, or from the diſ⯑appointment of the firſt hopes formed by ar⯑rogance without reflection. To expect that the intricacies of ſcience will be pierced by a careleſs glance, or the eminences of fame aſ⯑cended without labour, is to expect a pecu⯑liar privilege, a power denied to the reſt of Mankind; but to ſuppoſe that the maze is inſcrutable to diligence, or the heights in⯑acceſſible to preſeverance, is to ſubmit tamely to the tyranny of fancy, and enchain the mind in voluntary ſhackles.

IT is the proper ambition of the Heroes in literature to enlarge the boundaries of know⯑ledge [5] by diſcovering and conquering new re⯑gions of the intellectual world. To the ſuc⯑ceſs of ſuch undertakings perhaps ſome de⯑gree of fortuitous happineſs is neceſſary, which no man can promiſe or procure to himſelf; and therefore doubt and irreſolution may be forgiven in him that ventures into the un⯑trodden abyſſes of truth, and attempts to find his way through the fluctuations of un⯑certainty, and the conflicts of contradiction. But when nothing more is required, than to purſue a path already beaten, and to trample obſtacles which others have demoliſhed, why ſhould any man ſo much ſuſpect his own intellect as to imagine himſelf unequal to the attempt?

IT were to be wiſhed that they who de⯑vote their lives to ſtudy would at once believe nothing too great for their attainment, and conſider nothing as too little for their regard; that they would extend their notice alike to ſcience and to life, and unite ſome knowledge of the preſent world to-their acquaintance with paſt ages and remote events.

NOTHING has ſo much expoſed Men of learning to contempt and ridicule, as their ig⯑norance [6] of things which are known to all but themſelves, and their inability to conduct common negotiations, or extricate their af⯑fairs from trivial perplexities. Thoſe who have been taught to conſider the inſtitutions of the ſchools, as giving the laſt perfection to human abilities, are ſurpriſed to ſee men wrinkled with ſtudy, yet wanting to be in⯑ſtructed in the minute circumſtances of pro⯑priety, or the neceſſary forms of daily tranſacti⯑on; and quickly ſhake off their reverence for modes of education, which they find to pro⯑duce no ability above the reſt of mankind.

BOOKS, ſays Bacon, can never teach the uſe of books. The ſtudent muſt learn by com⯑merce with mankind to reduce his ſpecula⯑tions to practice, and accommodate his know⯑ledge to the purpoſes of life.

IT is too common for thoſe who have been bred to ſcholaſtic profeſſions and paſſed much of their time in academies where nothing but learning confers honours, to diſregard every other qualification, and to imagine tha [...] they ſhall find mankind ready to pay ho⯑mage [7] to their knowledge, and to croud about them for inſtruction. They, therefore, ſtep out from their cells into the open world, with all the confidence of authority and dignity of importance; they look round about them at once with ignorance and ſcorn on a race of beings to whom they are equally unknown and equally contemp⯑tible, but whoſe manners they muſt imitate, and with whoſe opinions they muſt comply, if they deſire to paſs their time happily a⯑mong them.

TO leſſen that difdain with which ſcholars are inclined to look on the common bu⯑ſineſs of the world, and the unwillingneſs with which they condeſcend to learn what is not to be found in any ſyſtem of philoſophy, it may be neceſſary to conſider that though admiration is excited by abſtruſe reſearches and remote diſcoveries, we cannot hope to give pleaſure, or to conciliate affection, but by ſofter accompliſhments, and by qualities more eaſily communicable to thoſe about us. He that can only converſe upon queſtions, about which only a ſmall part of mankind has knowledge ſufficient to be curious, muſt paſs [8] his days in unſocial ſilence, and live in the crowd of life without a companion. He that can only be uſeful in great occaſions, may die without exerting his abilities, and ſtand a helpleſs ſpectator of a thouſand vexations which fret away the happineſs of being, and which nothing is required to remove but a little dexterity of conduct and readineſs of expedients.

No degree of knowledge attainable by man is able to ſet him above the want of hourly aſſiſtance, or to extinguiſh the deſire of fond endearments, and tender officiouſneſs; and therefore, no one ſhould think it unneceſſary to learn thoſe arts by which friendſhip may be gained. Kindneſs is preſerved by a con⯑ſtant reciprocation of benefits or interchange of pleaſures; but ſuch benefits only can be beſtowed, as others are capable to receive, and ſuch pleaſures only imparted, as others are qualified to enjoy.

BY this deſcent from the pinacles of art no honour will be loſt; for the condeſcen⯑ſions of learning are always overpaid by gra⯑titude. An elevated genius employed in little [9] things, appears, to uſe the ſimile of Longinus, like the ſun in his evening declination, he re⯑mits his ſplendor but retains his magnitude, and pleaſes more, though he dazzles leſs.

NUMB. 138. SATURDAY, July 13, 1751.

NUMB. 139. TUESDAY, July 16, 1751.
The RAMBLER.

IT is required by Ariſtotle to the perfection of a tragedy, and is equally neceſſary to every other ſpecies of regular compoſition, that it ſhould have a beginning, a middle, and an end. "The beginning," ſays he "is that which has nothing neceſſarily previous but to which that which follows is naturally conſequent; the end, on the contrary, is that which by neceſſity, or, at leaſt, ac⯑cording to the common courſe of things, ſucceeds ſomething elſe, but which implies nothing conſequent to itſelf; the middle is connected on one ſide to ſomething that naturally goes before, and on the other to ſomething that naturally follows it."

SUCH is the rule laid down by this great critick, for the diſpoſition of the different parts of a well conſtituted fable. It muſt [19] begin, where it may be made intelligible with⯑out introduction; and end, where the mind is left in repoſe, without expectation of any farther event. The intermediate paſſages muſt join the laſt effect to the firſt cauſe, by a regular and and unbroken concatenation; no⯑thing muſt be therefore inſerted which does not apparently ariſe from ſomething fore⯑going, and properly make way for ſomething that ſucceeds it.

THIS Precept is to be underſtood in its rigour, only with reſpect to great and eſſential events, and cannot be extended in the ſame force to minuter circumſtances and uneſſential decorations, which yet are more happy as they contribute more to the main deſign; for it is always a proof of extenſive thought and accu⯑rate circumſpection, to promote various pur⯑poſes by the ſame act; and the idea of an ornament admits uſe, though it ſeems to ex⯑clude neceſſity.

WHOEVER purpoſes, as it is expreſſed by Milton, to build the loſty rhyme, muſt acquaint himſelf with this law of poetieal architecture, and take care that his ediſice be ſolid as well [20] as beautiful; that nothing ſtand ſingle or inde⯑pendent ſo as that it may be taken away with⯑out injuring the reſt; but that from the founda⯑tion to the pinnacles one part reſt firm upon another.

THIS regular and conſequential diſtribu⯑tion, is among common authors frequently neglected; but the failures of thoſe, whoſe ex⯑ample can have no influence, may be ſafely overlooked, nor is it of much uſe to recall obſcure and unregarded names to memory for the ſake of ſporting with their Infamy. But if there is any writer whoſe genius can em⯑belliſh impropriety, and whoſe authority can make error venerable, his works are the pro⯑per objects of critical inquiſition. To expunge faults where there are no excellencies, is a taſk equally uſeleſs with that of the chemiſt, who employs the arts of ſeparation and refine⯑ment upon ore in which no precious metal is contained to reward his operations.

THE tragedy of Samſon Agoniſtes has been celebrated as the ſecond performance of the great author of Paradiſe loſt, and oppoſed with all the confidence of triumph to the dramatick [21] performances of other nations. It contains indeed juſt ſentiments, maxims of wiſdom, and oracles of piety, and many paſſages written with the antient ſpirit of choral poetry, in which there is a juſt and pleaſing mixture of Seneca's moral declamation with the wild enthuſiaſm of the Greek writers. It is there⯑fore worthy of examination, whether a per⯑formance thus illuminated with genius, and enriched with learning, is compoſed according to the indiſpentable laws of Ariſtotelian criti⯑ciſm; and, omitting at preſent all other con⯑ſiderations, whether it contains a beginning, a middle, and an end;

THE beginning is undoubtedly beautiful and proper, opening with a graceful abrupt⯑neſs, and proceeding naturally to a mournful recital of facts neceſſary to be known.

His ſoliloquy is interrupted by a chorus or com⯑pany of men of his own tribe, who condole his miſeries, extenuate his fault, and conclude with a ſolemn vindication of divine juſtice. So that at the concluſion of the firſt act there is no deſign laid, no diſcovery made, nor any diſpoſition formed towards the ſubſequent event.

IN the ſecond act Manoah, the father of Samſon, comes to ſeek his ſon, and, being ſhown him by the chorus, breaks out into lamentations of his miſery, and compariſons [23] of his preſent with his former ſtate, repreſenting to him the ignominy which his religion ſuffers, by the feſtival this day celebrated in honour of Dagon, to whom the idolaters aſcribed his overthrow.

Samſon, touched with this reproach, makes a reply equally penitential and pious, which his father conſiders as the effuſion of prophetick confidence,

THIS part of the dialogue, as it might tend to animate or exaſperate Samſon, cannot, I think, be cenſured as wholly ſuperfluous; but the ſucceeding diſpute, in which Samſon contends to die, and which his father breaks off, that he may go to ſollicit his releaſe, is only valuable for its own beauties, and has no tendency to introduce any thing that fol⯑lows it.

THE next event of the drama is the arrival of Dalilah, with all her graces, artifices, and allurements. This produces a dialogue, in a very high degree elegant and inſtructive, from which ſhe retires, after ſhe has exhauſted her perſuaſions, and is no more ſeen or heard of; nor has her viſit any effect but that of raiſing the character of Samſon.

[25] IN the fourth act enters Harapha the gi⯑ant of Gath, whoſe name had never been mentioned before, and who has now no other motive of coming than to ſee the man whoſe ſtrength and actions are ſo loudly celebrated.

Samſon challenges him to the combat, and after an interchange of reproaches, elevated by repeated defiance on one ſide, and im⯑bittered by contemptuous inſults on the other, Harapha retires; we then hear it determined, by Samſon and the chorus, that no conſe⯑quence good or bad will proceed from their interview.

AT laſt, in the fifth act, appears a meſ⯑ſenger from the lords aſſembled at the feſtival of Dagon, with a ſummons, by which Samſon as required to come and entertain them with ſome proof of his ſtrength. Samſon, after a ſhort expoſtulation, diſmiſſes him with a firm and reſolute refuſal, but during the abſence of the meſſenger, having a while defended the propriety of his conduct, he at laſt de⯑clares himſelf moved by a ſecret impulſe to comply, and utters ſome dark preſages of a great event to be brought to paſs by his agen⯑cy under the direction of providence.

WHILE Samſon is conducted off by the meſſenger, his father returns with hopes of ſucceſs in his ſollicitation, upon which he confers with the chorus till their dialogue is interrupted, firſt by a ſhout of triumph, and afterwards by ſcreams of horror and agony. As they ſtand deliberating where they ſhall be ſecure, a man who had been preſent at the ſhow enters, and relates how Samſon having prevailed on his guide to ſuffer him to lean againſt the main pillars of the thea⯑trical edifice, tore down the roof upon the ſpectators and himſelf.

THIS is undoubtedly a juſt and regular cataſtrophe, and the poem, therefore, has a beginning and an end which Ariſtotle him⯑ſelf could not have diſapproved; but it muſt be allowed to want a middle, ſince nothing paſſes between the firſt act and the laſt, that either haſtens or delays the death of Samſon. The whole drama, if its ſuperfluities were cut off, would ſcarcely fill a ſingle act; yet this is the tragedy which ignorance has ad⯑mired, and bigotry applauded.

The RAMBLER.
NUMB. 140. SATURDAY, July 20, 1751.

IT is common, ſays Bacon, to deſire the end without enduring the means. Every [29] member of ſociety feels and acknowledges the neceſſity of detecting crimes, yet ſcarce any degree of virtue or reputation is able to ſecure an informer from publick hatred. The learned world has always admitted the uſeful⯑neſs of critical diſquiſitions, yet he that at⯑tempts to ſhow, however modeſtly, the fai⯑lures of a celebrated writer, ſhall ſurely irri⯑tate his admirers, and incur the imputation of envy, captiouſneſs, and malignity.

WITH this danger full in my view, I ſhall proceed to examine the ſentiments of Milton's tragedy, which, though much leſs liable to cenſure than the diſpoſition of his plan, are like thoſe of other writers, ſometimes expo⯑ſed to juſt exception for want of care, or want of diſcernment.

SENTIMENTS are proper and improper as they conſiſt more or leſs with the character and circumſtances of the perſon to whom they are attributed, with the rules of the compoſition in which they are ſound, or with the ſettled and unalterable nature of things.

[30] IT is common among the tragick poets to introduce their perſons alluding to events or opinions, of which they could not poſſibly have any knowledge. The barbarians of re⯑mote or newly diſcovered regions often diſ⯑play their ſkill in European learning. The god of love is mentioned in Tamerlane with all the familiarity of a Roman epigrammatiſt; and a late writer has put Harvey's doctrine of the circulation of the blood into the mouth of a Turkiſh ſtateſman, who lived near two centuries before it was known even to phi⯑loſophers or anatomiſts.

MILTON's learning, which acquainted him with the manners of the antient eaſtern nations, and his invention, which required no aſſiſtance from the common cant of po⯑etry, have preſerved him from frequent out⯑rages of local or chronological propriety. Yet he has mentioned Chalybean Steel, of which it is not very likely that his chorus ſhould have heard, and has made Alp the general name of a mountain, in a region where the Alps could ſcarcely be known.

He has taught Samſon the tales of Circe and the Syrcus, at which he apparently hints in his colloquy with Dalilah.

BUT the groſſeſt error of this kind is the ſolemn introduction of the phoenix in the laſt ſcene, which is faulty, not only as it is incongruous to the perſonage to whom it is aſ⯑cribed, but as it is ſo evidently contrary to reaſon and nature, that it ought never to be mentioned but as a fable in any ſerious poem.

ANOTHER ſpecies of impropriety is the unſuitableneſs of thoughts to the general cha⯑racter of the poem. The ſeriouſneſs and ſolemnity of tragedy neceſſarily rejects all pointed or epigrammatical expreſſions, all re⯑mote conceits and oppoſition of Ideas. Sam⯑ſon's complaint is therefore too elaborate to be natural.

ALL alluſions to low and trivial objects with which contempt is uſually aſſociated are doubtleſs unſuitable to a ſpecies of compo⯑ſition which ought to be always awful though not always magnificent. The remark there⯑fore [33] of the chorus on good and bad news ſeems to want elevation.

BUT of all meanneſs that has leaſt to plead which is produced by mere verbal conceits, which depending only upon ſounds loſe their exiſtence by the change of a ſyllable. Of this kind is the following dialogue,

[34] AND yet more deſpicable are the lines in which Manoah's paternal kindneſs is com⯑mended by the chorus

SAMSON's complaint of the inconveni⯑encies of impriſonment is not wholly with⯑out verbal quaintneſs.

FROM the ſentiments we may properly deſcend to the conſideration of the language, which in imitation of the antients is through the whole dialogue remarkably ſimple and unadorned, ſeldom heightened by epithets, or varied by figures; yet ſometimes meta⯑phors find admiſſion, even where their con⯑ſiſtency is not accurately preſerved. Thus Samſon confounds loquacity with a ſhip⯑wreck.

And the chorus talks of adding fuel to flame in a report.

THE verſification is in the dialogue much more ſmooth and harmonious than in the parts allotted to the chorus, which are often ſo harſh and diſſonant, as ſcarce to preſerve, whether the lines end with or without rhymes, any appearance of metrical regularity,

[36] SINCE I have thus pointed out the faults of Milton, the laws of critical integrity re⯑quire that I ſhould endeavour to diſplay his excellencies, tho' they will not eaſily be diſ⯑covered in ſhort quotations, becauſe they conſiſt in the juſtneſs of diffuſe reaſonings, or in the contexture and method of conti⯑nued dialogues; this play having none of theſe deſcriptions, ſimiles, or ſplendid ſen⯑tences with which other tragedies are ſo la⯑viſhly adorned.

YET ſome paſſages may be ſelected which ſeem to deſerve particular notice, either as containing ſentiments of paſſion, repreſenta⯑tions of life, precepts of conduct, or ſallies imagination. It is not eaſy to give a ſtronger repreſentation of the wearineſs of deſpondency than in the words of Samſon to his father.

[37] THE reply of Samſon to the flattering Da⯑lilah affords a juſt and ſtriking deſcription of the ſtratagems and allurements of feminine hypocriſy.

WHEN Samſon has refuſed to make himſelf a ſpectacle at the feaſt of Dagon, he firſt juſtifies his behaviour to the chorus, who charge him with having ſerved the Philiſtines by a very juſt diſtinction; and then deſtroys the common excuſe of cowardice and ſervi⯑lity which always confound temptation with compulſion.

THE complaint of blindneſs which Samſon pours out at the beginning of the tragedy is equally addreſſed to the paſſions and the fancy. The enumeration of his miſeries is ſucceeded by a very pleaſing train of poetical images, and concluded by ſuch expoſtu⯑lations and wiſhes, as reaſon too often ſub⯑mits to learn from deſpair.

SUCH are the faults and ſuch the beauties of Samſon Agoniſtes, which I have ſhown with no other purpoſe than to promote the knowledge of true criticiſm. The everlaſt⯑ing verdure of Milton's laurels, has nothing to fear from the blaſts of malignity; nor can my attempt produce any other effect, than to ſtrengthen their ſhoots by lopping their luxuriance.

NUMB. 141. TUESDAY, July, 23, 1751.

NUMB. 142. SATURDAY, July, 27, 1751.

NUMB. 143. TUESDAY, July, 30, 1751.

AMONG the innumerable practices by which intereſt or envy have taught thoſe who live upon literary fame to diſturb each other at their airy banquets, one of the moſt common is the charge of plagiariſm, When the excellence of a new compoſition, can no longer be conteſted, and malice is compelled to give way to the unanimity of applauſe, there is yet this one expedient to be tried by which the author may be degraded, though his work be reverenced; and the ex⯑cellence which we cannot obſcure, may be ſet at ſuch a diſtance as not to overpower our fainter luſtre.

THIS accuſation is dangerous, becauſe, even when it is falſe, it may be ſometimes urged with probability. Bruyere declares that we are come into the world too late to pro⯑duce any thing new, that nature and life are [59] preoccupied, and that deſcription and ſenti⯑ment have been long exhauſted. It is indeed certain that whoever attempts any com⯑mon topick, will find many unexpected co⯑incidences of his thoughts with thoſe of other writers; nor can the niceſt judgment always diſtinguiſh accidental ſimilitude from artful imitation. There is likewiſe a common ſtock of images, a ſettled mode of arrange⯑ment, and a beaten track of tranſition, which all authors ſuppoſe themſelves at liberty to uſe, and which produce the reſemblance ge⯑nerally obſervable among contemporaries. So that in books which beſt deſerve the name of originals, there is little new beyond the diſpoſition of materials already provided; the ſame ideas and combinations of ideas have been long in the poſſeſſion of other hands; and by reſtoring to every man his own, as the Romans muſt have returned to their cots from the poſſeſſion of the world, ſo the moſt inventive and fertile genius would reduce his folios to a few pages. Yet the author who imitates his predeceſſors only, by furniſhing himſelf with thoughts and ele⯑gancies out of the ſame general magazine of literature, can with little more propriety be re⯑proached [60] as a plagiary, than the architect can be cenſured as a mean copier of Angelo or Wren, becauſe he digs his marble from the ſame quarry, ſquares his ſtones by the ſame art, and unites them in columns of the ſame orders.

MANY ſubjects fall under the conſideration of an author, which being limited by nature can admit only of ſlight and accidental di⯑verſities. All definitions of the ſame thing muſt be nearly the ſame; and deſcriptions, which are definitions of a more lax and fan⯑ciful kind, muſt always have in ſome degree that reſemblance to each other which they all have to their object. Different poets de⯑ſcribing the ſpring or the ſea would mention the zephyrs and the flowers, the billows and the rocks; reflecting on human life, they would, without any communication of opinions, lament the deceitfulneſs of hope, the fugacity of pleaſure, the fragility of beau⯑ty, and the frequency of calamity; and, for palliatives of theſe incurable miſeries, they would concur in recommending kindneſs, temperance, caution and fortitude.

WHEN therefore there are found in Virgil and Horace two ſimilar paſſages,

It is ſurely not neceſſary to ſuppoſe with a late critick that one is copied from the other, ſince neither Virgil nor Horace can be ſup⯑poſed ignorant of the common duties of hu⯑manity, and the virtue of moderation in ſucceſs.

CICERO and Ovid have on very differ⯑ent occaſions remarked how little of the ho⯑nour of a victory can belong to the general, when his ſoldiers and his fortune have made their deductions; yet why ſhould Ovid be ſuſpected to have owed to Tully an obſer⯑vation, which perhaps occurs to every man that ſees or hears of military glories.

TULLY obſerves of Achilles, that had not Homer written, his valour had been without praiſe. Niſi ilias illa extitiſſet, idem tumulus qui corpus ejus contexerat, nomen ejus obruiſſet. Horace tells us with more energy that [62] there were brave men before the wars of Troy, but they were loſt in oblivion for want of a poet.

TULLY enquires, in the ſame oration, why, but for fame, we diſturb a ſhort life with ſo many fatigues? Quid eſt quod in ho⯑tam exigue vitae curriculo et tam brevi, tanti, nos in laboribus exerceamus? Horace enquires in the ſame manner,

When our life is of ſo ſhort duration, why we form ſuch numerous deſigns. But Ho⯑race, as well as Tully, might diſcover that re⯑cords are needful to preſerve the memory of actions, and that no records were ſo durable as poems; either might find out that life is ſhort, and that we conſume it in unneceſſary labour.

THERE are other flowers of fiction ſo widely ſcattered and ſo eaſily cropped, that it [63] is ſcarcely juſt to tax the uſe of them as an act by which any particular writer is deſpoiled of his garland; for they may be ſaid to have been planted by the antients in the open road of poetry for the accommodation of their ſucceſſors, and to be the right of every one that has art to pluck them without injuring their colours or their fragance. The paſ⯑ſage of Orpheus to hell, with the recovery and ſecond loſs of Eurydice, have been deſcribed after Boetius by Pope, in ſuch a manner as might juſtly leave him ſuſpected of imita⯑tion, were not the images ſuch as they might both have derived from more antient wri⯑ters.

NO writer can be fully convicted of imi⯑tation except there is a concurrence of more reſemblances than can be imagined to have happened by chance; as where the ſame ideas are conjoined without any natural ſeries or neceſſary coherence, or where not only the thought but the words are copied. Thus it can ſcarcely be doubted, that in the firſt of the following paſſages Pope remembred Ovid, and that in the ſecond he copied Craſhaw.

AND Prior was indebted for a pretty il⯑luſtration to Alleyne's poetical hiſtory of Henry the ſeventh.

AND with yet more certainty may the ſame writer be cenſured, for endeavouring the clandeſtine appropriation of a thought which he borrowed, ſurely without thinking himſelf diſgraced, from an epigram of Plato.

AS not every inſtance of ſimilitude can be conſidered as a proof of imitation, ſo not e⯑very imitation ought to be ſtigmatized as pla⯑giariſm. The adoption of a noble ſentiment, or the inſertion of a borrowed ornament may ſometimes diſplay ſo much judgment as will almoſt compenſate for invention; and an in⯑ferior genius may without any imputation of ſervility purſue the path of the antients, pro⯑vided he declines to tread in their footſteps.

NUMB. 144. SATURDAY, Auguſt 3, 1751.

IT is impoſſible to mingle in any conver⯑ſation without obſerving the difficulty with which a new name makes its way into the world. The firſt appearance of excellence unites multitudes againſt it; unexpected op⯑poſition riſes up on every ſide; the celebra⯑ted and the obſcure join in the confederacy; ſubtilty furniſhes arms to impudence, and in⯑vention leads on credulity.

THE ſtrength and unanimity of this alli⯑ance is not eaſily conceived. It might be ex⯑pected that no man ſhould ſuffer his heart to be enflamed with malice, but by injuries; that none ſhould buſy himſelf in conteſting the pretenſions of another, but where ſome right of his own was involved in the queſ⯑tion; [69] that at leaſt hoſtilities commenced without cauſe, ſhould quickly ceaſe; that the armies of malignity ſhould ſoon diſperſe, when no common intereſt could be found to hold them together; and that the attack upon a ri⯑ſing character ſhould be left entirely to thoſe who had ſomething to hope or fear from the event.

THE hazards of thoſe that aſpire to emi⯑nence would be much diminiſhed if they had none but acknowledged rivals to encounter. Their enemies would then be few, and, what is of yet greater importance, would be known. But what caution is ſufficient to ward off the blows of inviſible aſſailants, or what force can ſtand againſt unintermitted attacks, and a continual ſucceſſion of enemies? Yet ſuch is the ſtate of the world, that no ſooner can any man emerge from the crowd, and fix the eyes of the publick upon him, than he ſtands as a mark to the arrows of lurking ca⯑lumny, and receives, in the tumult of hoſti⯑lity, from diſtant and from nameleſs hands, wounds not always eaſy to be cured.

IT is probable that the onſet againſt the candidates for renown, is originally incited [70] by thoſe who imagine themſelves in danger of ſuffering by their ſucceſs; but when war is once declared, volunteers flock to the ſtan⯑dard, multitudes follow the camp only for want of employment, and flying ſquadrons are diſperſed to every part, ſo pleaſed with an opportunity of miſchief that they toil without proſpect of praiſe, and pillage without hope of profit.

WHEN any man has endeavoured to de⯑ſerve diſtinction, he may be eaſily convinced how long his claim is likely to remain unacknowledged, by wandering for a few days from one place of reſort to another. He will be ſurpriſed to hear himſelf cenſured where he could not expect to have been na⯑med; he will find the utmoſt acrimony of malice among thoſe whom he never could have offended, and perhaps may be invited to an aſſociation againſt himſelf, or appealed to as a witneſs of his own infamy.

AS there are to be found in the ſervice of envy men of every diverſity of temper and degree of underſtanding, calumny is diffuſed by all arts and methods of propagation. [71] Nothing is too groſs or too refined, too cruel or too trifling to be practiſed; very little re⯑gard is had to the rules of honourable hoſti⯑lity, but every weapon is accounted lawful; and thoſe that cannot make a thruſt at life are content to keep themſelves in play with petty malevolence, to teaze with feeble blows and impotent diſturbance.

BUT as the induſtry of obſervation has divided the moſt miſcellaneous and confuſed aſſemblages into proper claſſes, and ranged the inſects of the ſummer, that torment us with their drones or ſtings, by their ſeveral tribes; the perſecutors of merit, notwithſtand⯑ing their number, may be likewiſe commodi⯑ouſly diſtinguiſhed into roarers, whiſperers, and moderators.

THE roarer is an enemy rather terrible than dangerous. He has no other qualifica⯑tions for a champion of controverſy than a hardened front and ſtrong voice. Having ſel⯑dom ſo much deſire to confute as to ſilence, he depends rather upon vociſeration than ar⯑gument, and has very little care to adjuſt one part of his accuſation to another, to preſerve [72] decency in his language or probability in his narratives. He has always a ſtore of reproach⯑ful epithets and contemptuous appellations, ready to be produced as occaſion may re⯑quire, which by conſtant uſe he pours out with reſiſtleſs volubility. If the wealth of a trader is mentioned, he without heſitation devotes him to bankrupcy; if the beauty and elegance of a lady be commended, he won⯑ders how the town can fall in love with ruſ⯑tick deformity; if a new performance of ge⯑nius happens to be celebrated, he pronounces the writer a hopeleſs ideot, without know⯑ledge of books or life, and without the un⯑derſtanding by which it muſt be acquired. His exaggerations are generally without effect upon thoſe whom he compels to hear them; and though it will ſometimes happen that the timorous are awed by his violence, and the credulous miſtake his confidence for know⯑ledge, yet the opinions which he endeavours to ſuppreſs ſoon recover their former ſtrength, as the trees that bend to the tempeſt erect themſelves again when its force is paſt.

THE whiſperer is more dangerous. He ea⯑ſily gains attention by a ſoft addreſs, and ex⯑cites [73] curioſity by an air of importance. As ſecrets are not to be made cheap by promiſ⯑cuous publication, he calls a ſelect audience about him, and gratifies their vanity with an appearance of truſt by communicating his in⯑telligence in a low voice. Of the trader he can tell that though he ſeems to manage a very extenſive commerce, talks in high terms of the funds, and has a counting-houſe crowd⯑ed with clerks and porters, yet his wealth is not equal to his reputation; he has lately ſuf⯑fered much by the miſcarriage of an expen⯑ſive project, and had a greater ſhare than is publickly acknowledged in the rich ſhip that periſhed by the ſtorm. Of the beauty he has little to ſay, but that they who ſee her in a morning do not diſcover all theſe graces which are admired in the park. Of the writer he affirms with great certainty, that, though the excellence of the work be inconteſtable, he can juſtly claim but a ſmall part of the repu⯑tation; that he owed moſt of the ſhining ima⯑ges and elevated ſentiments to the kindneſs of a ſecret friend; and that the accuracy and e⯑quality of the ſtile was produced by the ſuc⯑ceſſive correction of the chief criticks of the age.

[74] As every one is pleaſed with imagining that he knows ſomething not yet commonly divulged, ſecret hiſtory eaſily gains credit; but it is for the moſt part believed only while it circulates in whiſpers, and when once it is openly told is openly confuted.

THE moſt pernicious enemy is the man of moderation. Without intereſt in the queſtion, or any motive but honeſt curioſity, this impartial and zealous enquirer after truth, is ready to hear whatever can be urged on either ſide, and always diſpoſed to kind in⯑terpretations and favourable opinions. He has heard the trader's affairs reported with great variation, and after a diligent compariſon of the evidence, concludes it probable that the ſplendid ſuperſtructure of buſineſs and credit being originally built upon a narrow baſis, has lately been found to totter; but between di⯑latory payment and bankrupcy there is a great diſtance; many merchants have ſupported themſelves by expedients for a time, without any final injury to their creditors; what is loſt by one adventure may be recovered by another; and no man, however prudent, can [75] ſecure himſelf againſt the failure of correſ⯑pondents. He believes that a young lady pleaſed with admiration, and deſirous to make perfect what is already excellent, may heigh⯑ten ſome of her charms by artificial improve⯑ments, but ſurely moſt of her beauties muſt be genuine, and who can ſay that he is whol⯑ly what he endeavours to appear? The author he knows to be a man of diligence, who per⯑haps does not ſparkle with the fire of Homer, but has the judgment to diſcover his own de⯑ficiencies, and to ſupply them by the help of others; and in his opinion modeſty is a qua⯑lity ſo amiable and rare, that it ought to find a patron wherever it appears, and may juſtly be preferred by the publick ſuffrage to petulant wit and oſtentatious literature.

HE who thus diſcovers failings with un⯑willingneſs, and extenuates the Faults which cannot be denied, puts an end at once to doubt or vindication; his hearers repoſe upon his candour and veracity, and admit the charge without allowing the excuſe.

SUCH are the arts by which the envious, the idle, the peeviſh, and the thoughtleſs ob⯑ſtruct [76] that worth which they cannot equal, and by artifices thus eaſy, ſordid, and de⯑teſtable is induſtry defeated, beauty blaſted, and genius depreſſed.

NUMB. 145. TUESDAY, Auguſt 6, 1751.

IT is allowed by thoſe who have conſider⯑ed the conſtitution of ſociety, that vo⯑cations and employments of leaſt dignity are of the moſt apparent uſe; that the mean⯑eſt artiſan or manufacturer contributes more to the accommodation of life, than the pro⯑found ſcholar and argumentative theoriſt; and that the publick would ſuffer leſs immediate inconvenience from the baniſhment of philo⯑ſophers, than from the extinction of any common trade.

[77] SOME have been ſo forcibly ſtruck with this obſervation, that they have in the firſt warmth of their diſcovery thought it reaſon⯑able to alter the common diſtribution of dignity, and have ventured to condemn man⯑kind of univerſal ingratitude. For if juſtice exacts that thoſe by whom we are moſt be⯑nefited ſhould be moſt honoured, what better title can be produced to praiſe and veneration than ſucceſsful labour for the good of others? And what labour can be more uſeful than that which procures to families and Communities thoſe neceſſaries which ſupply the wants of nature, or thoſe conveniencies by which eaſe, ſecurity, and elegance are conferred?

THIS is one of the innumerable theories which the firſt attempt to reduce them into practice certainly deſtroys. If we eſtimate dignity by immediate uſefulneſs, agriculture is undoubtedly the firſt and nobleſt ſcience; yet we ſee the plow driven, the clod broken, the manure ſpread, the ſeeds [...]ered, and the harveſt reaped, by men whom thoſe that feed upon their induſtry will never be perſua⯑ded to admire for their wiſdom, or admit [78] into the ſame rank with heroes, or with ſa⯑ges; and who, after all the confeſſions which truth may extort in favour of their occupa⯑tion, muſt be content to fill up the loweſt claſs of the common-wealth, to form the baſe of the pyramid of ſubordination, and lie buried in obſcurity themſelves while they ſupport all that is ſplendid, conſpicu⯑ous, or exalted.

IT will be found upon a cloſer inſpection, that this part of the conduct of mankind is by no means contrary to reaſon or equity. Remuneratory honours are proportioned at once to the uſefulneſs and difficulty of per⯑formances, and are properly adjuſted by com⯑pariſon of the mental and corporeal abilities, which they appear to employ. That work, however neceſſary, which is carried on only by muſcular ſtrength and manual dexterity, is not of equal eſteem in the conſideration of rational beings, with the taſks that exerciſe the intellectual powers, and require the active vigour of imagination, or the gradual and laborious inveſtigations of reaſon.

THE merit of all manual occupations ſeems to terminate in the inventor; and ſurely [79] the firſt ages cannot be charged with ingra⯑titude; ſince thoſe who civilized barbarians, and taught them how to ſecure themſelves from cold and hunger were numbered a⯑mongſt their deities. But theſe arts once diſcovered by philoſophy, and facilitated by experience, are afterwards practiſed with very little aſſiſtance from the faculties of the ſoul; nor is any thing neceſſary to the regular diſ⯑charge of theſe inferior duties, beyond that rude obſervation which the moſt ſluggiſh in⯑tellect may practiſe, and that induſtry which the ſtimulations of neceſſity naturally enforce.

YET, though the refuſal of ſtatues and panegyrics to thoſe who employ only their hands and feet in the ſervice of man⯑kind may be eaſily juſtified, I am far from intending to incite the petulance of pride, to juſtify the ſuperciliouſneſs of grandeur, or to intercept any part of that tenderneſs and be⯑nevolence which by the privilege of their common nature one man may claim from another.

THAT it would be neither wiſe nor equi⯑table to diſcourage the huſbandman, the la⯑bourer, [80] the miner, or the ſmith, is eaſily diſcovered and generally granted; but there is another race of beings equally obſcure and equally indigent, who becauſe their uſeful⯑neſs is ſomewhat leſs obvious to vulgar ap⯑prehenſions, live unrewarded and die unpiti⯑ed, and who have been long expoſed to inſult without a defender, and to cenſure without an apologiſt.

THE authors of London were formerly com⯑puted by Swift at ſeveral thouſands, and there is not any reaſon for ſuſpecting that their number has decreaſed. Of theſe only a very few can be ſaid to produce, or endea⯑vour to produce new ideas, to extend any principle of ſcience, or gratify the imagina⯑tion with any uncommon train of images or contexture of events; the reſt, however labo⯑rious, however arrogant, can only be con⯑ſidered as the drudges of the pen, the manu⯑facturers of literature, who have ſet up for authors, either with or without a regular ini⯑tiation, and like other artificers have no o⯑ther care than to deliver their tale of wares at the ſtated time.

[81] IT has been formerly imagined, that he who intends the entertainment or inſtruction of others, muſt feel in himſelf ſome pecu⯑liar impulſe of genius; that he muſt watch the happy minute in which this natural fire is excited, in which his mind is eleva⯑ted with nobler ſentiments, enlightened with clearer views, and invigorated with ſtronger comprehenſion; that he muſt care⯑fully ſelect his thoughts and poliſh his ex⯑preſſions; and animate his efforts with the hope of raiſing a monument of learning, which neither time nor envy ſhall be able to deſtroy.

BUT the authors whom I am now endea⯑vouring to recommend have been too long hackneyed in the ways of men to in⯑dulge the chimerical ambition of praiſe or immortality; they have ſeldom any claim to the trade of writing but that they have tried ſome other without ſucceſs; they per⯑ceive no particular ſummons to compoſition, except the ſound of the clock; they have no other rule than the law or the faſhion for ad⯑mitting their thoughts or rejecting them; and about the opinion of poſterity they have little ſolicitude, for their productions are ſel⯑dom [82] intended to remain in the world lon⯑ger than a week.

THAT ſuch authors are not to be reward⯑ed with praiſe is evident, ſince nothing can be admired when it ceaſes to exiſt; but ſurely though they cannot aſpire to honour, they may be exempted from ignominy, and a⯑dopted into that order of men which deſerves our kindneſs though not our reverence. Theſe papers of the day, the Ephemerae of learning, have uſes often more adequate to the purpoſes of common life than more pom⯑pous and durable volumes. If it is neceſſary for every man to be more acquainted with his contemporaries than with paſt generations, and to know the events which may imme⯑diately affect his fortune or his quiet, rather than the revolutions of antient kingdoms, in which he has neither poſſeſſions nor ex⯑pectations; if it be pleaſing to hear of the preferment and diſmiſſion of ſtateſmen, the birth of heirs, and the marriage of beauties, the humble author of journals and gazettes, muſt be conſidered as a liberal diſpenſer of beneficial knowledge.

[83] EVEN the abridger, compiler and tranſlator, though their labours cannot be ranked with thoſe of the diurnal hiſtoriographer, yet muſt not be raſhly doomed to annihilation. Every ſize of readers requires a genius correſpondent to their capacity; ſome delight in abſtracts and epitomes becauſe they want room in their memory for long details, and content themſelves with effects, without enquiry af⯑ter cauſes; ſome minds are overpowered by ſplendor of ſentiment, as ſome eyes are of⯑fended by a glaring light, and will gladly contemplate an author in an humble imi⯑tation, as we look without pain upon the ſun in the water.

AS every writer has his uſe, every writer ought to have his patrons; and ſince no man, however high he may now ſtand, can be certain that he ſhall not be ſoon thrown down from his elevation by criticiſm or ca⯑price, the common intereſt of learning re⯑quires that her ſons ſhould ceaſe from inteſtine hoſtilities, and inſtead of ſacrificing each o⯑ther to malice and contempt, endeavour to [84] avert perſecution from the meaneſt of their fraternity.

NUMB. 146. SATURDAY, Auguſt 10, 1751.

NONE of the projects or deſigns which exerciſe the mind of man, are equally ſubject to obſtructions and diſappointments with the purſuit of fame. Riches cannot ea⯑ſily be denied to them who have ſomething of greater value to offer in exchange; he whoſe fortune is endangered by litigation, will not refuſe to augment the wealth of the lawyer; he whoſe days are darkened by lan⯑guor, or whoſe nerves are excruciated by pain, is compelled to pay tribute to the ſci⯑ence of healing. But praiſe may be always omitted without inconvenience. When once a man has made celebrity neceſſary to his [85] happineſs, he has put it in the power of the weakeſt and moſt timorous malignity, if not to take away his ſatisfaction, at leaſt to with⯑hold it. His enemies may indulge their pride by airy negligence, and gratify their malice by quiet neutrality. They that could never have injured a character by invectives may com⯑bine to annihilate it by ſilence; as the wo⯑men of Rome threatened to put an end to conqueſt and dominion, by ſupplying no children to the commonwealth.

WHEN a writer has with long toil pro⯑duced a work intended to burſt upon man⯑kind with unexpected luſtre, and withdraw the attention of the learned world from every other controverſy or enquiry, he is ſeldom contented to wait long without the enjoy⯑ment of his new praiſes. With an imagina⯑tion full of his own importance, he walks out like a monarch in diſguiſe, to learn the va⯑rious opinions of his readers. Prepared to feaſt upon admiration; compoſed to encoun⯑ter cenſures without emotion; and determi⯑ned not to ſuffer his quiet to be injured by a ſenſibility too exquiſite of praiſe or blame, but to laugh with equal contempt at [86] trivial objections and injudicious commen⯑dations, he enters the places of mingled con⯑verſation, ſits down to his tea in an obſcure corner, and while he appears to examine a file of antiquated journals catches the con⯑verſation of the whole room. He liſtens, but hears no mention of his book, and there⯑fore ſuppoſes that he has diſappointed his cu⯑rioſity by delay, and that as men of learning would naturally begin their converſation with ſuch a wonderful novelty, they had digreſſed to other ſubjects before his arrival. The company diſperſes, and their places are ſupplied by others equally ignorant, or e⯑qually careleſs. The ſame expectation hur⯑ries him to another place, from which the ſame diſappointment drives him ſoon away. His impatience then grows violent and tu⯑multuous; he ranges over the town with reſtleſs curioſity, and hears in one quarter of a cricket-match, in another of a pick-poket; is told by ſome of an unexp [...]d bankrupcy, by others of a turtle feaſt; [...] ſometimes pro⯑voked by importunate enquiries after the white bear, and ſometimes with praiſes of the dancing dog; he is afterwards entreated to give his judgment upon a wager about the [87] height of the monument; invited to ſee a foot race in the adjacent villages; de⯑ſired to read a ludicrous advertiſement; or conſulted about the moſt effectual method of making enquiry after a favourite cat. The whole world is buſied in affairs, which he thinks below the notice of reaſonable creatures, and which are nevertheleſs ſuffi⯑cient to withdraw all regard from his labours and his merits.

HE reſolves at laſt to violate his own mo⯑deſty, and to recal the talkers from their folly by an enquiry after himſelf. He finds every one provided with an anſwer; one has ſeen the work advertiſed, but never met with any that had read it; another has been ſo often impoſed upon by ſpecious titles, that he never buys a book till its character is eſta⯑bliſhed; a third wonders what any man can hope to produce after ſo many writers of greater eminence; the next has enquired after the author, but can hear no account of him, and therefore ſuſpects the name to be ficti⯑tious; and another knows him to be a man condemned by indigence to write too fre⯑quently what he does not underſtand.

[88] MANY are the conſolations with which the unhappy author endeavours to allay his vexation, and fortify his patience. He has written with too little indulgence to the un⯑derſtanding of common readers; he has fal⯑len upon an age without taſte or curioſity, in which all regard to ſolid knowledge, and ſenſe of delicate refinement, have given way to low merriment and idle buffoonry, and therefore no writer can hope for diſtinction, who has any higher purpoſe than to raiſe laughter. He finds that his ene⯑mies, ſuch as apparent ſuperiority will al⯑ways raiſe, have been induſtrious, while his performance was in the preſs, to vilify and blaſt it; and that the bookſeller, whom he had reſolved to enrich, has rivals in his profeſſion, that maliciouſly obſtruct the cir⯑culation of his copies. He at laſt repoſes upon the conſideration, that the nobleſt works of learning and genius have always made their way ſlowly againſt ignorance and prejudice; and that reputation which is ne⯑ver to be loſt muſt muſt be gradually ob⯑tained, as animals of longeſt life are obſerved not ſoon to attain their full ſtature and ſtrength.

[89] BY ſuch arts of voluntary deluſion does every man endeavour to conceal his own unimportance from himſelf. It is long before we are convinced of the ſmall pro⯑portion which every individual bears to the collective body of mankind; or learn how few can be intereſted in the fortune of any ſingle man; how little vacancy is leſt in the world for any new object of attention; to how ſmall extent the brighteſt blaze of merit can be ſpread amidſt the miſts of bu⯑ſineſs and of folly; and how ſoon it is al⯑ways clouded by the intervention of other no⯑velties. Not only the writer of books, but the commander of armies, and the deliverer of nations will eaſily outlive all noiſy and popular reputation: he may be celebra⯑ted for a time by the public voice, but his actions and his name will ſoon be conſidered as remote and unaffecting, and will be rarely mentioned but by thoſe whoſe alliance or dependance gives them ſome vanity to gra⯑tify by frequent commemoration.

IT ſeems not to be ſufficiently conſidered how little renown can be admitted in the [90] world. Mankind are kept perpetually buſy by their fears or deſires, and have not more leiſure from their own affairs, than to ac⯑quaint themſelves with the accidents of the current day. Engaged in contriving ſome re⯑fuge from calamity, or in ſhortening the way to ſome new poſſeſſion, they ſeldom ſuffer their thoughts to wander to the paſt or fu⯑ture; none but a few ſolitary ſtudents have leiſure to enquire into the claims of heroes or ſages; removed from the notice of the preſent age, and names which hoped to range over kingdoms and continents ſhrink at laſt into cloyſters or colleges.

NOR is it certain, that even of theſe dark and narrow habitations, theſe laſt retreats of fame, the poſſeſſion will be long kept. Of men devoted to literature very few extend their views beyond ſome particular ſcience, and the greater part ſeldom enquire, even in their own profeſſion, for any authors but thoſe whom the preſent mode of ſtudy happens to force upon their notice; they deſire not to fill their minds with unfaſhionable know⯑ledge, but embrace the eſtabliſhed ſyſtem, and contentedly reſign to oblivion thoſe [91] books which they now find cenſured or neglected.

THE hope of fame, which almoſt every man indulges who gives his name to the public, is neceſſarily connected with ſuch conſiderations as muſt abate the ardour of confidence, and repreſs the vigour of purſuit. Whoever claims renown from any kind of excellence, [...] to fill the place which is now poſſeſſes by another, for there are already names of every claſs ſufficient to em⯑ploy all that will deſire to remember them; and ſurely he that is puſhing his predeceſſors into the gulph of obſcurity, cannot but ſometimes ſuſpect, that he muſt himſelf give way in like manner, and as he ſtands upon the ſame precipice, be ſwept away with the ſame violence.

IT ſometimes happens, that fame begins when life is at an end; but far the greater number of candidates for applauſe have owed their reception in the world to ſome favour⯑able caſualties, and have therefore immedi⯑ately ſunk into neglect, when death ſtripped them of their caſual influence, and neither [92] fortune nor patronage operated in their favour. Among thoſe who have better claims to regard, the honour paid to their memory is commonly proportionate to the reputation which they enjoyed in their lives, though ſtill growing ſainter, as it is at a greater diſtance from the firſt emiſſion; and ſince it is ſo difficult to obtain the notice of contemporaries, how little is to be hoped from future times? What can merit effect by its own force, when the help of art or friendſhip can ſcarcely fupport it?

NUMB. 147. TUESDAY, Auguſt 13, 1751.

NUMB. 148. SATURDAY, Auguſt 17, 1751.

POLITICIANS remark that no oppreſ⯑ſion is ſo heavy or laſting as that which is inflicted by the perverſion and exorbitance of legal authority. The robber may be ſei⯑zed, [101] and the invader repelled whenever they are found; they who pretend no right but that of force, may by force be puniſhed or ſuppreſſed. But when plunder bears the name of impoſt, and murder is perpetrated by a judicial ſentence, fortitude is intimida⯑ted and wiſdom confounded; reſiſtance ſhrinks from an alliance with rebellion, and the vil⯑lain remains ſecure in the robes of the ma⯑giſtrate.

EQUALLY dangerous and equally deteſta⯑ble are the cruelties often exerciſed in private families, under the venerable ſanction of pa⯑rental authority; the power which we are taught to honour from the firſt moments of reaſon; which is guarded from inſult and vio⯑lation by all that can impreſs awe upon the mind of man; and which therefore may wan⯑ton in cruelty without controul, and tram⯑ple the bounds of right with innumerable tranſgreſſions, before duty and piety will dare to ſeek redreſs, or think themſelves at liberty to recur to any other means of deliverance than ſupplications by which inſolence is ela⯑ted, and tears by which cruelty is gratified.

[102] IT was for a long time imagined by the Romans, that no ſon could be the murderer of his father, and they had therefore no pu⯑niſhment appropriated to parricide. They ſeem likewiſe to have believed with equal confidence that no father could be cruel to his child, and therefore they allowed every man the ſupreme judicature in his own houſe, and put the lives of his offspring into his hands. But experience informed them by de⯑grees, that they had determined too haſtily in favour of human nature; they found that inſtinct and habit were not able to contend with avarice or malice; that the neareſt rela⯑tion might be violated; and that power to whomſoever entruſted, might be ill employ⯑ed. They were therefore obliged to ſupply and to change their Inſtitutions; to deter the parricide by a new law, and to transfer capi⯑tal puniſhments from the parent to the ma⯑giſtrate.

THERE are indeed many houſes which it is impoſſible to enter familiarly, without diſ⯑covering that parents are by no means ex⯑empt from the intoxications of dominion; [103] and that he who is in no danger of hearing remonſtrances but from his own conſcience, will ſeldom be long without the art of con⯑trolling his convictions, and modifying juſtice by his own will.

IF in any ſituation the heart were inac⯑ceſſible to malignity, it might be ſuppoſed to be ſufficiently ſecured by parental relation. To have voluntarily become to any being the occaſion of its exiſtence produces an obliga⯑tion to make that exiſtence happy. To ſee helpleſs infancy ſtretching out her hands and pouring out her cries in teſtimony of depen⯑dance, without any powers to alarm jealouſy, or any guilt to alienate affection, muſt ſurely awaken tenderneſs in every human mind; and tenderneſs once excited will be hourly encreaſed by the natural contagion of feli⯑city, by the repercuſſion of communicated pleaſure, and the conſciouſneſs of the dignity of benefaction. I believe no generous or be⯑nevolent man can ſee the vileſt animal cour⯑ting his regard and ſhrinking at his anger, playing his gambols of delight before him, calling on him in diſtreſs, and flying to him in danger, without more kindneſs [104] than he can perſuade himſelf to feel for the wild and unſocial inhabitants of the air and water. We naturally endear to ourſelves thoſe to whom we impart any kind of plea⯑ſure, becauſe we imagine their affection and eſteem ſecured to us by the benefits which they receive.

THERE is indeed another method by which the pride of ſuperiority may be likewiſe gra⯑tified. He that has extinguiſhed all the ſen⯑ſations of humanity, and has no longer any ſatisfaction in the reflection that he is loved as the diſtributer of happineſs, may pleaſe himſelf with exciting terror as the inflicter of miſery; he may delight his ſolitude with contemplating the extent of his power and the force of his commands, in imagining the deſires that flutter on the tongue which is forbidden to utter them, or the diſcontent which preys on the heart in which fear con⯑fines it; he may amuſe himſelf with new contrivances of detection, multiplications of prohibition, and varieties of puniſhment; and ſwell with exultation when he conſiders how little of the homage that he receives he owes to choice.

[105] THAT princes of this character have been known the hiſtory of all abſolute kingdoms will inform us; and ſince, as Ariſtotle ob⯑ſerves, [...], the government of a family is naturally monarchical, it is like other monarchies too often arbitrarily adminiſtered. The regal and parental tyrant differ only in the extent of their dominions, and the num⯑ber of their ſlaves. The ſame paſſions cauſe the ſame miſeries; except that ſeldom any prince however deſpotick, has ſo far ſhaken off all awe of the publick eye as to venture upon thoſe freaks of injuſtice, which are ſometimes indulged under the ſecrecy of a private dwelling. Capricious injunctions, par⯑tial deciſions, unequal allotments, diſtribu⯑tions of reward not by merit but by fancy, and puniſhments regulated not by the degree of the offence but by the humour of the judge, are too frequent where no power is known but that of a father.

THAT he delights in the miſery of others no man will conſeſs, and yet what other mo⯑tive can make a father cruel? the king may be inſtigated by one man to the deſtruction [106] of another; he may ſometimes think himſelf endangered by the virtues of a ſubject; he may dread the ſucceſsful general or the po⯑pular orator; his avarice may point out gol⯑den confiſcations; and his guilt may whiſ⯑per that he can only be ſecure, by cutting off all power of revenge.

BUT what can a parent hope from the op⯑preſſion of thoſe who were born to his pro⯑tection, of thoſe who can diſturb him with no competition, who can enrich him with no ſpoils? Why cowards are cruel may be eaſily diſcovered; but for what reaſon not more infamous than cowardice can that man delight in oppreſſion who has nothing to fear?

THE unjuſtifiable ſeverity of a parent is loaded with this aggravation, that thoſe whom he injures are always in his ſight. The in⯑juſtice of a prince is often exerciſed upon thoſe of whom he never had any perſonal or particular knowledge; and the ſentence which he pronounces, whether of baniſh⯑ment impriſonment or death, removes from his view the man whom he condemns. But the domeſtick oppreſſor dooms himſelf to [107] gaze upon thoſe faces which he clouds with terror and with ſorrow; and beholds every moment the effects of his own barbarities. He that can bear to give continual pain to thoſe who ſurround him, and can walk with ſatisfaction in the gloom of his own preſence: he that can ſee ſubmiſſive miſery without re⯑lenting, and meet without emotion the eye that implores mercy, or demands juſtice, will ſcarcely be amended by remonſtrance or admonition; he has found means of ſtop⯑ping the avenues of tenderneſs, and arming his heart againſt the force of reaſon.

EVEN though no conſideration ſhould be paid to the great law of ſocial beings, by which every individual is commanded to con⯑ſult the happineſs of others, yet the harſh pa⯑rent is leſs to be vindicated than any other criminal, becauſe he leſs provides for the happineſs of himſelf. Every man however little he loves others would willingly be loved; every man hopes to live long, and therefore hopes for that time at which he ſhall ſink back to imbecillity, and muſt depend for eaſe and chearfulneſs upon the officiouſ⯑neſs of others. But how has he obviated the [108] inconveniencies of old age, who alienates from him the aſſiſtance of his children, and whoſe bed muſt be ſurrounded in his laſt hours, in the hours of languor and dejection of impatience and of pain, by ſtrangers to whom his life is indifferent, or by enemies to whom his death is deſirable.

PIETY will indeed in good minds over⯑come reſentment, and thoſe who have been harraſſed by brutality will forget the inju⯑ries which they have ſuffered ſo far as to per⯑form the laſt duties with alacrity and zeal. But ſurely no reſentment can be equally painful with kindneſs thus undeſerved, nor can ſeverer puniſhment be imprecated upon a man not wholly loſt in meanneſs and ſtu⯑pidity, than through the tediouſneſs of decrepi⯑tude, to be reproached by the kindneſs of his own children, to receive not the tribute but the alms of attendance, and to owe every re⯑lief of his miſeries not to gratitude but to mercy.

NUMB. 149. TUESDAY, Auguſt 20, 1751.

NUMB. 150. SATURDAY, Auguſt 24, 1751.

AS daily experience makes it evident that misfortunes are unavoidably incident to human life, that calamity will neither be repelled by fortitude, nor eſcaped by flight, neither awed by greatneſs, nor eluded by obſcurity; philoſophers have endeavoured to reconcile us to that condition which they cannot teach us to mend, by perſuading us that moſt of our evils are made afflictive only by ignorance or perverſeneſs, and that nature has annexed to every viciſſitude of external circumſtances, ſome advantage ſuffi⯑cient to overbalance all its inconveniencies.

THIS attempt may perhaps be juſtly ſuſ⯑pected of reſemblance to the practice of phy⯑ſicians, who when they cannot mitigate pain deſtroy ſenſibility, and endeavour to conceal by opiates the inefficacy of their other me⯑dicines. The panegyriſts of calamity have more frequently gained applauſe to their wit, than acquieſcence to their arguments; nor [119] has it appeared that the moſt muſical oratory or ſubtle ratiocination has been able long to overpower the anguiſh of oppreſſion, the te⯑diouſneſs of languor, or the longings of want.

YET it may be generally remarked that, where much has been attempted, ſomething has been performed; though the diſcoveries or acquiſitions of man are not always adequate to the expectations of his pride, they are at leaſt ſufficient to animate his induſtry. The an⯑tidotes with which philoſophy has medicated the cup of life, though they cannot give it ſalubrity and ſweetneſs, have at leaſt allayed its bitterneſs, and contempered its malignity; the balm which ſhe drops upon the wounds of the mind, abates their pain though it can⯑not heal them.

BY ſuffering willingly what we cannot a⯑void, we ſecure ourſelves from vain and im⯑moderate diſquiet; we preſerve for better purpoſes that ſtrength which would be unpro⯑fitably waſted in wild efforts of deſperation, and maintain that circumſpection which may enable us to ſeize every ſupport, and im⯑prove every alleviation. This calmneſs will [120] be more eaſily obtained, as the attention is more powerfully withdrawn from the con⯑templation of unmingled unabated evil, and diverted to thoſe accidental benefits which prudence may confer on every ſtate.

SENECA has attempted not only to pacify us in misfortune, but almoſt to allure us to it, by repreſenting it as neceſſary to the plea⯑ſures of the mind. He that never was ac⯑quainted with adverſity, ſays he, has ſeen the world but on one ſide, and is ignorant of half the ſcenes of nature. He invites his pupil to calamity, as the Syrens allured the paſſenger to their coaſts, by promiſing that he ſhall re⯑turn [...], with encreaſe of knowledge, with enlarged views, and multiplied ideas.

CURIOSITY is, in great and generous minds, the firſt paſſion and the laſt; and perhaps always predominates in proportion to the ſtrength of the contemplative faculties. He who eaſily comprehends all that is be⯑fore him, and ſoon exhauſts any ſingle ſub⯑ject, is always eager for new enquiries, and in proportion as the intellectual eye takes in a wider proſpect, it muſt be gratified with va⯑riety [121] by more rapid flights, and bolder excur⯑ſions; nor perhaps can there be propoſed to thoſe who have been accuſtomed to the plea⯑ſures of thought, a more powerful incitement to any undertaking, than the hope of filling their imagination with new images, of clearing their doubts, and enlightening their reaſon.

WHEN Jaſon, in Valerius Flaccus, would incline the young prince Acaſtus to accom⯑pany him in the firſt eſſay of navigation, he diſperſes his apprehenſions of danger by re⯑preſentations of the new tracts of earth and heaven which the expedition would ſpread before their eyes; and tells him with what grief he will hear at their return, of the coun⯑tries which they ſhall have ſeen, and the toils which they have ſurmounted.

[122] Acaſtus was ſoon prevailed upon by his curi⯑oſity to ſet rocks and hardſhips at defiance, and commit his life to the winds; and the ſame motives have in all ages had the ſame effect upon thoſe whom the deſire of ſame or wiſ⯑dom has diſtinguiſhed from the lower orders of mankind.

IF therefore it can be proved that diſtreſs is neceſſary to the attainment of knowledge, and that a happy ſituation hides from us ſo large a part of the field of meditation, the envy of many who repine at the fight of af⯑fluence and ſplendor will be much diminiſh⯑ed; for ſuch is the delight of mental ſuperio⯑rity, that none on whom nature or ſtudy have conferred it, would purchaſe the gifts of fortune by its loſs.

IT is certain, that however the rhetorick of Seneca may have dreſſed adverſity with ex⯑trinſick ornaments, he has juſtly repreſented it as affording ſome opportunities of ob⯑ſervation, which cannot be found in conti⯑nual ſucceſs; he has truly aſſerted, that to eſcape misfortune is to want inſtruction, and that to live at eaſe is to live in ignorance.

[123] As no man can enjoy happineſs without thinking that he enjoys it, the experience of calamity is neceſſary to a juſt ſenſe of better fortune; for the good of our preſent ſtate is merely comparative, and the evil which eve⯑ry man feels will be ſufficient to diſturb and harraſs him if he does not know how much he eſcapes. The luſtre of diamonds is invi⯑gorated by the interpoſition of darker bo⯑dies; the lights of a picture are heightened by the ſhades. The higheſt pleaſure which nature has indulged to ſenſitive perception, is that of reſt after fatigue; yet that ſtate which labour heightens into delight is with⯑out it only eaſe, and is incapable of ſatisfy⯑ing the mind without the ſuperaddition of diverſified amuſements.

PROSPERITY, as is truly aſſerted by Sene⯑ca, very much obſtructs the knowledge of ourſelves. No man can form a juſt eſtimate of his own powers by unactive ſpeculation. That fortitude which has encountered no dangers, that prudence which has ſurmount⯑ed no difficulties, that integrity which has been attacked by no temptations, can at beſt [124] be conſidered but as gold not yet brought to the teſt, of which therefore the true value cannot be aſſigned. He that traverſes the liſts without an adverſary, may receive, ſays the philoſopher, the reward of victory, but he has no pretenſions to the honour. If it be the high⯑eſt happineſs of man to contemplate himſelf with ſatisfaction, and to receive the gratula⯑tions of his own conſcience, he whoſe cou⯑rage has made way amidſt the turbulence of oppoſition, and whoſe vigour has broken through the ſnares of diſtreſs, has many ad⯑vantages over theſe that have ſlept in the ſhades of indolence, and whoſe retroſpect of time can entertain them with nothing but day riſing upon day, and year gliding after year.

EQUALLY neceſſary is ſome variety of for⯑tune to a nearer inſpection of the manners principles and affections of mankind. Prin⯑ces, when they would know the opinions or grievances of their ſubjects, find it ne⯑ceſſary to ſteal away from the grandeur of guards and attendants, and mingle on equal terms among the people. To him who is known to have the power of doing good [125] or harm; nothing is ſhown in its natural form. The behaviour of all that approach him is regulated by his humour, their narra⯑tives are adapted to his inclination, and their reaſonings determined by his opinions, what⯑ever can alarm ſuſpicion, or excite reſent⯑ment is carefully ſuppreſſed, and nothing ap⯑pears but uniformity of ſentiments and ar⯑dor of affection. It may be obſerved, that the unvaried complaiſance which ladies have the right of exacting, keeps them generally unſkilled in human nature; Proſperity will always enjoy the female prerogatives, and therefore muſt be always in danger of female ignorance. Truth is ſcarcely to be heard but by thoſe from whom it can ſerve no intereſt to conceal it, and the true motives of con⯑duct will be only ſhewn when the mind acts in its natural ſtate, without any impediment from hope or fear.

NUMB. 151. TUESDAY, Auguſt 27, 1751.

THE writers of medicine and phyſiology have traced with great appearance of accuracy, the effects of time upon the hu⯑man body, by marking the various periods of the conſtitution, and the ſeveral ſtages by which animal life makes its progreſs from in⯑fancy to decrepitude. Though their obſer⯑vations have not enabled them to diſcover how manhood may be accelerated, or old age retarded, yet ſurely if they be conſidered only as the amuſements of curioſity, they are of equal importance with conjectures on things more remote, with catalogues of the fixed ſtars, and calculations of the bulk of planets.

IT had been a taſk worthy of the moral philoſophers to have conſidered with equal [127] care the climactericks of the mind; to have pointed out the time at which every paſſion begins and ceaſes to predominate, and noted the regular variations of deſire, and the ſuc⯑ceſſion of one appetite to another.

THE periods of mental change are not to be ſtated with equal certainty: Our bodies grow up under the care of nature, and depend ſo lit⯑tle on our own management, that ſomething more than negligence is neceſſary to diſcom⯑poſe their ſtructure, or impede their vigour. But our minds are committed in a great meaſure firſt to the direction of others and afterwards of ourſelves. It would be diffi⯑cult to protract the weakneſs of infancy be⯑yond the uſual time, but the mind may be very eaſily hindered from its ſhare of im⯑provement, and the bulk and ſtrength of manhood muſt, without the aſſiſtance of edu⯑cation and inſtruction, be informed only with the underſtanding of a child.

YET amidſt all the diſorder and inequality which variety of diſcipline, example, con⯑verſation, and employment produce in the intellectual advances of different men, there is ſtill diſcovered by a vigilant ſpectator ſuch a [128] general and remote ſimilitude as may be ex⯑pected in the ſame common nature affected by external circumſtances indefinitely varied. We all enter the world in equal ignorance, gaze round about us on the ſame objects, and have our firſt pains and pleaſures, our firſt hopes and fears, our firſt averſions and de⯑ſires from the ſame cauſes; and though as we proceed farther, life opens wider proſpects to our view, and accidental impulſes determine as to different paths, yet as every mind, how⯑ever vigorous or abſtracted, is neceſſitated in its preſent ſtate of union to receive its infor⯑mations, and execute its purpoſes by the in⯑tervention of the body, the uniformity of our corporeal nature communicates itſelf to our intellectual operations; and thoſe whoſe abilities or knowledge incline them moſt to deviate from the general round of life, are recalled from their excentricity by the laws of their exiſtence.

IF we conſider the exerciſes of the mind, it will be found that in each part of life ſome particular faculty is more eminently employ⯑ed. When the treaſures of knowledge are firſt opened before us, while novelty blooms [129] alike on either hand, and every thing equally unknown and unexamined ſeems of equal value, the power of the ſoul is principally ex⯑erted in a vivacious and deſultory curioſity. She applies by turns to every object, enjoys it for a ſhort time, and flies with equal ardor to another. She delights to catch up looſe and unconnected ideas, but ſtars away from ſyſtems and complications which would ob⯑ſtruct the rapidity of her tranſitions, and de⯑tain her long in the ſame purſuit.

WHEN a number of diſtinct images are col⯑lected by theſe erratick and haſty ſurveys, the fancy is buſied in arranging them; and com⯑bines them into pleaſing pictures with more reſemblance to the realities of life as expe⯑rience advances, and new obſervations recti⯑fy the former. While the judgment is yet uninformed and unable to compare the draughts of fiction with their originals, we are delighted with improbable adventures, impracticable virtues, and inimitable charac⯑ters: But in proportion, as we have more opportunities of acquainting ourſelves with living nature, we are ſooner diſguſted with copies in which there appear, no reſemblance. [130] We firſt diſcard abſurdity and impoſſibility, then exact greater and greater degrees of pro⯑bability, but at laſt become cold and inſenſi⯑ble to the charms of falſhood, however ſpe⯑cious, and from the imitation of truth which are never perfect, transfer our affection to truth itſelf.

NOW commences the reign of judg⯑ment or reaſon; we begin to find little pleaſure, but in comparing arguments, ſta⯑ting propoſitions, diſentangling perplexities, clearing ambiguities, and deducing conſe⯑quences. The painted vales of imagination are deſerted, and our intellectual activity is exerciſed in winding through the labyrinths of fallacy, and toiling with firm and cauti⯑ous ſteps up the narrow tracks of demonſtra⯑tion. Whatever may lull vigilance, or miſ⯑lead attention is contemptuouſly rejected, and every diſguiſe in which error may be con⯑cealed, is carefully obſerved, till by degrees a certain number of inconteſtable or unſuſ⯑pected propoſitions are eſtabliſhed, and at laſt concatenated into arguments, or com⯑pacted into ſyſtems.

[131] At length wearineſs ſucceeds to labour, and the mind lies at eaſe in the contempla⯑tion of her own attainment; without any de⯑ſire of new conqueſts or excurſions. This is the age of recollection and narrative; the opinions are ſettled, and the avenues of ap⯑prehenſion ſhut againſt any new intelligence; the days that are to follow muſt paſs in the inculcation of precepts already collected, and aſſertion of tenets already received; nothing is henceforward ſo odious as oppoſition, ſo inſolent as doubt, or ſo dangerous as noveity.

IN like manner the paſſions uſurp the ſepa⯑rate command of the ſucceſſive periods of life. To the happineſs of our firſt years nothing more ſeems neceſſary than free⯑dom from reſtraint: Every man may remem⯑ber that if he was left to himſelf, and indulged in the diſpoſal of his own time, he was once content without the ſuperaddition of any ac⯑tual pleaſure. The new world is itſelf a ban⯑quet, and till we have exhauſted the freſh⯑neſs of life, we have always about us ſuffici⯑ent gratiſications: The ſunſhine quickens us to play, and the ſhade invites us to ſleep.

[132] BUT we ſoon become unſatisfied with ne⯑gative felicity, and are ſolicited by our ſenſes and appetites to more powerful delights, as the taſte of him who has ſatisfied his hunger muſt be excited by artificial ſtimulations. The ſimplicity of natural amuſement is now paſt, and art and contrivance muſt improve our pleaſures; but in time art like nature is ex⯑hauſted, and the ſenſes can no longer ſupply the cravings of the intellect.

THE attention is then transferred from pleaſure to intereſt, in which pleaſure is per⯑haps included, though diffuſed to a wider extent, and protracted through new grada⯑tions. Nothing now dances before the eyes but wealth and power, nor rings in the ear but the voice of fame; wealth, to which, however variouſly denominated, every man at ſome time or other aſpires, power, which all wiſh to obtain within their circle of action, and fame, which no man, however high or mean, however wiſe or ignorant, was yet able to deſpiſe. Now prudence and foreſight exert their influence: No hour is devoted wholly to any preſent enjoyment, no act or [133] purpoſe terminates in itſelf, but every motion is referred to ſome diſtant end; the accom⯑pliſhment of one deſign begins another, and the ultimate wiſh is always puſhed off to its former diſtance.

AT length fame is obſerved to be uncertain, and power to be dangerous; the man whoſe vigour and alacrity begin to forſake him, by degrees contracts his deſigns, remits his former multiplicity of perſuits, and extends no longer his regard to any other honour than the repu⯑tation of wealth, or any other influence than its power. Avarice is generally the laſt paſſion of thoſe lives of which the firſt part has been ſquandered in pleaſure, and the ſecond devoted to ambition. He that ſinks under the fatigue of getting wealth, lulls his age with the milder buſineſs of ſaving it.

I HAVE in this view of life conſidered men as actuated only by natural deſires, and yielding to their own inclinations without regard to ſuperior principles by which the force of ex⯑ternal agents may be counteracted, and the temporary prevalence of paſſions reſtrained. Nature will indeed always operate, human [134] deſires will be always ranging from one object to another; but theſe motions though very powerful are not reſiſtleſs; nature may be regu⯑lated, and deſires governed; and to contend with the predominance of ſucceſſive paſſions, to be endangered firſt by one affection, and then by another, is the condition upon which we are to paſs our time, the time of our pre⯑paration for that ſtate which ſhall put an end to experiment, to diſappointment, and to change.

NUMB. 152. SATURDAY, Auguſt 31, 1751.

"IT was the wiſdom, ſays Seneca, of antient times, to conſider what is moſt uſeful as moſt illuſtrious." If this rule be obſerved with regard to works of genius, ſcarcely any ſpecies of compoſition deſerves more to be cultivated than the epiſtolary ſtile, ſince none is of more various or frequent uſe, through the wholeſubordination of human life.

IT has yet happened that among the nume⯑rous Writers which our nation has produced, [135] equal perhaps always in force and genius, and of late in elegance and accuracy to thoſe of any other country, very few have endeavoured to diſtinguiſh themſelves by the publication of letters, except ſuch as were written in the diſcharge of publick truſts, and during the tranſaction of great affairs, which though they afford precedents to the miniſter, and memo⯑rials to the hiſtorian, are of no uſe as ex⯑amples of the familiar ſtile, or models of private correſpondence.

IF it be enquired by foreigners how this deficiency has happened in the literature of a country, where all indulge themſelves with ſo little danger in ſpeaking and writing, may we not without either bigotry or arrogance inform them, that it muſt be imputed to our con⯑tempt of trifles, and our due ſenſe of the dig⯑nity of the publick? We do not think it reaſonable to fill the world with volumes from which nothing can be learned, nor expect that the employments of the buſy, or the amuſe⯑ments of the gay, ſhould give way to nar⯑ratives of our private affairs, complaints of abſence, expreſſions of fondneſs, or declara⯑tions of fidelity.

[136] A SLIGHT peruſal of the innumerable letters by which the wits of France have ſignalized their names, will prove that other nations need not be diſcouraged from the like attempts by the conciouſneſs of inability; for ſurely it is not very difficult to aggravate trifling misfortunes, to magnify familiar incidents, repeat adulatory profeſſions, accumulate ſervile hyperboles, and produce all that can be found in the deſpicable remains of Voiture and Scarron.

YET as much of life muſt be paſſed in affairs conſiderable only by their frequent occurrence, and much of the pleaſure which our condition allows muſt be produced by giving elegance to trifles, it is neceſſary to learn how to become little without becoming mean, to maintain the neceſſary intercourſe of civility, and fill up the vacuities of action by agreeable appearances. It had therefore been of advantage if ſuch of our writers as have excelled in the art of decorating inſigni⯑ficance, had ſupplied us with a few ſallies of innocent gaiety, effuſions of honeſt tender⯑neſs, or exclamations of unimportant hurry.

[137] PRECEPT has generally been poſterior to performance. The art of compoſing works of genius has never been taught but by the example of thoſe who performed it by natural vigour of imagination, and rectitude of judg⯑ment. As we have few letters, we have like⯑wiſe few criticiſms upon the epiſtolary ſtile. The obſervations with which Walſh has in⯑troduced his pages of inanity are ſuch as give him little claim to the rank aſſigned him by Dryden among the criticks. Letters, ſays he, are intended as reſemblances of converſation, and the chief excellencies of converſation are good humour and good breeding. This remark, equally valuable for its novelty and propriety, he dilates and enforces with an appearance of compleat acquieſcence in his own diſcovery.

NO Man was ever in doubt about the moral qualities of a letter. It has been always known that he who endeavours to pleaſe muſt appear pleaſed, and he who would not provoke rude⯑neſs muſt not practiſe it. But the queſtion among thoſe who eſtabliſh rules for an epiſto⯑lary performance is how gaiety or civility may be properly expreſſed, as among the criticks [138] in hiſtory it is not conteſted whether truth ought to be preſerved, but by what mode of diction it is beſt adorned.

AS letters are written on all ſubjects, in all ſtates of mind, they cannot be properly reduced to ſettled rules, or deſcribed by any ſingle characteriſtic; and we may ſafely diſentangle our minds from critical embarraſ⯑ments, by determining that a letter has no peculiarity but its form, and that nothing is to be refuſed admiſſion which would be pro⯑per in any other method of treating the ſame ſubject. The qualities of the epiſtolary ſtile moſt frequently required are eaſe and ſimpli⯑city, an even flow of unlaboured diction, and an artleſs arrangement of obvious ſentiments. But theſe directions are no ſooner applied to uſe, than their ſeantineſs and imperfection became evident. Letters are written to the great and to the mean, to the learned and the ignorant, at reſt and in diſtreſs, in ſport and in paſſion. Nothing can be more improper than eaſe and laxity of expreſſion, when the importance of the ſubject impreſſes ſolicitude, or the dignity of the perſon exacts reverence.

[139] THAT letters ſhould be written with ſtrict conformity to nature is true, becauſe nothing but conformity to nature can make any com⯑poſition beautiful or juſt. But it is natural to depart from familiarity of language upon occa⯑ſions not familiar: Whatever elevates the ſen⯑timents will conſequently raiſe the expreſſion; whatever fills us with hope or terror will pro⯑duce ſome perturbation of images, and ſome figurative diſtortions of phraſe. Wherever we are ſtudious to pleaſe we are afraid of truſting our firſt thoughts, and endeavour to recommend our opinion by ſtudied ornaments, accuracy of method, and elegance of ſtile.

IF the perſonages of the comick ſcene, be allowed by Horace to raiſe their language in the tranſports of anger to the turgid vehe⯑mence of tragedy, the epiſtolary writer may likewiſe without cenſure comply with the varieties of his matter. If great events are to be related, he may with all the ſolemnity of an hiſtorian, deduce them from their cauſes, connect them with their concomitants, and trace them to their conſequences. If a diſ⯑puted poſition is to be eſtabliſhed, or a remote [140] principle to be inveſtigated, he may detail his reaſonings with all the nicety of ſyllogiſtick method. If a menace is to be averted, or a benefit implored, he may without any viola⯑tion of the edicts of criticiſm call every power of rhetorick to his aſſiſtance, and try every inlet at which love or pity enters the heart.

LETTERS that have no other end than the entertainment of the correſpondent are more properly regulated by critical precepts, becauſe the matter and ſtile are equally arbitrary, and rules are more neceſſary, as there is larger power of choice. In letters of this kind, ſome conceive art graceful, and others think negli⯑gence amiable; ſome model them by the ſon⯑net, and will allow them no means of delighting but the ſoft lapſe of calm melli⯑fluence; others adjuſt them by the epigram, and expect pointed ſentences and forcible periods. The one party conſiders exemption from faults as the height of excellence, the other looks upon neglect of excellence as the moſt diſguſting fault; one avoids cenſure, the other aſpires to praiſe; one is always in danger of inſipidity, the other continually on the brink of affectation.

[141] WHEN the ſubject has no intrinſick dignity it muſt neceſſarily owe its attractions to arti⯑ficial embelliſhments, and may catch at all advantages which the art of writing can ſupply. He that, like Pliny, ſends his friend a portion for his daughter, will without Pliny's elo⯑quence or addreſs, find means of exciting gratitude, and ſecuring acceptance; but he that has no preſent to make but a garland, a rib⯑bon, or ſome petty curioſity, muſt endeavour to recommend it by his manner of giving it.

THE purpoſe for which letters are written when no intelligence is communicated, or buſineſs tranſacted, is to preſerve in the minds of the abſent either love or eſteem; to excite love we muſt impart pleaſure, and to raiſe eſteem we muſt diſcover abilities. Pleaſure will generally be given, as abilities are diſplayed by ſcenes of imagery, points of conceit, unex⯑pected ſallies and artful compliments. Trifles always require exuberance of ornament; the building which has no ſtrength can be valued only for the grace of its decorations. The pebble muſt be poliſhed with care, which hopes to be valued as a diamond; and words ought ſurely to be laboured when they are intended to ſtand for things.

NUMB. 153. TUESDAY, September 3, 1751.

NUMB. 154. SATURDAY, Sept. 7, 1751.

THE direction of Ariſtotle to thoſe that ſtudy politicks, is, firſt to examine and underſtand what has been written by the antients upon government; then to caſt their eyes round upon the world, and conſi⯑der by what cauſes the proſperity of commu⯑nities is viſibly influenced, and why ſome are worſe and others better adminiſtered.

THE ſame method muſt be purſued by him who hopes to become eminent in any other part of knowledge. The firſt taſk is to ſearch books, the next to contemplato nature. He muſt firſt poſſeſs himſelf of the intellectual treaſures which the diligence of former ages has accumulated, and then endeavour to en⯑creaſe them by his own collections.

[154] THE mental diſeaſe of the preſent gene⯑ration, is impatience of ſtudy, contempt of the great maſters of antient wiſdom, and a diſpoſition to rely wholly upon unaſſiſted genius and natural ſagacity. The wits of theſe happy days have diſcovered a way to fame, which the dull caution of our labori⯑ous anceſtors durſt never attempt; they cut the knots of ſophiſtry which it was formerly the buſineſs of years to untie; find them⯑ſelves enabled to ſolve all difficulties by ſud⯑den irradiations of intelligence, and compre⯑hend long proceſſes of argument by imme⯑diate intuition.

MEN who have flattered themſelves into this opinion of their own abilities, look down on all who waſte their lives over books, as a race of inferior beings condemned by na⯑ture to perpetual pupillage, qualified for no higher employment than that of propaga⯑ting opinions implicitly received, and fruitleſly endeavouring to remedy their bar⯑renneſs by inceſſant cultivation, or ſuc⯑cour their feebleneſs by ſubſidiary ſtrength. They preſume that none would be more in⯑duſtrious [155] than they if they were not more ſenſible of deficiencies, and readily con⯑clude, that he who places no confidence in his own powers, owes his modeſty only to his weakneſs.

IT is however certain that no eſtimate is more in danger of erroneous calculations than thoſe by which a man computes the force of his own genius. It generally happens at our entrance into the world, that by the natural attraction of ſimilitude, we aſſociate with men like ourſelves young, ſprightly, and ig⯑norant, and rate our accompliſhments by compariſon with theirs; when we have once obtained an acknowledged ſuperiority over our acquaintances, a warm imagination and ſtrong deſire eaſily extend it over the reſt of mankind, and if no accident forces us into new emulations, we grow old and die in admiration of ourſelves.

VANITY, thus confirmed in her domini⯑on, readily liſtens to the voice of idleneſs, and ſooths the ſlumber of life with continual dreams of excellence and greatneſs. A man elated by confidence in his natural vigour [156] of fancy and ſagacity of conjecture, ſoon concludes that he already poſſeſſes whatever toil and enquiry can confer. He then liſtens with eagerneſs to the wild objections which folly has raiſed againſt the common means of improvement; talks of the dark chaos of indigeſted knowledge; deſcribes the miſchie⯑vous effects of heterogenous ſciences fermen⯑ting in the mind; relates the blunders of lettered ignorance; expatiates on the hero⯑ick merit of thoſe who deviate from the tracks of preſcription, or ſhake off the ſhackles of authority; and gives vent to the inflations of his heart by declaring that he owes no⯑thing to pedants and univerſities.

ALL theſe pretenſions, however confident, are very often vain. The laurels which ſu⯑perficial acuteneſs gains from triumphs over ignorance unſupported by vivacity, are ob⯑ſerved by Locke to be loſt whenever real lear⯑ning and rational diligence appear againſt her; the ſallies of gaiety are ſoon repreſſed by calm confidence, and the artifices of ſubtilty are readily detected by thoſe who having careful⯑ly ſtudied the queſtion, are not eaſily con⯑founded or ſurpriſed.

[157] BUT though the contemner of books, had neither been deceived by others nor himſelf, and was really born with a genius ſurpaſſing the ordinary abilities of mankind; yet ſurely ſuch gifts of providence may be more pro⯑perly urged as incitements to labour, than encouragements to negligence. He that ne⯑glects the culture of ground, naturally ſer⯑tile, is more ſhamefully culpable than he whoſe field would ſcarcely recompence his huſbandry.

CICERO remarks, that not to know what has been tranſacted in former times is to con⯑tinue always a child. If we make no uſe of the labours of our anceſtors the world muſt remain always in the infancy of knowledge. The diſcoveries of every man muſt termi⯑nate in his own advantage, and the ſtudies of every age be employed on queſtions which the paſt generation had diſcuſſed and determi⯑ned. We may with as little reproach make uſe of the ſciences as the manufactures of our anceſtors; and it is as rational to live in caves till our own hands have erected a pa⯑lace, as to reject all knowledge of architecture, which our underſtandings will not ſupply.

[158] TO the ſtrongeſt and quickeſt mind it is far eaſier to learn than to invent. The prin⯑ciples of arithmetick and geometry may be comprehended by a cloſe attention in a few days; yet who can flatter himſelf that the ſtudy of a long life would have enabled him to diſcover them, when he ſees them yet un⯑known to ſo many nations, whom he cannot ſuppoſe leſs liberally endowed with natural reaſon, than the Grecians or Egyptians?

EVERY ſcience was thus far advanced to⯑wards perfection, by the emulous diligence of contemporary ſtudents, and the gradual diſcoveries of one age improving on another. Sometimes unexpected flaſhes of inſtruc⯑tion were ſtruck out by the fortuitous colli⯑ſion of happy incidents, or an involuntary concurrence of ideas, in which the philoſo⯑pher to whom they happened had no other merit than that of knowing their value, and tranſmitting unclouded to poſterity that light which had been kindled by cauſes out of his power. The happineſs of theſe caſual illu⯑minations no man can promiſe to himſelf, becauſe no endeavours can procure them; [159] and therefore, whatever be our abilities or ap⯑plication, we muſt ſubmit to learn from others what perhaps would have lain hid for ever from human penetration, had not ſome re⯑mote enquiry brought it to view; as trea⯑ſures are thrown up by the ploughman and the digger in the rude exerciſe of their com⯑mon occupations.

THE man whoſe genius qualifies him for great undertakings, muſt at leaſt be content to learn from books the preſent ſtate of hu⯑man knowledge; that he may not aſcribe to himſelf the invention of arts generally known; weary his attention with experiments of which the event has been long regiſtered; and waſte, in attempts which have already ſuc⯑ceeded or miſcarried, that time which might have been ſpent with uſefulneſs and honour upon new undertakings.

BUT though the ſtudy of books is neceſſa⯑ry, it is not ſufficient to conſtitute literary eminence. He that wiſhes to be counted a⯑mong the benefactors of poſterity, muſt add by his own toil to the acquiſitions of his an⯑ceſtors, and ſecure his memory from neglect [160] by ſome valuable improvement. This can only be effected by looking out upon the waſtes of the intellectual world, and extend⯑ing the power of learning over regions yet undiſciplined and barbarous; or by ſurvey⯑ing more exactly her antient dominions, and driving ignorance from the fortreſſes and re⯑treats where ſhe ſkulks undetected and undiſ⯑turbed. Every ſcience has its difficulties which yet call for ſolution before we attempt new ſyſtems of knowledge; as every coun⯑try has its foreſts and marſhes, which it would be wiſe to cultivate and drain, before diſtant colonies are projected as a neceſſary diſcharge of the exuberance of inhabitants.

NO man ever yet became great by imita⯑tion. Whatever hopes for the veneration of mankind muſt have invention in the deſign or the execution; either the effect muſt it⯑ſelf be new, or the means by which it is produced. Either truths hitherto unknown muſt be diſcovered, or thoſe which are alrea⯑dy known enforced by ſtronger evidence, fa⯑cilitated by clearer method, or elucidated by brighter illuſtrations.

[161] Fame cannot ſpread wide or endure long that is not rooted in nature, and manured by art. That which hopes to reſiſt the blaſt of malignity, and ſtand firm againſt the attacks of time, muſt contain in itſelf ſome original principle of growth. The reputation which ariſes from the detail or tranſpoſition of bor⯑rowed ſentiments may ſpread for a while, like ivy on the rind of antiquity, but will be torn away by accident or contempt, and ſuf⯑fered to rot unheeded on the ground.

NUMB. 155. TUESDAY, September, 10, 1751.

NO weakneſs of the human mind has more frequently incurred animadver⯑ſion, than the negligence with which men overlook their own faults, however flagrant, and the eaſineſs with which they pardon them, however frequently repeated.

IT ſeems generally believed, that, as the eye cannot ſee itſelf, the mind has no facul⯑ties [162] by which it can contemplate its own ſtate, and that therefore we have not means of be⯑coming acquainted with our real characters; an opinion, which, like innumerable other poſtulates, an enquirer finds himſelf inclined to admit upon very little evidence, becauſe it affords a ready ſolution of many diffi⯑culties. It will explain why the greateſt abi⯑lities frequently fail to promote the happineſs of thoſe who poſſeſs them; why thoſe who can diſtinguiſh with the utmoſt nicety the boundaries of vice and virtue, ſuffer them to be confounded in their own conduct; why the active and vigilant reſign their affairs im⯑plicitly to the management of others; and why the cautious and fearful make hourly approaches towards ruin without one ſigh of ſolicitude or ſtruggle for eſcape.

WHEN a poſition teems thus with com⯑modious conſequences, who can without re⯑gret confeſs it to be falſe? Yet it is certain that the pleaſure of wantoning in flowery pe⯑riods, and the pride of ſwelling with airy de⯑clamation has produced a diſpoſition to de⯑ſcribe the dominion of the paſſions as extend⯑ed beyond the limits that nature has aſſigned. [163] Self-love is often rather arrogant than blind; it does not hide our faults from our⯑ſelves, but perſuades us, that they eſcape the notice of others, and diſpoſes us to reſent cenſures leſt we ſhould confeſs them to be juſt, and to claim honours that in our opi⯑nion we do not merit. We are ſecretly con⯑ſcious of defects and vices which we hope to conceal from the publick eye, and pleaſe ourſelves with the ſucceſs of innumerable im⯑poſtures, by which, in reality, no body is deceived.

IN proof of the dimneſs of our internal ſight, or the general inability of man to de⯑termine rightly concerning his own charac⯑ter, it is common to urge the ſucceſs of the moſt abſurd and incredible flattery, and the reſentment which is always raiſed by advice, however ſoft, benevolent, and reaſonable. But flattery, if its operation be nearly exa⯑mined, will be found to owe its acceptance not to our ignorance but knowledge of our failures, and to delight us rather as it conſoles our wants than diſplays our poſſeſſions. He that ſhall ſolicit the favour of his patron by praiſing him for qualities which he can find [164] in himſelf, will always be defeated by the more daring panegyriſt who enriches him with adſcititious excellence, and plunders antiquity, for the decoration of his name. Juſt praiſe is only a debt, but flattery is a preſent. The acknowledgement of thoſe vir⯑tues on which conſcience congratulates us, is a tribute that we can at any time exact with confidence, but the celebration of thoſe which we only feign, or deſire without any vigo⯑rous endeavours to attain them, is received as a confeſſion of ſovereignty over regions that we never conquered, as a favourable deciſion of diſputable claims, and is more welcome as it is more gratuitous.

ADVICE is generally offenſive, not becauſe it lays us open to unexpected regret, or con⯑victs us of any fault which had eſcaped our notice, but becauſe it ſhows us that we are known to others as well as to ourſelves, that our artifices of hypocriſy have been detected, or that the fear of our reſentment has loſt its influence; and the officious monitor is perſe⯑cuted with hatred, not becauſe his accuſation is conſidered as falſe, but becauſe he aſſumes that ſuperiority which we are not willing to [165] grant him, and has dared to detect what we deſired to conceal.

For this reaſon advice is commonly inef⯑fectual. If thoſe who follow the call of their deſires, without enquiry whither they are go⯑ing, had deviated ignorantly from the paths of wiſdom, and were ruſhing upon dangers unforeſeen, they would readily liſten to in⯑formation that recals them from their errors, and catch the firſt alarm by which deſtruction or infamy is denounced. Few that wander in the wrong way miſtake it for the right; they only find it more ſmooth and flowery, and indulge their own choice rather than ap⯑prove it, therefore few are perſuaded to quit it by admonition or reproof, ſince it im⯑preſſes no new conviction nor confers any powers of action or reſiſtance. He that is gravely informed how ſoon profuſion will an⯑nihilate his fortune, hears with little advan⯑tage what he knew before, and catches at the next occaſion of expence, becauſe ad⯑vice has no force to ſuppreſs his vanity. He that is told how certainly intemperance will hurry him to the grave, runs with his uſual ſpeed to a new courſe of luxury, becauſe his [166] reaſon is not invigorated, nor his appetite weakened.

THE miſchief of flattery is that of ſuppreſ⯑ſing the influence of honeſt ambition, by an opinion that honour may be gained without the toil of merit; and the benefit of advice ariſes commonly from the diſcovery which it affords of the publick ſuffrages. He that could withſtand conſcience, is frighted at in⯑famy, and ſhame prevails when reaſon was defeated.

AS we all know our own faults, and know them generally with many aggravations which human perſpicacity cannot diſcover, there is, perhaps, no man, however hardened by im⯑pudence or diſſipated by levity, ſheltered by hypocriſy, or blaſted by diſgrace, who does not intend ſome time to review his conduct, and to regulate the remainder of his life by the laws of virtue. New temptations indeed attack him, new invitations are of⯑fered by pleaſure and intereſt, and the hour of reformation is always delayed; every delay gives vice another opportunity of fortifying itſelf by habit; and the change of [167] manners, though ſincerely intended and rati⯑onally planned, is referred to the time when ſome craving paſſion ſhall be fully gratified, or ſome powerful allurement ceaſe its impor⯑tunity.

THUS procraſtination is accumulated on procraſtination, and one impediment ſucceeds another, till age ſhatters our reſolution, or death intercepts the project of amendment. Such is often the end of ſalutary purpo⯑ſes, after they have long delighted the ima⯑gination, and appeaſed that diſquiet which every mind feels from known miſconduct, when the attention is not diverted by buſineſs or by pleaſure.

NOTHING ſurely can be more unworthy of a reaſonable nature, than to continue in a ſtate ſo oppoſite to real happineſs, as that all the peace of ſolitude, and felicity of medita⯑tion, muſt ariſe from reſolutions of forſa⯑king it. Yet the world will often afford opportunities of obſerving men, who paſs months and years in a continual war with their own convictions, and are daily drag⯑ged by habit or betrayed by paſſion into [168] practices, which they cloſed and opened their eyes with purpoſes to avoid; purpoſes to avoid; purpoſes which though ſettled on conviction, the firſt im⯑pulſe of momentary deſire totally overthrows.

THE influence of cuſtom is indeed ſuch that to conquer it will require the utmoſt ef⯑forts of fortitude and virtue, nor can I think any man more worthy of veneration and re⯑nown, than thoſe who have burſt the ſhac⯑kles of habitual vice. This victory is more heroick as the objects of guilty gratification are more familiar, and the recurrence of ſoli⯑citation more frequent. He that from expe⯑rience of the folly of ambition reſigns his offices of power, ſets himſelf free at once from temptation to ſquander his life in courts, becauſe he cannot regain his former ſtation. He who is enſlaved by an amorous paſſion, may quit his tyrant in diſguſt, and abſence will without the help of reaſon overcome by degrees the deſire of returning. But thoſe appetites to which every place affords their proper object, and which require no pre⯑paratory meaſures or gradual advances, are more tenaciouſly adheſive; the wiſh is ſo near the enjoyment, that compliance often [169] precedes conſideration, and before the pow⯑ers of reaſon can be ſummoned the time for employing them is paſt.

INDOLENCE is therefore one of the vices from which thoſe whom it once infects are ſeldom reformed. Every other ſpecies of luxury operates upon ſome appetite that is quickly ſatiated, and requires ſome concur⯑rence of art or accident which every place will not ſupply; but the deſire of eaſe acts e⯑qually at all hours, and the longer it is in⯑dulged is the more encreaſed. To do nothing is in every man's power; we can never want an opportunity of omitting duties. The lapſe to indolence is ſoft and imperceptible, becauſe it is only a mere ceſſation of activity, but the return to diligence is difficult, becauſe it implies a change from reſt to motion, from privation to reality.

IT might perhaps be uſeful to the conqueſt of all theſe enſnarers of the mind if at cer⯑tain [170] ſtated days life was reviewed. Ma⯑ny things neceſſary are omitted, becauſe we vainly imagine that they may be always per⯑formed, and what cannot be done without pain will for ever be delayed if the time of doing it be left unſettled. No corruption is great but by long negligence, which can ſcarcely prevail in a mind regularly and fre⯑quently awakened by periodical remorſe. He that thus breaks his life into parts, will find in himſelf a deſire to diſtinguiſh every ſtage of his exiſtence by ſome improvement, and delight himſelf with the approach of the day of recollection, as of the time which is to [...] a new ſeries of virtue and felicity.

NUMB. 156. SATURDAY, September 14, 1751.

EVERY government, ſay the politicians, is perpetually degenerating towards cor⯑ruption, from which it muſt be reſcued at certain periods by the reſuſcitation of its firſt principles, and the re-eſtabliſhment of its o⯑riginal conſtitution. Every animal body, ac⯑cording [171] to the methodick phyſicians, is by the predominance of ſome exuberant quality continually declining towards diſeaſe and death, which muſt be obviated by a ſeaſona⯑ble reduction of the peccant humour to the juſt equipoiſe which health requires.

IN the ſame manner the ſtudies of man⯑kind, all at leaſt which not being ſubject to rigorous demonſtration admit the influence of fancy and caprice, are perpetually tending to error and confuſion. Of the great princi⯑ples of truth which the firſt ſpeculatiſts diſco⯑vered, the ſimplicity is embarraſſed by ambi⯑tious additions, or the evidence obſcured by inaccurate argumentation; and as they de⯑ſcend from one ſucceſſion of writers to ano⯑ther, like light tranſmitted from room to room, they loſe their ſtrength and ſplen⯑dor, and fade at laſt in total evaneſcence.

THE ſyſtems of learning therefore muſt be ſometimes reviewed, complications analiſed into principles, and knowledge diſentangled from opinion. It is not always poſſible, with⯑out a cloſe inſpection, to ſeparate the genuine ſhoots of conſequential reaſoning, which [172] grow out of ſome radical poſtulate, from the branches which art has engrafted on it. The accidental preſcriptions of authority, when time has procured them veneration, are often confounded with the laws of nature, and thoſe rules are ſuppoſed coeval with reaſon, of which the firſt riſe cannot be diſcovered.

CRITICISM has ſometimes permitted fancy to dictate the laws by which fancy ought to be reſtrained, and fallacy to perplex the prin⯑ciples by which fallacy is to be detected, her ſuperintendance of others has betray⯑ed her to negligence of herſelf; and like the antient Scythians, by extending her con⯑queſts over diſtant regions, ſhe has loſt her throne vacant to her ſlaves.

AMONG the laws which the deſire of extending authority, or ardour of promo⯑ting knowledge, has prompted men of diffe⯑rent abilities to preſcribe, all which writers have received, had not the ſame original right to our regard. Some are to be conſidered as fundamental and indiſpenſable, others only as uſeful and convenient; ſome as dictated by reaſon and neceſſity, others as enacted by deſ⯑potick [173] antiquity; ſome as invincibly ſupport⯑ed by their conformity to the order of na⯑ture and operations of the intellect; others as formed by accident, or inſtituted by ex⯑ample, and therefore always liable to diſ⯑pute and alteration.

THAT many rules have been advanced without conſulting nature or reaſon, we can⯑not but ſuſpect, when we find it perempto⯑rily decreed by the antient maſters, that only three ſpeaking perſonages ſhould appear at once upon the ſtage, a law which, as the variety and intricacy of modern plays has made it impoſ⯑ſible to be obſerved, we now violate without ſcruple, and as experience proves without inconvenience.

THE original of this precept was merely accidental. Tragedy was a monody or toli⯑tary ſong in honour of Bacchus, improved af⯑terwards into a dialogue by the addition of another ſpeaker; but the antients remember⯑ing that the tragedy was at firſt pronounced only by one, durſt not for ſome time venture beyond two; at laſt when cuſtom and impu⯑nity had made them daring, they extended [174] their liberty to the admiſſion of three, but re⯑ſtrained themſelves by a critical edict from further exorbitance.

BY what accident the number of acts was limited to five, I know not that any author has informed us; but certainly it is not de⯑termined by any neceſſity ariſing either from the nature of action or propriety of exhi⯑bition. An act is only the repreſentation of ſuch a part of the buſineſs of the play as pro⯑ceeds in an unbroken tenor, or without any intermediate pauſe. Nothing is more evi⯑dent than that of every real, and by conſe⯑quence of every dramatick action, the inter⯑vals may be more or fewer than five; and in⯑deed the rule is upon the Engliſh ſtage every day broken in effect, without any other miſ⯑chief than that which ariſes from an abſurd endeavour to obſerve it in appearance. When the ſeene is ſhifted the act ceaſes, ſince ſome time is neceſſarily ſuppoſed to elapſe while the perſonages of the drama change their place.

WITH no greater right to our obedience have the criticks confined the dramatic ac⯑tion [175] to a certain number of hours. proba⯑bility requires that the time of action ſhould approach ſomewhat nearly to that of exhibition, and thoſe plays will always be thought moſt happily conducted which croud the greateſt variety into the leaſt ſpace. But ſince it will frequently happen that ſome de⯑luſion muſt be admitted, I know not where the limits of imagination can be fixed. It is rarely obſerved that minds not propoſſeſſed by mechanical criticiſm feel any offence from the extenſion of the intervals between the acts; not can I conceive it abſurd or im⯑poſſible, that he who can multiply three hour, into twelve or twenty-four, might image with equal eaſe a greater number.

I KNOW not whether he that profeſſes to regard no other laws than thoſe of nature, will not be inclined to receive tragi-comedy to his protection, whom, however generally condemned, her own laurels have hitherto ſhaded from the ſulminations of criticiſm. For what is there in the mingled drama which impartial reaſon can condemn? the connex⯑on of important with trivial incidents, ſince it is not only common but perpetual in the [176] world, may ſurely be allowed upon the ſtage, which pretends only to be the mirrour of life. The impropriety of ſuppreſſing paſſi⯑ons before we have raiſed them to the inten⯑ded agitation, and of diverting the expecta⯑tion from an event which we keep ſuſpended only to raiſe it, may be ſpeciouſly urged. But will not experience ſhew this objection to be rather ſubtle than juſt? is it not cer⯑tain that the tragic and comic affections have been moved alternately with equal force, and that no plays have oftner filled the eye with tears and the breaſt with palpitation, than thoſe which are variegated with inter⯑ludes of mirth?

I DO not however think it ſafe to judge of works of genius merely by the event. Theſe reſiſtleſs viciſſitudes of the heart, this alternate prevalence of merriment and ſolem⯑nity may ſometimes be more properly aſ⯑cribed to the vigour of the writer than the juſtneſs of the deſign: And inſtead of vin⯑dicating tragi-comedy by the ſucceſs of Shake⯑ſpear, we ought perhaps to pay new honours to that tranſcendent and unbounded genius that could preſide over the paſſions in ſport; [177] who to actuate the affections, needed not the ſlow gradation of common means, but could fill the heart with inſtantaneous jollity or ſorrow, and vary our diſpoſition as he chang⯑ed his ſcenes. Perhaps the effects even of Shakeſpear's poetry might have been yet great⯑er, had he not counter-acted himſelf; and we might have been more intereſted in the diſtreſſes of his heroes had we not been ſo frequently diverted by the jokes of his buf⯑foons.

THERE are other rules more fixed and ob⯑ligatory. It is neceſſary that of every play the chief action ſhould be ſingle; for ſince a play repreſents ſome tranſaction, through its regular maturation to its final event, two actions equally important muſt evidently con⯑ſtitute two plays.

AS the deſign of tragedy is to inſtruct by moving the paſſions, it muſt always have a hero, a perſonage apparently and inconteſta⯑bly ſuperior to the reſt, upon whom the at⯑tention may be fixed and the anxiety ſuſ⯑pended. For though if two perſons oppo⯑ſing each other with equal abilities and equal [178] virtue, the auditor will inevitably in time chooſe his favourite, yet as that choice muſt be without any cogency of conviction, the hopes or fears which it raiſes will be faint and languid. Of two heroes acting in con⯑federacy againſt a common enemy, the vir⯑tues or dangers will give little emotion, be⯑cauſe each claims our concern with the ſame right, and the heart lies at reſt between equal motives.

IT ought to be the firſt endeavour of a writer to diſtinguiſh nature from cuſtom, or that which is eſtabliſhed becauſe it is right, from that which is right only becauſe it is eſtabliſhed; that he may neither violate eſ⯑ſential principles by a deſire of novelty, nor debar himſelf from the attainment of beau⯑ties within his view by a needleſs fear of breaking rules which no literary dictator had authority to enact.

NUMB. 157. TUESDAY, Sept. 17, 1751.

NUMB. 158. SATURDAY, Sept. 21, 1751.

CRITICISM, though dignified from the earlieſt ages by the labours of men eminent for knowledge and ſagacity, and, ſince the revival of polite literature, the fa⯑vourite ſtudy of European ſcholars, has not yet attained the certainty and ſtability of ſci⯑ence. The rules hitherto received, are ſel⯑dom drawn from any ſettled principle or ſelf-evident poſtulate, or adapted to the na⯑tural and invariable conſtitution of things; but will be found upon examination the ar⯑bitrary edicts of legiſlators authoriſed only by themſelves, who out of various means by which the ſame end may be attained, ſelected ſuch as happened to occur to their own re⯑flection, and then by a law which idleneſs and timidity were too willing to obey, prohibi⯑ted new experiments of wit, reſtrained fancy from the indulgence of her innate inclina⯑tion to hazard and adventure, and condemn⯑ed all future flights of genius to purſue the path of the Meonian eagle.

[189] THE authority claimed by criticks may be more juſtly oppoſed, as it is apparently de⯑rived from them whom they endeavour to controul; for we owe few of the rules of writing to the acuteneſs of thoſe by whom they are delivered, nor have they generally any other merit than that having read the works of great authors with attention, they have obſerved the arrangement of their matter, or the graces of their expreſſion, and then expected honour and reverence for precepts which they never could have invented: So that practice has introduced rules, rather than rules have directed practice.

FOR this reaſon the laws of every ſpecies of writing have been ſettled by the ideas of him who firſt raiſed it to reputation, with⯑out enquiry whether his performances were not yet ſuſceptible of improvement. The ex⯑cellencies and faults of celebrated writers have been equally recommended to poſterity; and ſo far has blind reverence prevailed, that even the number of their books has been thought worthy of imitation.

[190] THE imagination of the firſt authors of lyrick poetry was vehement and rapid, and their knowledge various and extenſive; living in an age when ſcience had been little culti⯑vated, and when the minds of their auditors not being accuſtomed to accurate inſpection, were eaſily dazzled by glaring ideas, they ap⯑plied themſelves to inſtruct, rather by ſhort ſentences and ſtriking thoughts than by re⯑gular argumentation; and finding attention more ſucceſsfully excited by ſudden ſallies and unexpected exclamations, than by the more artful and placid beauties of methodical deduction, they looſed their genius to its own courſe, paſſed from one ſentiment to another without expreſſing the intermediate ideas, and roved at large over the ideal world with ſuch lightneſs and agility that their footſteps are ſcarcely to be traced.

FROM this accidental peculiarity of the an⯑tient writers the criticks deduce the rules of lyrick poetry, which they have ſet free from all the laws by which other compoſi⯑tions are confined, and allow to neglect the niceties of tranſition, to ſtart into remote di⯑greſſions, and to wander without reſtraint from one ſcene of imagery to another.

[191] A WRITER of later times has by the viva⯑city of his eſſays, reconciled mankind to the ſame licentiouſneſs in ſhort diſſertations; and he therefore who wants ſkill to form a plan or diligence to purſue it, needs only entitle his performance an eſſay, to acquire the right of heaping together the collections of half his life, without order, coherence, or propriety.

IN writing, as in life, faults are endured without diſguſt when they are aſſociated with tranſcendent merit, and may be ſometimes recommended to weak judgments by the luſtre which they obtain from their union with ex⯑cellence; but it is the buſineſs of thoſe who preſume to ſuperintend the taſte or morals of mankind, to ſeparate illuſive combinations, and diſtinguiſh that which may be praiſed from that which can only be excuſed. As vi⯑ces never promote happineſs, though when overpowered by more active and more nu⯑merous virtues they cannot totally deſtroy it; ſo confuſion and irregularity produce no beau⯑ty, though they cannot always obſtruct the brightneſs of genius and learning. To pro⯑ceed from one truth to another, and connect [192] diſtant propoſitions by regular conſequences is the great prerogative of man. Indepen⯑dent and unconnected ſentiments flaſhing up⯑on the mind in quick ſucceſſion may for a time delight by their novelty, but they differ from ſyſtematical reaſoning, as ſingle notes from harmony, as glances of lightening from the radiance of the ſun.

WHEN rules are thus drawn, rather from precedents than reaſon, there is danger not only from the faults of an author but from the errors of thoſe who criticiſe his works; ſince they may often miſlead their pupils by falſe repreſentations as the Ciceronians of the ſixteenth century were betrayed into bar⯑bariſms by corrupt copies of their darling writer.

IT is eſtabliſhed at preſent, that the proemial lines of a poem, in which the general ſubject is propoſed, muſt always be void of glitter and embelliſhment. "The firſt lines of Pa⯑radiſe Loſt," ſays Addiſon, "are perhaps as plain, ſimple and unadorned as any of the whole poem, in which particular the author has conformed himſelf to the ex⯑ample [193] of Homer and the Precept of Ho⯑race."

THIS obſervation ſeems to have been made by an implicit adoption of the common opi⯑nion without conſideration either of the pre⯑cept or example. Had Horace been conſult⯑ed, he would have been found to direct only what ſhould be compriſed in the propo⯑ſition, not how it ſhould be expreſſed, and to have commended Homer in oppoſition to a meaner poet, not for the gradual elevation of his diction, but the judicious expanſion of his plan, for diſpla [...]ing impromiſed events, not for producing unexpected elegancies.

IF the exordial lines of Homer be compa⯑red with the reſt of the poem, they will not appear remarkable for plainneſs or ſimplici⯑ty, but rather eminently adorned and illumi⯑nated. ‘ [...] [194] [...]’

THE firſt verſes of the Iliad are in like man⯑ner particularly ſplendid, and the propoſition of the Eneid cloſes with dignity and magnifi⯑cence not often to be found even in the poe⯑try of Virgil.

THE Intent of the introduction is to raiſe expectation and ſuſpend it, ſomething there⯑fore muſt be diſcovered and ſomething con⯑cealed; and the poet while the fertility of his invention is yet unknown, may properly re⯑commend himſelf by the grace of his lan⯑guage.

HE that reveals too much or promiſes too little, he that never irritates the intellectual appetite, or that immediately ſatiates it, e⯑qually defeats his own purpoſe. It is neceſ⯑ſary [195] to the pleaſure of the reader, that the e⯑vents ſhould not be anticipated, and how then can his attention be invited, but by grandeur of expreſſion?

NUMB. 159. TUESDAY, September 24, 1751.

THE imbecillity with which Verecundulus complains that the preſence of a nume⯑rous aſſembly freezes his faculties, is particu⯑larly incident to the ſtudious part of mankind, whoſe education neceſſarily ſecludes them in their earlier years from mingled converſe, till at their diſmiſſion from ſchools and acade⯑mies they plunge at once into the tumult of the world, and coming forth from the gloom of ſolitude are overpowered by the blaze of publick life.

IT is perhaps kindly provided by nature that, as the feathers and ſtrength of a bird grow together, and her wings are not com⯑pleted [196] till ſhe is able to fly, ſo ſome propor⯑tion ſhould be preſerved in the human kind between judgment and courage; the precipi⯑tation of inexperience is therefore reſtrained by ſhame, and we remain ſhackled by timi⯑dity, till we have learned to ſpeak and act with propriety.

I BELIEVE few can review the days of their youth, without recollecting tempta⯑tions, which ſhame, rather than virtue, ena⯑bled them to reſiſt; and opinions which, however haſtily conceived and negligently examined, however erroneous in their prin⯑ciples, and dangerous in their conſequences, they have a thouſand times panted to advance at the hazzard of contempt and hatred, when they found themſelves irreſiſtibly depreſſed amidſt their eagerneſs and confidence, by a languid anxiety which ſeized them at the mo⯑ment of utterance, and ſtill gathered ſtrength from their endeavours to reſiſt it.

IT generally happens that aſſurance keeps an even pace with ability, and the fear of miſcarriage, which hinders our firſt attempts, is gradually diſſipated as our ſkill advances [197] towards certainty of ſucceſs. That baſhful⯑neſs therefore which prevents diſgrace, that ſhort and temporary ſhame which ſecures us from the danger of laſting reproach, cannot be properly counted among our misfortunes.

BASHFULNESS, however it may incom⯑mode for a moment, ſcarcely ever produces evils of long continuance; it may fluſh the cheek, flutter in the heart, deject the eyes, and enchain the tongue, but its miſchiefs ſoon paſs off without remembrance. It may ſometimes exclude pleaſure, but ſeldom opens any avenue to ſorrow or remorſe. It is ob⯑ſerved ſomewhere, that few have repented of having forborn to ſpeak.

TO excite oppoſition and inflame male⯑volence is the unhappy privilege of courage made arrogant by conſciouſneſs of ſtrength. No man finds in himſelf any inclination to attack or oppoſe him who confeſſes his ſupe⯑riority by bluſhing in his preſence. Quali⯑ties excited with apparent fearfulneſs, re⯑ceive applauſe from every voice, and ſupport from every hand. Diſſidence may check re⯑ſolution and obſtruct performance, but com⯑penſates [198] its embarraſſments by more impor⯑tant advantages, it conciliates the proud, and ſoftens the ſevere, averts envy from excel⯑lence, and cenſure from miſcarriage.

IT may indeed happen that knowledge and virtue remain too long congealed by this frigoriſick power, as the principles of vegeta⯑tion are ſometimes obſtructed by lingering froſts. He that enters late into a publick ſtation, though with all the abilities requiſite to the diſcharge of his duty, will find his pow⯑ers at firſt impeded by a timidity which he himſelf knows to be vitious, and muſt ſtruggle long againſt dejection and reluctance before he obtains the full command of his own attention, and adds the gracefulneſs of eaſe to the dignity of merit.

FOR this diſeaſe of the mind, I know not whether any remedies of much efficacy can be found. To adviſe a man unaccuſtomed to the eyes of multitudes to mount a tribunal without perturbation, to tell him whoſe life has paſſed in the ſhades of contemplation, that he muſt not be diſconcerted or perplexed in receiving and returning the compliments [199] of a ſplendid aſſembly, is to adviſe an inha⯑bitant of Braſil or Sumatra, not to ſhiver at an Engliſh winter, or him who has al⯑ways lived upon a plain to look from a precipice without emotion. It is to ſuppoſe cuſtom inſtantaneouſly controlable by reaſon, and to endeavour to communicate by pre⯑cept that which only time and habit can be⯑ſtow.

HE that hopes by philoſophy and contem⯑plation alone to fortify himſelf againſt that awe which all at their firſt appearance on the ſtage of life, muſt feel from the ſpectators, will, at the hour of need, be mocked by his reſolution; and I doubt whether the preſer⯑vatives which Plato relates Alcibiades to have received from Socrates, when he was about to ſpeak in publick, proved ſufficient to ſecure him from the powerful faſcination.

YET as the effects of time may by art and induſtry be accelerated or retarded, it can⯑not be improper to conſider by what motives to confidence and firmneſs this troubleſome inſtinct may be oppoſed when it exceeds its juſt proportion, and inſtead of repreſſing pe⯑tulance [200] and temerity ſilences eloquence, and debilitates force. Since though it cannot be hoped that anxiety ſhould be immediately diſlipated, it may be at leaſt ſomewhat aba⯑ted; and the paſſions will neceſſarily operate with leſs violence, when reaſon riſes againſt them, than while ſhe either ſlumbers in neu⯑trality, or, miſtaking her intereſt lends them her aſſiſtance.

No cauſe more frequently produces baſh⯑fulneſs than too high an opinion of our own importance. He that imagines an aſſem⯑bly filled with ideas of his genius, panting with expectation, and huſhed with attention, eaſily terrifies himſelf with the dread of diſ⯑appointing them, and ſtrains his imagination in purſuit of ſomething worthy of their no⯑tice; ſomething that may vindicate the vera⯑city of fame, and ſhow that his reputation was not gained by chance. He conſiders, that what he ſhall ſay or do will never be forgotten; that renown or infamy are ſuſ⯑penced upon every ſyllable, and that no⯑thing ought to fall from him which will not bear the teſt of time. Under ſuch ſolicitude, who can wonder that the [...] is overwhel⯑med, [201] and by ſtruggling with attempts above her ſtrength, quickly ſinks into languiſhment and deſpondency.

THE moſt uſeful medicines are often u⯑pleaſing to the taſte. Thoſe who are op⯑preſſed by their own reputation, will perhaps not be comforted by hearing that their cares are unneceſſary. But the truth is, that no man is much regarded by the reſt of the world, except where the intereſt of others is involved in his fortune. He that conſi⯑ders how little he dwells upon the condi⯑tion of others, will learn how little the attention of others is attracted by himſelf. While we ſee multitudes paſſing before us, of whom perhaps not one appears to deſerve our notice, or excites our ſympathy, we ſhould remember, that we likewiſe are loſt in the ſame throng, that the eye which hap⯑pens to glance upon us is turned in a mo⯑ment on him that follows us, and that the ut⯑moſt which we can reaſonably hope or fear is to fill a vacant hour with prattle and be forgotten.

NUMB. 160. SATURDAY, Sept. 28, 1751.

"THE world," ſays Locke, "has peo⯑ple of all ſorts." As in the general hurry produced by the ſuperfluities of ſome, and neceſſities of others, no man needs to ſtand ſtill for want of employment, ſo in the innumerable gradations of ability, and endleſs varieties of ſtudy and incli⯑nation, no employment can be vacant for want of a man qualified to diſcharge it.

SUCH is probably the natural ſtate of the univerſe, but it is ſo much deformed by in⯑tereſt and paſſion, that the benefit of this adaptation of men to things is not always perceived. The folly of thoſe who ſet their ſervices to ſale, inclines them to boaſt of qualifications which they do not poſſeſs, and to attempt buſineſs which they do not un⯑derſtand; and they who have the power of aſſigning to others the taſk of life, are ſel⯑dom honeſt or ſeldom happy in their nomi⯑nations. [203] Patrons are ſometimes corrupted by avarice, and ſometimes cheated by credu⯑lity; ſometimes overpowered by reſiſtleſs ſo⯑licitation, and ſometimes too ſtrongly influ⯑enced by the honeſt prejudices of friendſhip, or the prevalence of virtuous compaſſion. For, whatever cool reaſon may direct, it is not eaſy for a man of tender and ſcrupulous goodneſs to overlook the immediate effect of his own actions by turning his eyes upon their remoter conſequences, and to do that which muſt give preſent pain, for the ſake of obviating ſome evil yet unfelt, or ſecu⯑ring ſome advantage in time to come. What is diſtant is in itſelf obſcure, and, when we have no deſire to ſee it, eaſily eſcapes our notice or takes ſuch a form as deſire or ima⯑gination beſtows upon it; and he whoſe hopes and fears are buſy in his heart will ſoon find ſome method of accommodating futurity to his ſchemes.

EVERY man might for the ſame reaſon in the multitudes that ſwarm about him, find ſome kindred mind with which he could u⯑nite in confidence and friendſhip; yet we ſee many ſtraggling ſingle about the world, [204] unhappy for want of an aſſociate, and pining with the neceſſity of confining their ſen⯑timents to their own boſoms.

THIS inconvenience ariſes in like man⯑ner from ſtruggles of the will againſt the un⯑derſtanding. It is not often difficult to find a ſuitable companion if every man would be content with ſuch as he is qualified to pleaſe. But if vanity tempts him to forſake his rank and poſt himſelf among thoſe with whom no common intereſt or mutual plea⯑ſure can ever unite him, he muſt always live in a ſtate of unſocial ſeparation, with⯑out tenderneſs and without truſt.

THERE are many natures which can ne⯑ver approach within a certain diſtance, and which when any irregular motive impe [...] them towards contact, ſeem to ſtart back from each other by ſome invincible repulſion. There are others which immediately cohere whenever they come into the reach of mu⯑tual attraction, and with very little forma⯑lity of preparation mingle intimately as ſoon as they meet. Every man whom either bu⯑ſineſs or curioſity has thrown at large into [205] the world, will recollect many inſtances of fondneſs and diſlike, which have forced them⯑ſelves upon him without the intervention of his Judgment; of diſpoſitions, to court ſome and avoid others, when he could aſſign no reaſon for the preference, or none ade⯑quate to the violence of his paſſions; of in⯑fluence that acted inſtantaneouſly upon his mind, and which no arguments or perſuaſi⯑ons could ever overcome.

AMONG thoſe with whom time and inter⯑courſe have made us familiar, we feel our affections divided in different proportions without much regard to moral or intellectu⯑al merit. Every man knows ſome whom he cannot induce himſelf to truſt, though he has no reaſon to ſuſpect that they would betray him; thoſe to whom he cannot com⯑plain though he never obſerved them to want compaſſion; thoſe in whoſe preſence he ne⯑ver can be gay though excited by a thouſand invitations to mirth and freedom; and thoſe from whom he cannot be content to receive inſtruction, though they never inſul⯑ted his ignorance by contempt or oſtenta⯑tion.

[206] THAT much regard is to be had to thoſe inſtincts of kindneſs and diſlike, or that rea⯑ſon ſhould blindly follow them, I am far from intending to inculcate. It is very cer⯑tain that by indulgence we may give them ſtrength which they have not from nature, and almoſt every example of ingratitude and treachery proves that by obeying them we may commit our happineſs to thoſe who are very unworthy of ſo great a truſt. But it may deſerve to be remarked, that ſince few contend much with their inclinations, it is generally vain to ſolicit the good will of thoſe whom we perceive thus involuntarily alienated from us; neither knowledge nor virtue will reconcile antipathy, and though officiouſneſs may for a time be admitted, and diligence applauded, they will at laſt be diſmiſſed with coldneſs or diſcouraged by neglect.

SOME have indeed an occult power of ſtealing upon the affections, of exciting u⯑niverſal benevolence, and diſpoſing every heart to fondneſs and friendſhip. But this is a felicity granted only to the favourites of [207] nature. The greater part of mankind find a different reception from different diſpoſitions; they ſometimes obtain unexpected careſſes and diſtinctions from thoſe whom they never flattered with any uncommon regard, and ſometimes exhauſt all their arts of pleaſing without effect. To theſe it is neceſſary to look round with vigilance, and attempt every breaſt in which they find virtue ſufficient for the foundation of friendſhip; to enter into the crowd and try whom chance will offer to their notice till they fix on ſome temper congenial to their own, as the magnet rolled in the duſt collects the fragments of its kindred metal from a thouſand particles of other ſubſtances.

EVERY man muſt have remarked the fa⯑cility with which the kindneſs of others is ſometimes gained by thoſe to whom he never could have imparted his own. We are by our occupations, education and habits of life divided almoſt into different ſpecies, which regard one another for the moſt part with ſcorn and malignity. Each of theſe claſſes of the human race has deſires, fears, and converſation, vexations and merriment peculiar to itſelf; cares which another can⯑not feel; pleaſures which he cannot partake; [208] and modes of expreſſing every ſenſation which he cannot underſtand. That frolick which ſhakes one man with laughter will convulſe another with indignation; the ſtrain of jocularity which in one place obtains treats and patronage, would in another be heard with indifference, and in a third with ab⯑horrence.

TO raiſe eſteem we muſt benefit others, to procure love we muſt pleaſe them. A⯑riſtotle, that great maſter of human nature obſerves, that old men do not readily form friendſhips, becauſe they are not eaſily ſuſ⯑ceptible of pleaſure. He that can contribute to the hilarity of the vacant hour, or par⯑take with equal guſt the favourite amuſe⯑ment, he whoſe mind is employed on the ſame objects, and who therefore never har⯑raſſes the underſtanding with unaccuſtomed ideas, will be always welcomed with ardour, and left with regret, unleſs he deſtroys thoſe advantages by faults with which peace and ſecurity cannot conſiſt.

HE therefore that would gain a patron muſt adopt his inclination; but the greateſt [209] part of human pleaſures approach ſo nearly to the borders of vice, that few who make the delight of others their rule of conduct are able to avoid ſuch compliances as vir⯑tue cannot approve; yet certainly he that purchaſes favour by proſtitution miſtakes his own intereſt, ſince he gains friendſhip by means, for which his friend, if ever he be⯑comes wiſe, muſt ſcorn him, and for which at laſt he muſt ſcorn himſelf.

NUMB. 161. TUESDAY, October 1, 1751.

NUMB. 162. SATURDAY, October 5, 1751.

ONE of the complaints uttered by Mil⯑ton's Sampſon, in the anguiſh of blind⯑neſs, is, that he ſhall paſs his life under the direction of others; that he cannot regulate his conduct by his own knowledge, but muſt lie at the mercy of thoſe who undertake to guide him.

THERE is no ſtate more contrary to the dignity of wiſdom than perpetual and unli⯑mited dependence, in which the underſtand⯑ing lies uſeleſs, and every motion is received from external impulſe. Reaſon is the great diſtinction of human nature, the faculty by which we approach to ſome degree of aſſo⯑ciation with celeſtial intelligences; but as the excellence of every power appears only [220] in its operations, not to have reaſon, and to have it uſeleſs and unemployed, is nearly the ſame.

SUCH is the weakneſs of man that the eſ⯑ſence of things is ſeldom ſo much regarded as external and accidental appendages. A ſmall variation of trivial circumſtances, a ſlight change of form by an artificial dreſs, or a caſual difference of appearance by a new light and ſituation will conciliate affecti⯑on or excite abhorrence, and determine us to purſue or to avoid. Every man conſi⯑ders a neceſſity of compliance with any will but his own, as the loweſt ſtate of igno⯑miny and meanneſs; few are ſo far loſt in cowardice or negligence as not to rouſe at the firſt inſult of tyranny, and exert all their force againſt him who uſurps their property, or invades any priviledge of ſpeech or acti⯑on. Yet we often ſee thoſe who never wanted ſpirit to repel encroachment or op⯑poſe violence, at laſt by a gradual relaxation of vigilance, delivering up, without capitu⯑lation, the fortreſs which they defended a⯑gainſt aſſault, and laying down unbidden the weapons which they graſped the harder [221] for every attempt to wreſt them from their hands. Men eminent for ſpirit and wiſ⯑dom often reſign themſelves to voluntary pupillage, and ſuffer their lives to be mo⯑delled by officious ignorance, and their choice to be regulated by preſumptuous ſtupidity.

THIS unreſiſting acquieſcence in the de⯑termination of others may be the conſe⯑quence of application to ſome ſtudy remote from the beaten track of life, ſome employ⯑ment which does not allow leiſure for ſuffi⯑cient inſpection of thoſe petty affairs, by which nature has decreed a great part of our duration to be filled. To a mind thus withdrawn from common objects it is more eligible to repoſe on the prudence of another than to be expoſed every moment to trivial inter⯑ruptions. The ſubmiſſion which ſuch con⯑fidence requires is paid without pain, becauſe it implies no conſeſſion of inferiority. The buſineſs from which we withdraw our cog⯑nizance, is not above our abilities, but be⯑low our notice. We pleaſe our pride with the effects of our influence thus weakly ex⯑erted, and fancy ourſelves placed in a higher orb, from which we regulate ſubordinate [222] agents by a ſlight and diſtant ſuperintendence. But, whatever vanity or abſtraction may ſug⯑geſt, no man can ſafely do that by others which might be done by himſelf; he that in⯑dulges negligence will quickly become igno⯑rant of his own affairs; and he that truſts without reſerve will at laſt be deceived.

IT is however impoſſible, but that as the attention tends ſtrongly towards one thing it muſt retire from another; and he that omits the care of domeſtick buſineſs becauſe he is engroſſed by enquiries of more impor⯑tance to mankind, has at leaſt the merit of ſuffering in a good cauſe. But there are ma⯑ny who can plead no ſuch extenuation of their folly; who ſhake off the burthen of their ſtation, not that they may ſoar with leſs encumbrance to the heights of knowledge or virtue, but that they may loiter at eaſe and ſleep in quiet; and who ſelect for friend⯑ſhip and confidence not the faithful and the virtuous, but the ſoft, the civil, and com⯑pliant.

THIS openneſs to flattery is the common diſgrace of declining life. When men feel [223] weakneſs encreaſing on them, they naturally deſire to reſt from the ſtruggles of contradic⯑tion, the fatigue of reaſoning, and the anxi⯑ety of circumſpection; when they are hourly tormented with pains and diſeaſes, they are unable to bear any new diſturbance, and conſider all oppoſition as an addition to miſe⯑ry, of which they feel already more than they can patiently endure. Thus deſirous of peace, and thus fearful of pain, the old man ſeldom enquires after any other qualities in thoſe whom he careſſes, than quickneſs in conjecturing his deſires, activity in ſupplying his wants, dexterity in intercepting com⯑plaints or remonſtrances before they approach near enough to diſturb him, flexibility to his preſent humour, ſubmiſſion to haſty petu⯑lance, and attention to weariſome narrations. By theſe arts alone many have been able to defeat the claims of kindred and of merit, and to enrich themſelves with preſents and legacies.

THRASYBULUS inherited a large fortune from his anceſtors, and augmented it by a marriage with an heireſs, and the revenues of ſeveral lucrative employments, which he [224] diſcharged with honour and dexterity. He was at laſt wiſe enough to conſider, that life ſhould not be devoted wholly to accumula⯑tion, and therefore reſigned his employments, and retiring to his eſtate, applied himſelf to the education of his children, and the culti⯑vation of domeſtick happineſs.

HE paſſed ſeveral years in this pleaſing a⯑muſement, and ſaw his care amply recompenſed; his daughters were celebrated for modeſty and elegance, and his ſons for learning, prudence and ſpirit. In time the eagerneſs, with which the neighbouring gentlemen courted his alli⯑ance, obliged him to reſign his daughters to other families; the vivacity and curioſity of his ſons, hurried them out of rural privacy into the open world, from whence they had not ſoon an inclination to return. This however was no more than he had always hoped; he pleaſed himſelf with the ſucceſs of his ſchemes, and felt no inconvenience from ſolitude till an apoplexy deprived him of his wife.

THRASYBULUS had now no compa⯑nion; and the maladies of encreaſing years [225] having taken from him much of the power of procuring amuſement for himſelf, he thought it neceſſary to procure ſome inferior friend, who might eaſe him of his economical ſolici⯑tudes, and divert him by chearful converſa⯑tion. He ſoon recollected all theſe qualities in Vafer, a clerk in one of the offices over which he had formerly preſided. Vafer was invited to viſit his old patron, and being by his ſtation neceſſarily acquainted with the preſent modes of life, and by conſtant prac⯑tice dexterous in buſineſs, entertained him with ſo many novelties, and ſo readily diſen⯑tangled his affairs, that his preſence was thought the principal conſtituent of happi⯑neſs; he was deſired to reſign his clerkſhip, and accept a liberal ſalary in the houſe of Thraſybulus.

VAFER having always lived in a ſtate of dependance, was well verſed in the arts by which favour is obtained, and being long ac⯑cuſtomed to repreſs all ſtarts of reſentment and ſallies of confidence, could without re⯑pugnance or heſitation accommodate himſelf to every caprice, adopt every opinion, and echo every aſſertion. He never doubted but [226] to be convinced, nor attempted oppoſition but to ſlatter Thraſybulus with the opinion of a victory. By this practice he found his way quickly into the heart of his patron, and ha⯑ving firſt made himſelf agreeable, ſoon be⯑came important. His inſidious diligence by which the lazineſs of age was gratified, ſoon engroſſed the management of affairs; and his warm profeſſions of kindneſs, petty offices of civility, and occaſional interceſſions, perſua⯑ded the tenants to conſider him as their friend and benefactor, to conſult him in all their ſchemes, and to entreat his enforcement of their repreſentations of hard years, and his countenance to petitions for abatement of rent.

THRASYBULUS has now banquetted on flattery, till he could no longer bear the harſhneſs of remonſtrance or the inſipidity of truth. All contrariety to his own opinion ſhocked him like a violation of ſome natural right, and all recommendation of his affairs to his own inſpection was dreaded by him as a ſummons to torture. His children were a⯑larmed by the ſudden riches of Vafer, but their complaints were heard by their father [227] with impatience, and their advice rejected with rage, as the reſult of a conſpiracy againſt his quiet, and a deſign to condemn him for their own advantage to groan out his laſt hours in perplexity and drudgery. The daughters retired with tears in their eyes, but the ſon continued his importunities till he found his inheritance hazarded by his obſtinacy. Vafer having thus triumphed over all their efforts, and continuing to confirm himſelf in autho⯑rity and encreaſe his acquiſitions, at the death of his maſter purchaſed an eſtate, and bad defiance to enquiry and juſtice.

NUMB. 163. TUESDAY, October 8, 1751.

NONE of the cruelties exerciſed by wealth and power upon indigence and dependance, is more miſchievous in its con⯑ſequences, or more frequently practiſed with wanton negligence, than the encouragement of expectations which are never to be grati⯑fied, [228] and the elation and depreſſion of the heart by needleſs viciſſitudes of hope and diſ⯑appointment.

EVERY man is rich or poor, according to the proportion between his deſires and enjoy⯑ments; any enlargement of wiſhes is there⯑fore equally deſtructive to happineſs with the diminution of poſſeſſion, and he that teaches another to long for what he never ſhall obtain, is no leſs an enemy to his quiet than if he had robbed him of part of his patri⯑mony.

BUT repreſentations thus refined exhibit no adequate idea of the guilt of pretended friendſhip; of artifices by which followers are attracted only to decorate the retinue of pomp, and ſwell the ſhout of popularity, and to be diſmiſſed with contempt and ignomony when their officiouſneſs is no longer uſeful, when their leader has ſucceeded or miſcar⯑ried, when he is ſick of ſhow and weary of noiſe. While a man, infatuated with the promiſes of greatneſs, waſtes his hours and days in attendance and ſolicitation, the ho⯑neſt opportunities of improving his condition [229] paſs by without his notice; he neglects to cultivate his own barren ſoil, becauſe he ex⯑pects every moment to be placed in regions of ſpontaneous fertility, and is ſeldom rouſed from his deluſion, but by the gripe of diſtreſs which he cannot reſiſt, and the ſenſe of evils which cannot be remedied.

THE puniſhment of Tantalus in the infer⯑nal regions affords a very juſt image of hun⯑gry ſervility, flattered with the approach of advantage, doomed to loſe it before it comes into his reach, always within a few days of felicity, and always ſinking back to his for⯑mer wants. ‘ [...]’ ‘[230] "I ſaw," ſays Homer's Ulyſſes, "the ſe⯑vere puniſhment of Tantalus. In a lake whoſe waters approached to his lips, he ſtood burning with thirſt, without the power to drink. Whenever he inclined his head to the ſtream ſome deity com⯑manded it to be dry, and the dark earth appeared at his feet. Around him lofty trees ſpread their fruits to view; the pear, the pomegranate, and the apple, the green olive, and the luſcious fig quivered be⯑fore him, which whenever he extended his hand to ſcize them, were ſnatched by the winds into clouds and obſcurity."’

THIS image of miſery was perhaps origi⯑nally ſuggeſted to ſome poet by the conduct of his patron, by the daily contemplation of ſplendor which he never muſt partake, by fruitleſs attempts to catch at interdicted hap⯑pineſs, and by the ſudden evaneſcence of his reward when he thought his labours almoſt at an end. To groan with poverty, when all about him was opulence, riot, and ſuper⯑fluity, and to find the favours which he had long been encouraged to hope, and had long endeavoured to deſerve, ſquandered at laſt on [231] nameleſs ignorance, was to thirſt with water flowing before him, and to ſee the fruits to which his hunger was haſtening, ſcattered by the wind. Nor can my correſpondent, what⯑ever he may have ſuffered, expreſs with more juſtneſs or force the vexations of depen⯑dance.

NUMB. 164. SATURDAY, October 12, 1751.

PRAISE and diſtinction are ſo pleaſing to the pride of man, that a great part of the pain and pleaſure of life ariſes from the [238] gratification or diſappointment of this in⯑ceſſant wiſh for ſuperiority, from the ſucceſs or miſcarriage of ſecret competitions, from victories and defeats of which none are con⯑ſcious except ourſelves.

PROPORTIONATE to the prevalence of this love of praiſe is the variety of means by which its attainment is attempted. Every man, however hopeleſs his pretenſions may appear to all but himſelf, has ſome project by which he hopes to riſe to reputation; ſome art by which he imagines that the notice of the world will be attracted; ſome quality, good or bad, which diſcriminates him from the common herd of mortals, and by which others may be perſuaded to love, or com⯑pelled to fear him. The aſcents of honour, however ſteep, never appear inacceſſible; he that deſpairs to ſcale the precipices by which valour and learning have conducted their fa⯑vourites, diſcovers ſome by-path, or eaſier acclivity, which, though it cannot conduct him to the ſummit, will yet enable him to overlook thoſe with whom he is now con⯑tending for eminence; and we ſeldom require more to the happineſs of the preſent hour, [239] than to ſurpaſs him that ſtands next before us.

AS the greater part of humankind ſpeak and act wholly by imitation, moſt of thoſe who aſpire to honour and applauſe propoſe to themſelves ſome example which ſerves as the model of their conduct, and the limit of their hopes. Almoſt every man if cloſely examined, will be found to have enliſted himſelf under ſome leader whom he expects to conduct him to renown; to have ſome hero or other, living or dead, perpetually in his view, whoſe character he endeavours to aſſume, and whoſe performances he labours to equal.

WHEN the original is well choſen and judiciouſly copied, the imitator often arrives at excellence, which he could never have at⯑tained without direction; for few are formed with abilities to diſcover new poſſibilities of excellence, and to diſtinguiſh themſelves by means never tried before.

BUT it frequently happens that folly and idleneſs contrive to gratify pride at a cheaper [240] rate; that not the qualities which are moſt illuſtrious, but thoſe which are of eaſieſt at⯑tainment are ſelected to be copied; and that the honours and rewards which public grati⯑tude has paid to the benefactors of mankind, are expected by wretches who can only imi⯑tate them in their vices and defects, or a⯑dopt ſome petty ſingularities of which thoſe from whom they are borrowed, were ſecretly aſhamed.

NO man riſes to ſuch height as to become conſpicuous, but he is on one ſide cenſured by undiſcerning malice, which reproaches him for his beſt actions and ſlanders his ap⯑parent and inconteſtable excellencies; and idolized on the other ſide by ignorant admi⯑ration, which exalts his faults and follies into virtues. It may be obſerved, that he by whoſe intimacy his acquaintances imagine themſelves dignified, generally diffuſes a⯑mong them his mien and his habits; and in⯑deed without more vigilance than is generally applied to the regulation of the minuter parts of behaviour, it is not eaſy when we con⯑verſe much with one whoſe general character excites our veneration, to eſcape all conta⯑gion [241] of his peculiarities, even when we do not deliberately think them worthy of our notice, and when they would have excited laughter or diſguſt had they not been protect⯑ed by their alliance to nobler qualities, and accidentally conſorted with knowledge or with virtue.

THE faults of a man loved or honoured, ſometimes ſteal ſecretly and imperceptibly upon the wiſe and virtuous, but by injudicious fondneſs or thoughtleſs vanity are often a⯑dopted with deſign and boaſted as reſemblan⯑ces of acknowledged merit. There is ſcarce any failing of mind or body, any error of opinion, or depravity of practice, which, in⯑ſtead of producing ſhame and diſcontent, its natural effects, has not at one time or other gladdened vanity with the hopes of praiſe, and been diſplayed with oftentatious induſ⯑try, by thoſe who ſought kindred minds among the wits of heroes, and could prove their re⯑lation only by ſimilitude of deformity.

IN conſequence of this perverſe ambition, every habit which reaſon condemns may be indulged and avowed. When a man is re⯑proached [242] for his faults, he may indeed be par⯑doned though not commended if he endeavours to run for ſhelter to ſome celebrated name; but it is not to be ſuffered that from the retreats to which he fled from infamy, he ſhould iſſue again with the confidence of conqueſt, and call upon mankind for praiſes and rewards. Yet we ſee men that waſte their patrimony in luxury, deſtroy their health with debau⯑chery, and enervate their minds with idle⯑neſs, becauſe there have been ſome whom luxury never could ſink into contempt, nor idleneſs hinder from the praiſe of genius.

THOSE who have ſo much perplexed their ideas as to claim reputation from vice or, fol⯑ly, mercly becauſe they have been ſometimes by uncommon genius or virtue preſerved from contempt, will ſcarcely be reclaimed; but this general inclination of mankind to copy characters in the groſs without diſcri⯑mination, and the force which the recom⯑mendation of illuſtrious examples adds to the allurements of vice, ought to be conſidered by all whoſe character excludes them from the ſhades of ſecrecy, as incitements to ſcru⯑pulous caution and univerſal purity of man⯑ners. [243] No man however enſlaved to his ap⯑petites, or hurried by his paſſions, can, while he preſerves his intellects unimpaired, pleaſe himſelf with promoting the corruption of o⯑thers. He whoſe merit has enlarged his in⯑fluence, would ſurely wiſh to exert it for the benefit of mankind. Yet ſuch will be the effect of his reputation while he ſuffers him⯑ſelf to indulge any favourite fault, that they who have no hope to reach his excellence, will catch at his ſailings, and his virtues will be cited to juſtify the copiers of his vices.

IT is particularly the duty of thoſe who conſign illuſtrious names to poſterity, to take care leſt their readers be miſled by ambiguous examples. That writer may be juſtly con⯑demned as an enemy to goodneſs who ſuffers his fondneſs or his intereſt to confound right with wrong, or to ſhelter the faults which e⯑ven the wiſeſt and the beſt have committed from that ignomony which guilt ought al⯑ways to ſuffer, and with which it ſhould be more deeply ſtigmatized when dignified by its neighbourhood to uncommon worth, ſince we ſhall be in danger of beholding it without abhorrence, unleſs its turpitude be laid open, [244] and the eye ſecured from the deception of ſurrounding ſplendor.

NUMB. 165. TUESDAY, October 15, 1751.

NUMB. 166. SATURDAY, October 19, 1751.

NO complaint has been more frequently repeated in all ages than that of the neglect of merit aſſociated with poverty, and the difficulty with which valuable or pleaſing qualities force themſelves into view, when they are obſcured by indigence. It has been long obſerved that native beauty has little power to charm without the ornaments which fortune beſtows, and that to want the favour of others is often ſufficient to hinder us from obtaining it.

EVERY day diſcovers that mankind are not yet convinced of their error, or that their conviction is without power to influence their conduct; for poverty ſtill continues to pro⯑duce contempt, and ſtill obſtructs the claims of kindred and of virtue. The eye of wealth is elevated towards higher ſtations, and ſel⯑dom deſcends to examine the actions of thoſe [255] who are placed below the level of its notice, and who in diſtant regions and lower ſituati⯑ons are ſtruggling with diſtreſs, or toiling for bread. Among the multitudes overwhelmed with inſuperable calamity, it is common to find thoſe whom a very little aſſiſtance would enable to ſupport themſelves with decency, and who yet cannot obtain from near rela⯑tions what they ſee hourly laviſhed in often⯑tation, luxury, or frolick.

IT is certain that poverty does not eaſily conciliate affection. He that has been con⯑fined from his infancy to the converſation of the loweſt claſſes of mankind, muſt neceſſa⯑rily want thoſe accompliſhments which are the uſual means of attracting kindneſs; and though truth, fortitude, and probity give an indiſputable right to reverence and kindneſs, they will not be diſtinguiſhed by common eyes unleſs they are brightened by elegance of manners, but are caſt aſide like unpoliſhed gems, of which none but the artiſt knows the intrinſick value, till their aſperities are ſmoothed and their incruſtations rubbed a⯑way.

[256] THE groſſneſs of vulgar habits ob⯑ſtructs the efficacy of virtue, as impurity and harſhneſs of ſtile impairs the force of reaſon, and rugged numbers turn off the mind from artifice of diſpoſition, and vigour of invention. Few have ſtrength of reaſon ſufficient to over-rule the perceptions of ſenſe; and yet fewer have ſo much curioſity or be⯑nevolence as to ſtruggle long againſt the firſt impreſſion; he therefore who fails to pleaſe in his ſalutation and addreſs is commonly rejec⯑ted without farther trial, and never obtains an opportunity of ſhowing his latent excel⯑lencies, or eſſential qualities.

IT is indeed not eaſy to preſcribe a ſucceſs⯑ſul manner of approach to the diſtreſſed or neceſſitous, whoſe condition ſubjects every kind of behaviour equally to miſcarriage. He whoſe confidence of merit meites him to meet without any apparent ſenſe of inſerio⯑rity the eyes of thoſe who flattered them⯑ſelves with their own dignity, is conſidered as an inſolent [...], impatient of the juſt prerogatives of rank and wealth, eager to u⯑ſurp the ſtation to when he [...], [257] and to confound the ſubordinations of ſocie⯑ty; and who would contribute to the exalta⯑tion of that ſpirit, which even want and cala⯑mity are not able to reſtrain from rudeneſs and rebellion?

BUT no better ſucceſs will commonly be found to attend ſervility and dejection, which often give pride the confidence to treat them with contempt. A requeſt made with diffi⯑dence and timidity is eaſily denied, becauſe the petitioner himſelf ſeems to doubt its fit⯑neſs.

KINDNESS is generally reciprocal; we are deſirous of pleaſing others becauſe we receive pleaſure from them; but by what means can the man pleaſe, whoſe attention is engroſſed by his diſtreſſes, and who has no leiſure to be officious; whoſe will is reſtrained by his neceſſities, and who has no power to confer benefits; whoſe temper is perhaps vitiated by miſery, and whoſe underſtanding is impeded by ignorance?

IT is yet a more offenſive diſcouragement, that the ſame actions performed by different [258] hands produce different effects, and inſtead of rating the man by his performances, we rate too frequently the performance by the man. It ſometimes happens in the combina⯑tions of life, that important ſervices are per⯑formed by inferiors; but though their zeal and activity may be paid by pecuniary re⯑wards, they ſeldom excite that flow of grati⯑tude, or obtain that accumulation of recom⯑pence with which all think it their duty to acknowledge the favour of thoſe who deſcend to their aſſiſtance from a higher elevation. To be obliged, is to be in ſome reſpect inferior to another; and few willingly in⯑dulge the memory of an action which raiſes one whom they have always been accuſtom⯑ed to think below them, but ſatisfy them⯑ſelves with faint praiſe and penurious pay⯑ment, and then drive it from their own minds and endeavour to conceal it from the knowledge of others.

IT may be always objected to the ſervices of thoſe who can be ſuppoſed to want a re⯑ward, that they were produced not by kind⯑neſs but intereſt; they are therefore, when they are no longer wanted, eaſily diſregarded [259] as arts of inſinuation, or ſtratagems of ſel⯑fiſhneſs, which it is juſt and prudent to diſ⯑countenance. Benefits which are received as gifts from wealth, are exacted as debts from indigence; and he that in a high ſtation is celebrated for his generoſity, would in a meaner condition have barely been confeſſed to have done his duty.

IT is ſearcely poſſible for the utmoſt bene⯑volence to oblige, when exerted under the diſadvantages of great inferiority, for by the habitual arrogance of wealth, ſuch expecta⯑tions are commonly formed as no zeal or in⯑duſtry can ſatisfy; and what regard can he hope, who has done leſs than was demanded from him?

THERE are indeed kindneſſes conferred which were never purchaſed by precedent fa⯑vours, and there is an affection not ariſing from gratitude or intereſt, by which ſimilar natures are attracted to each other, without proſpect of any other advantage than the pleaſure of exchanging ſentiments, and the hope of confirming their eſteem of them⯑ſelves by the approbation of each other. [260] But this ſpontaneous fondneſs ſeldom riſes at the ſight of poverty, which every one regards with habitual contempt, and of which the ap⯑plauſe is no more courted by vanity, than the countenance is ſolicited by ambition. The moſt generous and diſintereſted friend⯑ſhip muſt be reſolved at laſt into the love of ourſelves; he therefore whoſe reputa⯑tion or dignity inclines us to conſider his eſ⯑teem as a teſtimonial of deſert, will always find our hearts open to his endearments. We every day ſee men of eminence followed with all the obſequiouſneſs of dependance, and courted with all the blandiſhments of flattery, by thoſe who want nothing from them but profeſſions of regard, and who think themſelves liberally rewarded by a bow, a ſmile, or an embrace.

BUT thoſe prejudices which every mind feels more or leſs in favour of riches, ought like other opinions which only cuſtom and example have impreſſed upon us, to be in time ſubjected to reaſon. We muſt learn how to ſeparate the real character from extra⯑neous adheſions and caſual circumſtances, to conſider cloſely him whom we are about to [261] adopt or to reject; to regard his inclinations as well as his actions; to trace out thoſe vir⯑tues which lie torpid in the heart for want of opportunity, and thoſe vices that lurk un⯑ſeen by the abſence of temptation; that when we find worth faintly ſhooting in the ſhades of obſcurity, we may let in light and ſun⯑ſhine upon it, and ripen barren volition into efficacy and power.

NUMB. 167. TUESDAY, October 22, 1751.

NUMB. 168. SATURDAY, October 26, 1751.

IT has been obſerved by Boileau, that "a mean or common thought expreſſed in pompous diction, generally pleaſes more than a new or noble ſentiment delivered in low and vulgar language; becauſe the number is greater of thoſe whom cuſtom has enabled to judge of words, than whom ſtudy has qualified to examine Things."

THIS ſolution might ſatisfy, if ſuch only were offended with meanneſs of expreſſion as are unable to diſtinguiſh propriety of thought, and to ſeparate propoſitions or images from the vehicles by which they are conveyed to the underſtanding. But this kind of diſguſt is by no means confined to the ignorant or ſuper⯑ficial; it operates uniformly and univerſally upon readers of all claſſes; every man, how⯑ever [271] profound or abſtracted, perceives him⯑ſelf irreſiſtibly alienated by low terms, and they who profeſs the moſt zealous adherence to truth are forced to admit that ſhe owes part of her charms to her ornaments, and loſes much of her power over the ſoul, when ſhe appears diſgraced by a dreſs uncouth or ill-adjuſted.

WE are all offended by low terms, but are not pleaſed or diſguſted alike by the ſame com⯑poſitions, becauſe we do not all agree to cen⯑ſure the ſame terms as low. No word is naturally or intrinſically meaner than another; our notions therefore of words, as of other things arbitrarily and capriciouſly eſtabliſhed, depend wholly upon accident and cuſtom. The cottager thinks thoſe apartments ſplendid and ſpacious, which an inhabitant of palaces will deſpiſe for their inelegance; and to him who has paſſed moſt of his hours with the delicate and polite, many expreſſions will ſeem deſpicable and fordid, which another, equally acute and judicious may hear without offence; but a mean term never fails to diſpleaſe him to whom it appears mean, as poverty is cer⯑tainly and invariably deſpiſed, though he who [272] is poor in the opinion of ſome, may by others be envied for his wealth.

WORDS become low by the occaſions to which they are applied, or the general cha⯑racter of them who uſe them; and the diſguſt which they produce, ariſes from the revival of thoſe images with which they are com⯑monly united. Thus if, in the moſt ſolemn diſcourſe, a phraſe happens to occur which has been ſucceſsfully employed in ſome ludicrous narrative, the graveſt auditor finds it difficult to reſrain from laughter, when they who are not prepoſſeſſed by the ſame accidental aſſocia⯑tion are utterly unable to gueſs the reaſon of his merriment. Words which convey ideas of dignity in one age, are baniſhed from elegant writing or converſation in another, becauſe they are in time debaſed by vulgar mouths, and can be no longer heard with⯑out the involuntary recollection of unpleaſing images.

WHEN Macbeth is confirming himſelf in his horrid purpoſe, he breaks out amidſt the violence of his emotions into a wiſh natural to a murderer,

In this paſſage is exerted all the force of poetry, that force which calls new powers into being, which embodies ſentiment, and animates mat⯑ter; yet prehaps ſcarce any man now peruſes it without ſome diſturbance of his attention from the counteraction of the words to the ideas. What can be more dreadful than to implore the preſence of night, inveſted not in common obſcurity, but in the ſmoke of hell? Yet the efficacy of this invocation is deſtroyed by the inſertion of an epithet now ſeldom heard but in the ſtable, and dun night may come or go without any other notice than contempt.

IF we ſtart into raptures when ſome hero of the Iliad tells us that [...], his lance rages with eagerneſs to deſtroy; if we are [274] alarmed at the terror of the ſoldiers com⯑manded by Caeſar to how down the ſacred grove, who dreaded, ſavs Lucan, leſt the axe aimed at the oak ſhould fly back upon the ſtriker.

we cannot ſurely but ſympathiſe with the horrors of a wretch about to murder his maſter, his friend, his benefactor, who ſuſpects that the weapon will refuſe its office, and ſtart back from the breaſt which he is preparing to violate. Yet this ſentiment is weakened by the name of an inſtrument uſed by butchers and cooks in the meaneſt employments; we do not immediately conceive that any crime of importance is to be committed with a knife, and at laſt from the long habit of connecting a knife with ſordid offices, feel averſion ra⯑ther than terror.

MACKBETH proceeds to wiſh, in the madneſs of guilt, that the inſpection of heaven may be intercepted, and that he may in the involutions of infernal darkneſs eſcape the eye of providence. This is the utmoſt [275] extravagance of determined wickedneſs; yet this is ſo debaſed by two unfortunate words, that while I endeavour to impreſs on my reader the energy of the ſentiment, I can ſcarce cheek my riſibility, when the expreſſion forces itſelf upon my mind; for who without ſome relaxa⯑tion of his gravity can hear of the avengers of guilt peeping through a Blanket?

THESE imperfections of diction are leſs obvious to the reader, as he is leſs acquainted with the common uſages of the age; they are therefore wholly imperceptible to a foreigner, who learns our language only from books, nor will ſtrike a ſolitary academick ſo forcibly as a modiſh lady.

AMONG the numerous requiſites that muſt concur to compleat an author, few are of more importance than an early entrance into the living world. The ſeeds of knowledge may be planted in ſolitude, but muſt be cultivated in publick. Argumentation may be taught in colleges, and theories formed in retirement, but the artifice of embelliſhment, and the powers of attraction can be gained only by general converſe.

[276] AN acquaintance with prevailing cuſtoms and faſhionable elegance is neceſſary likewiſe for other purpoſes. The injury that noble ſentiments ſuffer from unſuitable language, perſonal merit may juſtly fear from rudeneſs and indelicacy. When the ſucceſs of Aeneas depended on the favour of the queen upon whoſe coaſts he was driven, his celeſtial protectreſs thought him not ſufficiently ſecured againſt rejection by his piety or bravery, but decorated him for the interview with preternatural beauty. Whoever deſires, what none can reaſonably contemn, the favour of mankind, muſt endeavour to add grace to ſtrength, to make his converſation agreeable as well as uſe⯑ful, and to accompliſh himſelf with the petty qualifications neceſſary to make the firſt im⯑preſſions in his favour. Many complain of neglect who never uſed any efforts to attract regard. It cannot be expected that the patrons of ſcience or virtue ſhould be ſolicitous to diſcover excellencies which they who poſſeſs them never diſplay. Few have abilities ſo much needed by the reſt of the world as to be careſſed on their own terms; and he that will not condeſcend to recommend himſelf by ex⯑ternal [277] embelliſhments, muſt ſubmit to the fate of juſt ſentiments meanly expreſſed, and be ridiculed and forgotten before he is un 'er⯑ſtood.

NUMB. 169. TUESDAY, October 29, 1751.

NATURAL hiſtorians aſſert, that what⯑ever is formed for long duration arrives ſlowly to its maturity. Thus the firmeſt timber is of tardy growth, and animals ge⯑nerally exceed each other in longevity in pro⯑portion to the time between their conception and their birth.

THE ſame obſervation may be extended to the offspring of the mind. Haſty compoſi⯑tions, however they pleaſe at firſt by flowery luxuriance, and ſpread in the ſun-ſhine of temporary favour, can ſeldom endure the change of ſeaſons, but periſh at the firſt blaſt of criticiſm, or froſt of neglect. When A⯑pelles [278] was reproached with the paucity of his productions, and the inceſſant attention with which he retouched his pieces, he condeſ⯑cended to make no other anſwer than that he painted for perpetuity.

No vanity can more juſtly incur contempt and indignation than that which boaſts of negligence and hurry. For who can bear with patience the writer who claims ſuch ſupe⯑riority to the reſt of his ſpecies, as to ima⯑gine that mankind are at leiſure for attention to his extemporary ſallies, and that poſterity will repoſite his caſual effuſions among the treaſures of antient wiſdom?

MEN have ſometimes appeared of ſuch tranſcendent abilities, that their ſlighteſt and moſt curſory performances excel all that la⯑bour and ſtudy can enable meaner intellects to compoſe, as there are ſome regions of which the ſpontaneous products cannot be e⯑quailed in other ſoils by care and culture. But it is no leſs dangerous for any man to place himſelf in this rank of underſtanding, and fancy that he is born to be illuſtrious without labour, than to omit the cares of huſbandry, [279] and expect from his grounds the fruits of Arabia.

THE greater part of thoſe who congratulate themſelves upon their intellectual dignity, and uſurp the privileges of genius, are men whom only themſelves would ever have marked out as enriched by uncommon liberalities of na⯑ture, or entitled to veneration and immorta⯑lity on eaſier terms than others. This ardor of confidence is uſually ſound among men who have not enlarged their notions by books or converſation; but are perſuaded by the partia⯑lity which we all feel in our own ſavour, that they have reached the ſummit of excel⯑lence, becauſe they diſcover none higher than themſelve; they acquieſce in the firſt thoughts that occur, becauſe the ſcantineſs of their knowledge allows them no choice, and the narrowneſs of their views affords them no glimpſe of that ſublime idea which hu⯑man induſtry has from the firſt ages been vainly toiling to approach. They ſee a little, and believe that there is nothing beyond their ſphere of viſion, as the Patuecos of Spain who inhabited a ſmall valley, concerned the ſurrounding mountains to be the be meanes of the world. In proportion as perfection is [280] more diſtinctly conceived, the pleaſure of contemplating our own performances will be leſſened; it may therefore be obſerved, that they who moſt deſerve praiſe, are often afraid to decide in favour of their own performan⯑ces; they know how much is ſtill wanting to their completion, and wait with anxiety and terror the determination of the publick. I pleaſe every one elſe, ſays Tully, but never ſa⯑tisfy myſelf.

IT has often been enquired, why, not⯑withſtanding the advances of latter ages in ſcience, and the aſſiſtance which the [...] fuſion of ſo many new ideas has given us, we ſtill fall below the ancients in the art of compoſi⯑tion. Some part of their ſuperiority may be juſtly aſcribed to the graces of their language, from which the moſt poliſhed of the preſent European tongues, are nothing more than barbarous degenerations. Some advantage they might gain merely by priority, which put them in poſſeſſion of the moſt natural ſentiments, and left us nothing but [...] re⯑petition or forced conceits. But the greater part of their praiſe ſeems to have the juſt re⯑ward of modeſty and labour. Their ſenſe of [281] human weakneſs confined them commonly to one ſtudy, which their knowledge of the extent of every ſcience engaged them to pro⯑ſecute with indefatigable diligence.

AMONG the writers of antiquity I remem⯑ber none except Statius, who ventures to mention the ſpeedy production of his wri⯑tings, either as an extenuation of his faults or a proof of his facility. Nor did Statius, when he conſidered himſelf as a candidate for laſting reputation, think a cloſer attention unneceſſary, but amidſt all his pride and in⯑digence, the two great haſteners of modern poems, employed twelve years upon the The⯑baid, and thinks his claim to renown propor⯑tionate to his labour.

OVID indeed apologizes in his baniſh⯑ment for the imperfection of his letters, but mentions his want of leiſure, to poliſh them as an addition to his calamities, and was ſo far from imagining reviſals and corrections [282] unneceſſary, that at his departure from Rome, he threw his metamorphoſes into the fire, leſt he ſhould be diſgraced by a book which he could not hope to finiſh.

IT ſeems not often to have happened, that the ſame writer aſpired to reputation in verſe and proſe, and of thoſe few that attempted ſuch diverſity of excellence, I know not that any one ſucceeded. Contrary characters they never imagined a ſingle mind able to ſupport, and therefore, no man is recorded to have undertaken more than one kind of dramatick poetry.

WHAT they had written, they did not venture in their firſt fondneſs to thruſt into the world; but conſidering the impropriety of doing precipitately that which cannot be recalled, deferred the publication, if not nine years, according to the direction of Horace, yet till their fancy was cooled after the rap⯑tures of invention, and the glare of novelty had ceaſed to dazzle the judgment.

THERE were in thoſe days no weekly or diurnal writers, multa dies, & multa litura, [283] much time, and many raſures, were conſi⯑dered as indiſpenſible requiſites; and that no other method of attaining laſting praiſe has been yet diſcovered, may be conjectured from the blotted manuſcripts of Milton now remain⯑ing, and the tardy emiſſion of Pope's compo⯑ſitions, delayed more than once till the inci⯑dents to which they alladed were forgotten, till his enemies were ſecure from his ſatire, and what to an honeſt mind muſt be more painful, his friends were deaf to his enco⯑miums.

TO him, whoſe eagerneſs of praiſe hurries his productions ſoon into the light, many im⯑perfections are unavoidable even where the mind furniſhes the materials, as well as regu⯑lates their diſpoſition, and nothing depends upon ſearch or information. Delay opens new veins of thought, the ſubject diſmiſſed for a time appears with a new train of depen⯑dant images, the accidents of reading or con⯑verſation ſupply new ornaments or alluſions, or mere intermiſſion of the fatigue of think⯑ing enable, the mind to collect new ſorce, and make new excurſions. But all thoſe be⯑nefits come too late for him, who when he [284] was weary with labour, ſnatched at the re⯑compence, and gave his performance to his friends and his enemies as ſoon as impatience and pride perſuaded him to conclude it.

ONE of the moſt pernicious effects of haſte, is obſcurity. He that teems with a quick ſucceſſion of ideas, and perceives how one ſentiment produces another, eaſily be⯑lieves that he can clearly expreſs what he ſo ſtrongly comprehends; he ſeldom ſuſpects his thoughts of embarraſment while he preſerves in his own memory the ſeries of connection, or his diction of ambiguity while only one ſenſe is preſent to his mind. Yet if he has been employed on an abſtruſe or complicated argument, he will find, when he has a while withdrawn his mind, and returns as a new rea⯑der to his work, that he has only a conjectural glimpſe of his own meaning, and that to ex⯑plain it to thoſe whom he deſires to inſtruct, he muſt open his ſentiments, diſentangle his method, and alter his arrangement.

AUTHORS and lovers always ſuffer ſome infatuation, from which only abſence can ſet them free; and every man ought to reſtore [285] himſelf to the full exerciſe of his judgment, before he does that which he cannot do im⯑properly without injuring his honour and his quiet.

NUMB. 170. SATURDAY, November 2, 1751.

NUMB. 171. TUESDAY, November 5, 1751.

NUMB. 172. SATURDAY, November 9, 1751.

NOTHING has been longer obſerved, than that a change of fortune cauſes a change of manners; and that it is difficult to conjecture from the conduct of him whom we ſee in a low condition, how he would act, if wealth and power were put into his hands. But it is generally agreed, that few men are made better by affluence or exalta⯑tion; and that the powers of the mind, when they are unbound and expanded by the ſun⯑ſhine of felicity, more frequently luxuriate into follies, than bloſſom into goodneſs.

MANY obſervations have concurred to eſ⯑tabliſh this opinion, and it is not likely ſoon to become obſolete, for want of new occaſions to revive it. The greater part of mankind are corrupt in every condition, and differ in [305] high and in low ſtations, only as they have more or fewer opportunities of gratifying their deſires, or as they are more or leſs re⯑ſtrained by human cenſures. Many vitiate their principles in the acquiſition of riches; and who can wonder that what is gained by fraud and extortion is enjoyed with tyranny and exceſs?

YET I am willing to believe that the de⯑pravation of the mind by external advanta⯑ges, though certainly not uncommon, yet approaches not ſo nearly to univerſality, as ſome have aſſerted in the bitterneſs of reſent⯑ment, or heat of declamation.

WHOEVER riſes above thoſe who once pleaſed themſelves with equality, will have many malevolent gazers at his eminence. To gain ſooner than others that which all purſue with the ſame ardour, and to which all imagine themſelves entitled, will for ever be a crime. When thoſe who ſtarted with us in the race of life, leave us ſo far behind, that we have little hope to overtake them, we revenge our diſappointment by remarks on the arts of ſupplantation by which they [306] gained the advantage, or on the folly and ar⯑rogance with which they poſſeſs it. Of them, whoſe riſe we could not hinder, we ſolace ourſelves by progn oſticating the fall.

IT is impoſſible for human purity not to betray to an eye thus ſharpened by malignity, ſome ſtains which lay concealed and unre⯑garded while none thought it their intereſt to diſcover them; nor can the moſt circumſpect attention or ſteady rectitude, eſcape blame from cenſors, who have no inclination to ap⯑prove. Riches therefore perhaps do not ſo often produce crimes as incite accuſers.

THE common charge againſt thoſe who riſe above their original condition, is that of pride. It is certain, that ſucceſs naturally confirms us in a favourable opinion of our own abilities. Scarce any man is willing to allot to accident, friendſhip, and a thouſand [...] which concur in every event without human contrivance or interpoſition, the part which they may juſtly claim in his advance⯑ment. We [...] ourſelves by our fortune ra⯑ther than our virtues, and exorbitant claims are quickly produced by imaginary merit. But [307] captiouſneſs and jealouſy are likewiſe eaſily offended, and to him who ſtudiouſly looks for an affront, every mode of behaviour will ſupply it; freedom will be rudeneſs, and re⯑ſerve fullenneſs; mirth will be negligence, and ſeriouſneſs formality: when he is recei⯑ved with ceremony, diſtance and reſpect are inculcated; if he is treated with familiarity, he concludes himſelf inſulted by ſtudied con⯑deſcenſions.

IT muſt however be confeſſed that as all ſudden changes are dangerous, a quick tranſition from proverty to abundance, can ſeldom be made with ſafety. He that has long lived within ſight of pleaſures, which he could not reach, will need more than common moderation, not to loſe his reaſon in unbounded riot, when they are firſt put into his power.

EVERY poſſeſſion is endeared by novelty; every gratification is exaggerated by deſire. It is difficult not to eſtimate what is lately gained above its real value; it is impoſſible not to annex greater happineſs to that condi⯑tion from which we are unwillingly exclu⯑ded, [308] than nature has qualified us to obtain. For this reaſon, the remote inheritor of an unexpected fortune, may be generally diſtin⯑guiſhed from thoſe who are enriched in the common courſe of lineal deſcent, by his greater haſte to enjoy his wealth, by the finery of his dreſs, the pomp of his equipage, the ſplendor of his furniture, and the luxury of his table.

A THOUSAND things which familiarity diſcovers to be of little value, have power for a time to ſeize the imagination. A Vir⯑ginian king, when the Europeans had ſixed a lock on his door, was ſo delighted to find his ſubjects admitted or excluded with ſuch faci⯑lity, that it was from morning to evening his whole employment to turn the key. We among whom locks and keys have been lon⯑ger in uſe, are inclined to laugh at this Ame⯑rican amuſement; yet I doubt whether this paper will have a ſingle reader that may not apply the ſtory to himſelf, and recollect ſome hours of his life in which he has been equal⯑ly overpowered by the tranſitory charms of trivial novelty.

[309] SOME indulgence is due to him whom a happy gale of fortune has ſuddenly tranſport⯑ed into new regions, where unaccuſtomed luſtre dazzles his eyes, and untaſted delica⯑cies ſolicit his appetite. Let him not be conſidered as loſt in hopeleſs degeneracy, though he for a while forgets the regard due to others, to indulge the contemplation of himſelf, and in the extravagance of his firſt raptures expects that his eye ſhould regulate the motions of all that approach him, and his opinion be received as deciſive and ora⯑culous. His intoxication will give way to time; the madneſs of joy will fume imper⯑ceptibly away; the ſenſe of his inſufficiency will ſoon return; he will remember, that the cooperation of others is neceſſary to his hap⯑pineſs, and learn to conciliate their regard by reciprocal beneficence.

There is, at leaſt, one conſideration which ought to alleviate our cenſures of the power⯑ful and rich. He that imagines them charge⯑able with all the guilt and folly of their own actions, is very little acquainted with the world.

HE from whom much can be hoped or feared, will not find many whom ambition or cowardice will ſuffer to be ſincere, or who cultivate his regard with any other purpoſe, than to comply with all his practices howe⯑ver vitious, and with all his ſentiments how⯑ever abſurd. While we live upon the level with the reſt of mankind, we are reminded of our duty by the admonitions of friends, and reproaches of enemies; but men who ſtand in the higheſt ranks of ſociety, ſeldom hear of their faults; if by any accident an opprobrious clamour reaches their ears, flat⯑tery is always at hand to pour in her opiates, to quiet conviction and obtund remorſe.

FAVOUR is ſeldom ſo certainly gained as by conformity in vice. Virtue can ſtand without aſſiſtance, and conſiders herſelf as very little obliged by countenance and appro⯑bation; but vice, always timorous, eagerly ſeeks the ſhelter of crouds, and ſupport of confederacy. The ſycophant therefore, thinks [311] it not neceſſary to adopt the good qualities of his patron, but employs all his art on his weakneſſes and follies, regales his reigning vanity, or ſtimulates his prevalent deſire.

VIRTUE is ſufficiently difficult in any cir⯑cumſtances, but the difficulty is encreaſed when reproof and advice are frighted away. In common life, reaſon and conſcience have only the appetites and paſſions to encounter, but in higher ſtations, they muſt oppoſe arti⯑fice and adulation. He therefore, that yields to ſuch temptations, cannot give thoſe who look upon his miſcarriage much reaſon for exultation, ſince few can juſtly preſume that from the ſame ſnare they ſhould have been able to eſcape.