86. CARRION.

• Urubu, Aura Tzopilotl, Mexic. Margrave, 207, 208.—Wil. Orn. 68.—Raii Syn. Av. 180.
• Carrion Crow, Sloane Jam. ii. 294.—Brown Jam. 471:
• Corvus Sylvaticus, Barrere, 129.
• Gallinazo, Ulloa voy. i. 60. 201.
• Turkey Buzzard, Joſſelyn.—Lawſon, 138.—Cateſby, i. 6.—Bancroft, 152.—Du Pratz, ii. 77.
• Vultur Aura, Lin. Syſt. 122.—De Buffon, i. 175.—Pl. Enl. N^o 187.
• Le Vautour du Braſil, Briſſon, i. 468.—Latham, i. 9. N^o 5.—LEV. MUS.

WEIGHT four pounds and an half. Head ſmall,DESCRIPTION. covered with a naked wrinkled red ſkin, beſet with black briſtles. This gives it ſome reſemblance to a Turkey; from which it derives one of the names. The noſtrils are very large, and pervious: the whole plumage is duſky, daſhed with purple and green: legs of a dirty fleſh-color: claws black.

Theſe birds are common from Nova Scotia to Terra del Fuego; PLACE. but ſwarm in the hotter parts of America; and are found in the iſlands, where they are ſaid to be far inferior in ſize to thoſe of North Ame⯑rica.

In the warm climates they keep in vaſt flocks.MANNERS. Perch at night on rocks or trees; ſitting with diſhevelled wings to purify their bodies, [192] which are moſt offenſively fetid. Towards morning they take flight, ſoaring at a vaſt height, with the gentle motion of a kite; expecting notice of their banquet by the tainted effluvia of carrion, excrements, or any filth. They have moſt ſagacious noſtrils, and ſmell their prey at a vaſt diſtance; to which they reſort from all quarters, wheeling about, and making a gradual deſcent till they reach the ground. They do not confine themſelves to dead animals, but feed on Snakes, and ſometimes on Lambs. They are very tame, and, while they are at their meals, will ſuffer a very near approach.

In the torrid zone, particularly about Carthagena, they haunt in⯑habited places, and are ſeen in numbers ſitting on the roofs of the houſes, or walking along the ſtreets with a ſluggiſh pace. In thoſe parts they are uſeful, as the IBIS in Egypt, devouring the noiſome ſubjects, which would otherwiſe, by the intolerable ſtench, render the climate ſtill more unwholeſome than it is.

When theſe birds find no food in the cities, they are driven by hunger among the cattle of the neighboring paſtures. If they ſee a beaſt with a ſore on the back, they inſtantly alight on it, and at⯑tack the part affected. The poor animal attempts in vain to free itſelf from the devourers, rolling on the ground with hideous cries: but in vain; for the Vultures never quit hold, till they have effected its deſtruction. Sometimes an Eagle preſides at the banquet, and keeps theſe cowardly birds at a diſtance, until it has finiſhed its re⯑paſt.

USES.Miſchievous as they are in a few inſtances, yet, by the wiſe and beneficent diſpenſations of Providence, they make in the hot climates full recompence, by leſſening the number of thoſe deſtructive ani⯑mals the Alligators, which would otherwiſe become intolerable by their multitudes. During the ſeaſon in which theſe reptiles lay their eggs in the ſand, the Vultures will ſit hid in the leaves of the trees, watching the coming of the female Alligator to depoſit its eggs, who then covers them with ſand, to ſecure them, as ſhe ima⯑gines, from all danger: but no ſooner does ſhe retire into the water, [193] than the birds dart on the ſpot, and with claws, wings, and beak, tear away the ſand, and devour the whole contents of the depoſitory.

No birds of this genus are found in northern regions of Europe or Aſia, at leſt in thoſe latitudes which might give them a pretence of appearing here. I cannot find them in our quarter of the globe higher than the Griſon Alps ^*, or Sileſia ^†; or at fartheſt Kaliſh, in Great Poland ^‡. Certainly the Count De Buffon was miſinformed as to the habitation of the ſpecies, which he aſcribes to Norway ^‖. In the Ruſſian dominions, the Bearded Vulture of Mr. Edwards, iii. tab. 106. breeds on the high rocks of the great Altaic chain, and beyond lake Baikal ^§; which may give it in Europe a latitude of 52. 20. in Aſia of 55.

86. A. SEA EAGLE.

• Br. Zool. i. N^o 44.
• Falco Oſſifragus, Lin. Syſt. 124.—Latham, i. 30.—Pl Enl. 12. 415.
• Grey Eagle, Lawſon, 137.
• Land Oern, Leems, 230.
• L'Orfraie, De Buffon, i. 112. pl. 3.—LEV. MUS.

VARIES a little from the Britiſh ſpecies, and is much ſuperior in ſize. The length three feet three inches; of wing, twenty-five inches.

Feathers on head, neck, and back, brown, edged with dirty white: chin white: breaſt and belly brown, ſpotted with white: coverts of wings brown, clouded; primaries black: tail duſky; the middle mottled with white: legs feathered half down.

PLACE.Very common in the northern parts of America, and endures its ſevereſt winters, even as high as Newfoundland. Theſe birds prey on ſea fowls, as well as land, and on young Seals, which they ſeize floating, and carry out of the water.

Eagles, and all ſorts of birds of prey, abound in America, where ſuch quantity of game is found. Multitudes are always ſeen below the falls of Niagara, invited by the carcaſes of Deer, Bears, and other animals, which are ſo frequently hurried down in attempting to croſs the river above this ſtupendous cataract.

This ſpecies is very frequent in Kamtſchatka; and is found during ſummer even on the Arctic coaſt: is very common in Ruſſia and Si⯑biria; nor is it more rare about the Caſpian ſea, where they breed on the loftieſt trees.

87. BLACK EAGLE.

• Br. Zool. i. N^o 43.
• Falco Fulvus, Lin. Syſt. 125.—Latham, i. 32, N^o 6.
• White-tailed Eagle, Edw. i. 1.—LEV. MUS.
• L'Aigle commun, De Buffon, i. 86,—Pl. Enl. 409.—LEV. MUS.

THE whole plumage is of a duſky-brown: the breaſt marked with triangular ſpots of white; in which it varies from the Britiſh kind: the tail white, tipt with black; but in young birds duſky, blotched with white: legs covered to the toes with ſoft ruſt-colored feathers: vent feathers of the ſame color.

Inhabits Hudſon's Bay, and northern Europe as far as Drontheim ^*.PLACE. Is found on the higheſt rocks of the Uralian chain, where it is not covered with wood^†; but is moſt frequent on the Sibirian, where it makes its neſt on the loftieſt rocks. It is rather inferior in ſize to the former; but is a generous, ſpirited, and docile bird. The independent Tartars train it for the chace of Hares, Foxes, Ante⯑lopes, and even Wolves. The uſe is of conſiderable antiquity; for Marco Polo, the great traveller of 1269, obſerved and admired the diverſion of the great Cham of Tartary; who had ſeveral Eagles, which were applied to the ſame purpoſes as they are at preſent^‡. I muſt add, that the Tartars eſteem the feathers of the tail as the beſt they have for pluming their arrows.

The Kalmucs uſe, beſides this ſpecies of Eagle, that which the French call Jean le Blanc ^‖, and alſo the Lanner; all which breed among them: but people of rank, who are curious in their Falcons, procure from the Baſchkirians the Gyrfalcon and the Peregrine, which inhabit the lofty mountains of the country^§.

88. BLACK-CHEEKED EAGLE.

F. With a duſky and blue bill; yellow cere: head, neck, and breaſt, of a deep aſh-color: each cheek marked with a broad black bar paſſing from the corner of the mouth beyond the eyes: back, belly, wings, and tail, black: legs yellow, feathered below the knees.

SIZE, AND PLACE.Is about the ſize of the laſt. Communicated to me by the late Tay⯑lor White, Eſq who informed me that it came from North America. Is deſcribed by Mr. Latham, i. 35, N^o 10; and ſeems to be the ſpecies engraven by M. Robert, among the birds in the menagery of Louis XIV.

89. WHITE-HEADED EAGLE.

• Falco Leucocephalus, Lin. Syſt. 124.
• Bald Eagle, Lawſon, 137.—Cateſby, i. 1^*. Brickell, 173.—Latham, i. 29.—LEV. MUS.
• Le Pygargue a tête blanche, De Buffon, i. 99.—Pl. Enl. 411.—LEV. MUS.

BILL, cere, and feet, pale yellow: head, neck, and tail, of a pure white: body and wings of a chocolate-color. It does not ac⯑quire its white head till the ſecond year.

This Eagle is leſſer than the foregoing ſpecies, but of great ſpirit: preys on Fawns,MANNERS. Pigs, Lambs, and fiſh: is the terror of the Oſprey, whoſe motions it watches. The moment the latter has ſeized a fiſh, the former purſues till the Oſprey drops its prey; which, with amazing dexterity, it catches before it falls to the ground, be the diſtance ever ſo great. This is matter of great amuſement to the inhabitants of North America, who often watch their aerial conteſts. This ſpecies frequently attends the ſportſman, and ſnatches up the game he has ſhot, before he can reach it.

Theſe birds build in vaſt decayed cypreſſes^†, or pines, impending over the ſea, or ſome great river, in company with Oſpreys, Herons, and other birds: and their neſts are ſo numerous, as to reſemble a rookery. The neſts are very large, and very fetid by reaſon of [197] the reliques of their prey. Lawſon ſays, they breed very often, lay⯑ing again under their callow young; whoſe warmth hatches the eggs. In Bering's iſle they make their neſts on the cliffs, near ſix feet wide, and one thick; and lay two eggs in the beginning of July.

90. WHITE EAGLE.

THIS moſt beautiful and ſcarce ſpecies is entirely white, except the tips of the wings, which are black. We know nothing of this bird, but what is collected from Du Pratz ^*. The natives of Louiſiana ſet a high value on the feathers, and give a large price for thoſe of the wings; with them they adorn the Calumet, or pipe of peace. Different nations make uſe of the wings, or feathers of different birds; but, according to Hennepin, always decorate it with the moſt beautiful.

The Calumet is an inſtrument of the firſt importance among the Americans. It is nothing more than a pipe,CALUMET. whoſe bowl is generally made of a ſoft red marble^†: the tube of a very long reed, orna⯑mented with the wings and feathers of birds. No affair of conſe⯑quence is tranſacted without the Calumet. It ever appears in meet⯑ings of commerce, or exchanges; in congreſſes for determining of peace or war; and even in the very fury of a battle. The accept⯑ance of the Calumet is a mark of concurrence with the terms pro⯑poſed; as the refuſal is a certain mark of rejection. Even in the rage of a conflict this pipe is ſometimes offered; and if accepted, the weapons of deſtruction inſtantly drop from their hands, and a truce enſues. It ſeems the ſacrament of the Savages; for no compact is ever violated, which is confirmed by a whiff from this holy reed. The Dance of the Calumet is a ſolemn rite which always confirms a peace, or precedes a war. It is divided into three parts: the firſt, appears an act of devotion, danced in meaſured time: the ſecond, is a true repreſentation of the Pyrrhic dance^‡: the third, is attended with ſongs expreſſive of the victories they had obtained, the nations they had conquered, and the captives they had made.

[198]From the winged ornaments of the Calumet, and its conciliat⯑ing uſes, writers compare it to the Caduceus of Mercury, which was carried by the Caduceatores, or meſſengers of peace, with terms to the hoſtile ſtates. It is ſingular, that the moſt remote nations, and the moſt oppoſite in their other cuſtoms and manners, ſhould in ſome things have, as it were, a certain conſent of thought. The Greeks and the Americans had the ſame idea, in the invention of the Caduceus of the one, and the Calumet of the other. Some authors imagine, that among the Greeks the wings were meant as a ſymbol of elo⯑quence. I rather think that the twiſted Serpents expreſſed that in⯑ſinuating faculty; and that the emblem was originally taken from the fatal effect the rhetoric of Satan had on our great mother, when he aſſumed the form of that reptile, which the higheſt authority repre⯑ſents as more ſubtile than any beaſt of the field. On this the heathen mythology formed their tale of Jupiter taking the figure of a Serpent, to inſinuate himſelf into the good graces of Olympias; who, like Eve, fell a victim to his perſuaſive tongue. As to the wings, it is moſt probable that they were to ſhew the flight of diſcord; which the re⯑conciled parties gave, with all the horrors of war, to the air, and ſport of the winds.

The Oole, or Eagle, is a ſacred bird among the Americans. In caſe of ſickneſs, they invoke this bird to deſcend from heaven (which in its exalted flight it approaches nearer than any other) and bring down refreſhing things; as it can dart down on its rapid wing quick as a flaſh of lightning^*.

91. OSPREY.

• Fiſhing Hawk, Cateſby, i. 2.—Lawſon, 137.—Brickell, 173.
• Oſprey. Joſſelyn's Rarities, ii.—Br. Zool. i. N^o 46.—Latham, i. 45.
• Le Balbuzard, De Buffon, i. 103. pl. 2.
• Falco Haliaetus. Blafot. Fiſk-orn, Faun. Suec. N^o 63.
• Fiſk Gjoe, Leems, 234.—Pl. Enl. 414.—LEV. MUS.

F. With blue cere, and feet: head, and lower part of the body, white: upper part brown: two middle feathers of the tail plain brown; the reſt barred with white and brown.

This, in all reſpects, reſembles the European kind.MANNERS. Notwithſtand⯑ing it is ſo perſecuted by the Bald Eagle, yet it always keeps near its haunts. It is a ſpecies of vaſt quickneſs of ſight; and will ſee a fiſh near the ſurface from a great diſtance^*: deſcend with prodigi⯑ous rapidity, and carry the prey with an exulting ſcream high into the air. The Eagle hears the note, and inſtantly attacks the Oſprey; who drops the fiſh, which the former catches before it can reach the ground, or water. It ſometimes happens that the Oſprey periſhes in taking its prey; for if it chances to fix its talons in an over-grown fiſh, it is drawn under water before it can diſengage itſelf, and is drowned.

It is very frequent in Kamtſchatka; and in ſummer,PLACE. even under the Arctic zone of Europe and Aſia. Is very common in Sibiria, and ſpreads far north; probably common to the north of America, and Aſia. Is rare in Ruſſia. It is likewiſe very frequent as low on the Wolga as the tract between Syſran and Saratoff, where they are ſaid to be the ſupport of the Ern Eagle, as they are of the White-tailed Eagle in America, each living by the labors of the Oſprey. The Tartars have a ſuperſtition, that a wound from its claws is mortal, either to man or fiſh, and conſequently dread its attack^†.

92. ROUGH-LEGGED.

• Falco Lagopus Brunnich, N^o 15.—Leems Lapm. 236.
• Rough-legged Falcon, Br. Zool. ii. App. 529.—Latham, i. 75.—LEV. MUS.

F. With a yellow cere, and feet: head, neck, and breaſt, of a yellowiſh white, marked with a few oblong brown ſpots: belly of a deep brown: thighs white, ſtriped with brown: ſcapulars blotched with yellowiſh white and brown: coverts of the wings edged with ruſt-color; primaries black: tail, little longer than the wings; the part next to the rump white; the end marked with a black bar; the tips white: legs feathered to the toes: feet yellow. Length two feet two inches.SIZE.

PLACE.Inhabits England, Norway, Lapmark, and North America. Was ſhot in Connecticut.

93. ST. JOHN'S.

• Latham, i. 77, N^o 58.

F. With a ſhort duſky bill: head of a deep brown: hind part of the neck, back, ſcapulars, and coverts of the tail, marked with bars of black, and dull white, pointing obliquely: coverts of the wings deep brown; the greater ſpotted on their inner ſides with white; the primaries duſky, the lower part white, barred with deep aſh-color and black: the under ſide of the body brown, marked ſparingly with white and yellowiſh ſpots: tail ſhorter than the ex⯑tremity of the wings; the end white; beneath that is a bar of black, ſucceeded by two or three black and cinereous bands; the reſt of the tail marked with broad bars of white, and narrower of aſh-color: the legs are cloathed with feathers to the toes, which are yellow, and very ſhort.

SIZE.Length, one foot nine inches.

PLACE.Inhabits Hudſon's Bay and Newfoundland. BL. MUS.

94. CHOCOLATE-COLORED.

• Latham, i. 54. N^o 34. A; 76. N^o 57.

F. With a ſhort and black bill, and yellow cere. The whole plumage of a deep bay or chocolate-color, in parts tinged with ferruginous: primaries black; the lower exterior ſides of a pure white, forming a conſpicuous ſpot or ſpeculum: the wings reach to the end of the tail: the exterior ſides of the five outmoſt feathers of the tail, duſky; their inner ſides blotched with black and white; the two middle, black and cinereous: the legs and toes feathered; the laſt remarkably ſhort. LENGTH one foot ten inches.

Inhabits Hudſon's Bay and Newfoundland. Preys much on Ducks.PLACE. Sits on a rock and watches their riſing, when it inſtantly ſtrikes at them.

95. NEWFOUND⯑LAND.

• Latham, i. 79. N^o 60.

F. With a yellow cere: deep yellow irides: hind part of the head ferruginous: crown, back, ſcapulars, and coverts of wings, brown, edged with a paler color: belly ruſt-colored, blotched with deeper ſhades: thighs of a mottled aſh, marked with round duſky ſpots, and on the lower parts with four large dark blotches: the tail croſſed by four bars of deeper and lighter brown: legs yel⯑low, ſtrong, and feathered half way down. LENGTH twenty inches. The deſcription borrowed from Mr. Latham.

Inhabits Newfoundland. PLACE.

96. SACRE.

• Belon, Hiſt. des Oiſ. 108.—Buffon, i. 246.
• Speckled Patridge Hawk of Hudſon's Bay, Phil. Tranſ. lxii. 383.—Latham, i. 78. N^os 58, 59.

F. With a duſky bill; upper mandible toothed: irides yellow: cere and legs bluiſh. Head, and upper part of the body, of a duſky brown: hind part of the head mottled with white: whole un⯑der ſide of the body, from chin to vent, white; the middle of each feather marked with a duſky ſpot: wings reach almoſt to the end of the tail: coverts, ſcapulars, and primaries, of a deep brown, ele⯑gantly barred tranſverſely with white: tail brown, marked on each ſide with oval tranſverſe ſpots of red: feathers on the thighs very long, brown ſpotted with white: the fore part of the legs covered with feathers almoſt to the feet. LENGTH two feet. Weight two pounds and an half.

PLACE.Inhabits Hudſon's Bay and Newfoundland: found alſo in Tartary, and is a ſpecies celebrated there for the ſport of falconry. It is a hardy ſpecies; for it never quits the rigorous climate of Hudſon's Bay. Preys on the white Grous, which it will ſeize even while the fowler is driving them into his nets. It breeds in April and May, in deſert places. The young fly in the middle of June. The females are ſaid to lay only two eggs.

97. PERIGRINE.

• Br. Zool. i. N^o 48.—Latham, i. 68, N^o 49; 73. N^o 52.
• Spotted Hawk, or Falcon; and Black Falcon, Edw. i. 3, 4.
• Le Faucon, De Buffon, i. 249. pl. 16.—LEV. MUS.

F. With a ſhort ſtrong bill, toothed on the upper mandible, of a bluiſh color: cere yellow: irides hazel: forehead whitiſh: crown, and hind part of the head, duſky: the back, ſcapulars, and coverts of wings, elegantly barred with deep blue and black: the [203] primaries duſky, with tranſverſe oval white ſpots: the throat, chin, and breaſt, of a pure white, the laſt marked with a few duſky lines pointing down: the belly white, croſſed with numerous duſky bars, pointed in the middle: legs yellow: toes very long.

The American ſpecies is larger than the European. They are ſub⯑ject to vary. The black Falcon, and the ſpotted Falcon of Mr. Edwards, are of this kind; each preſerve a ſpecific mark, in the black ſtroke which drops from beneath the eyes, down towards the neck. The differences in the marks in the tail may poſſibly pro⯑ceed from the different ages of the birds; for few kinds differ ſo much in the ſeveral periods of life as the Rapacious.

Inhabits different parts of North America, PLACE. from Hudſon's Bay as low as Carolina. In Aſia, is found on the higheſt parts of the Uralian and Sibirian chain. Wanders in ſummer to the very Arctic circle. Is common in Kamtſchatka.

98. GENTIL.

• Gentil Falcon, Br. Zool. i. N^o 50.
• F. Gentilis. Falk. Faun. Suec. N^o 58.—Latham, i. 64.—LEV. MUS.

F. With a duſky bill: yellow cere, irides, and legs: head and upper ſide of the neck ferruginous, ſtreaked with black: under ſide, from chin to tail, white, marked with duſky heart-ſhaped ſpots: back, coverts of wings, and ſcapulars, brown, edged with ruſt-color: primaries duſky, barred on the exterior ſide with black: wings reach only half the length of the tail: tail long, barred with four or five broad bands of black cinereous; each of the firſt bounded by a nar⯑row line of dirty white.

In ſize ſuperior to the European kind,SIZE. being two feet two inches long. Shot in the province of New York. PLACE. Is found in northern Europe, as far as Finmark Leems, 337. Strom. 224..

99. GOSHAWK.

• Br. Zool. i. N^o 52.
• F. Palumbarius, Faun Suec. N^o 67.—De Buffon, i. 230.—Latham, i. 58.—LEV. MUS.

F. With a bluiſh bill, black at the tip: yellowiſh green cere: yellow legs: head brown; hind part mottled with white: over each eye extends a long whitiſh line: hind part of the neck, back, and wings, of a deep brown color: breaſt and belly white, croſſed with numerous undulated lines of brown: tail of a cinereous brown, croſſed by four or five bars of black: wings ſhorter than the tail.

That which I ſaw in the Leverian Muſeum, was ſuperior in ſize to the European. PLACE. Mr. Lawſon ſays, they abound in Carolina: are ſpi⯑rited birds, but leſſer than thoſe of Muſcovy. Is common in that country,A WHITE VA⯑RIETY. and Sibiria. Dr. Pallas adds, that there is a large white variety on the Uralian mountains, mottled with brown and yellow. Theſe are yet more frequent in the eaſt part of Sibiria; and in Kamtſchatka they are entirely white. Theſe are the beſt of all Hawks for falconry.EXCELLENT FOR FALCONRY. They extend to the river Amur; and are uſed by the emperor of China in his ſporting progreſſes^*, attended by his grand falconer, and a thouſand of the ſubordinate. Every bird has a ſilver plate faſtened to its foot, with the name of the falconer who had the charge of it; that in caſe it ſhould be loſt, it might be brought to the proper perſon: but if he could not be found, the bird is de⯑livered to another officer, called the Guardian of loſt birds; who keeps it till it is demanded by the falconer to whom it belonged. That this great officer may the more readily be found, among the army of hunters, who attend the emperor, he erects a ſtandard in the moſt conſpicuous place^†.

The emperor often carries a Hawk on his hand, to let fly at any game which preſents itſelf; which are uſually Pheaſants, Partridges, Quails, or Cranes. Marco Polo ſaw this diverſion about the year [205] 1269^*; a proof of its antiquity in theſe parts, when it formed ſo regular and princely an eſtabliſhment in the ſtate of this great eaſtern monarch; the origin of which might have been in ſome long pre⯑ceding age. The cuſtom of carrying a Falcon extended to many countries, and was eſteemed a diſtinction of a man of rank. The Welſh had a ſaying, that you may know a gentleman by his Hawk, Horſe, and Grehound. In fact, a perſon of rank ſeldom went without one on his hand. Harold, afterwards king of England, is painted going on a moſt important embaſſy, with a Hawk on his hand, and a Dog under his arm^†. Henry VI. is repreſented at his nuptials, at⯑tended by a nobleman and his Falcon^‡. Even the ladies were not without them, in earlier times; for in an antient ſculpture in the church of Milton Abbas, in Dorſetſhire, appears the conſort of King Athelſtan with a Falcon on her royal fiſt ^§ tearing a bird: and, perhaps to indulge his queen in her paſſion for the diverſion, he demanded of my countrymen (beſides an immenſe tribute) ſome of their moſt excellent Hounds, and of their beſt Hawks: which proves the high eſteem in which our Dogs and Falcons were held in thoſe early days^‖.

100. RED-TAILED.

• American Buzzard, Latham, i. 50.—LEV. MUS.

F. With a duſky bill, and yellow cere: head, lower part of the neck, and chin, brown, mixed with white: breaſt and belly white, varied with long ſtripes of brown, pointing downwards: fe⯑moral feathers very long, white, and marked with long dentated ſtripes of pale brown: upper part of the neck, and back, of a very deep brown: coverts and tertials brown, barred or edged with white: primaries duſky, barred with cinereous: tail of a pale ruſt-color, marked near the end with a duſky narrow bar: legs yellow. SIZE of the Goſhawk.

Inhabits North America. Sent from Carolina to Sir Aſhton Lever. PLACE.

101. LEVERIAN.

F. With a duſky bill, greatly hooked: head ſtriped with brown and white: upper part of the body and wings of a deep brown; each feather elegantly marked at the end with a large white ſpot: the whole under ſide of the body white: the outmoſt feathers of the tail marked with nine white, and the ſame number of duſky bars; middle feathers with duſky and cinereous: the wings extend beyond the end of the tail: legs ſtrong and yellow.

PLACE.SIZE of a Buzzard. Sent to Sir Aſhton Lever from Carolina.

102. RED-SHOULDERED.

• Barred-breaſted F. Latham, i. 56, N^o 36.—LEV. MUS.

F. With a ſlender duſky bill; yellow cere; and legs, head, and neck, of a yellowiſh white, ſtreaked downwards with duſky lines: back of a deep brown, edged with ruſt-color: leſſer coverts of wings ferruginous, ſpotted with black; primaries and ſecondaries black, ſpotted on each ſide moſt diſtinctly with white: breaſt and belly of a light tawny; the firſt ſtreaked downwards with black; the laſt traverſed with deeper tawny: tail ſhort and duſky, croſſed by ſeven narrow bands of white; the two neareſt to the ends more re⯑mote than the others: legs weak. LENGTH twenty-two inches.

PLACE.Inhabits Long Iſland. This is a new ſpecies, preſerved in Mrs. BLACKBURNE'S Muſeum.

103. BUZZARD.

• Aſh-colored Buzzard, Edw. ii. 53.—Latham, i. 55, N^o 35. 48; N^o 28.—De Buffon, i. 223.
• Falco Buteo. Quidfogel, Faun. Suec. N^o 60.—Br. Zool. i. 54.—LEV. MUS.

F. With a duſky bill, and bluiſh yellow cere: head, and hind part of the neck, of a cinereous brown, ſtreaked with yellow: back brown; lower part and rump barred with ruſt-color, ſometimes with white: the coverts of the wings brown; the greater and ſcapu⯑lars ſpotted with white; the three firſt quil-feathers black, white at their baſes; the interior webs of the reſt blotched with black and white: the throat and breaſt yellowiſh, marked thinly with oblong brown ſpots: belly white, varied with great ſpots of brown: feathers of the thighs long, white, croſſed with ſagittal bars of yellow: tail marked with about nine bands of black and light cinereous; the tip white: legs ſhort, ſtrong, and yellow. LENGTH two feet two inches.

The American varies in ſize, and ſometimes ſlightly in color;PLACE. but in both has ſo much the habit of the Engliſh Buzzard, as not to me⯑rit ſeparation. It is called in New York, the great Hen Hawk, from its feeding on poultry. It continues there the whole year. Lays in May five eggs: the young fly about the middle of June. It is alſo an inhabitant of Hudſon's Bay and Newfoundland; and in Europe as high as Sondmor, in Norway; where, from its attacking the Eagle, it is called Orne-Falk. Migrates, before winter, from Sweden. Is ſcarce in Ruſſia; and very few are found in Sibiria. Is found in winter as low as Woroneſch ^*.

104. PLAIN.

F. With the bill black: head duſky: nape ſpotted with white: back, and coverts of wings, and tail, of an uniform deep brown: under ſide of the neck, breaſt, and belly, and thighs, deep brown, ſlightly ſpotted with white: primaries duſky: inner webs marked with great oval ſpots of white, mottled with brown: middle feathers of the tail plain brown; inner webs of the reſt mottled with white; exterior webs and ends ſlightly edged with the ſame: legs ſtrong: yellow? Wing reaches near the length of the tail. LENGTH, from bill to tail, two foot one.

PLACE.Inhabits Hudſon's Bay.

105. MARSH.

• Marſh Hawk, Edw. iv. 291.—Latham, i. 90.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

F. With a bluiſh bill; orange cere, orbits, and legs: irides hazel: a black line extends from the corner of the bill beyond the eyes; above that is another of white, which encircles the cheeks, and meets in front of the neck: head, throat, and upper part of the breaſt, varied with black and ruſt-color: back, and coverts of the wings, brown: rump white: breaſt and belly, and thighs, of a bright ferruginous: tail duſky brown, croſſed by four black bands: legs ſtrong, thick, and ſhort; which are ſpecific diſtinctions from the next. LENGTH two feet.

PLACE.Inhabits Penſylvania: frequents, during the ſummer, marſhy places; where it feeds on the ſmall birds, Frogs, Snakes, and Li⯑zards. At approach of winter quits the country.

106. RINGTAIL.

• Br. Zool. i. N^o 59.—Edw. iii. 107.—Latham, i. N^ris 75, 75 A, and N^o 34, is a ruſt-colored variety.
• Falco Pygargus, F. Hudſonius, Lin. Syſt. 128.—Muller, N^o 72.—BL. MUS.

F. With a duſky bill and yellow cere: a white line over each eye: head, upper part of the neck, and back, duſky brown: coverts and primaries of the ſame color; the inner ſides of the laſt white: breaſt, belly, and thighs, whitiſh, marked with ferruginous ſpots: vent and rump white, encircling the root of the tail: the middle feathers of the tail duſky; the next of a bluiſh aſh-color; the out⯑moſt white, all marked tranſverſely with orange bars: legs long, and very ſlender.

This ſpecies is ſuperior in ſize to the Britiſh Ringtail;SIZE. but having moſt of the characters of that bird, we doubt not but that it is the ſame. Like the European kind, ſkims along the ground in ſearch of prey, which is Mice, Frogs, and ſmall birds. Builds its neſt indif⯑ferently on the ground, or on the lower parts of trees. It is ſubject to vary to a deep ruſt-color; plain, except on the rump and tail.

Inhabits Hudſon's Bay. Weight, in Hudſon's Bay, SIZE AND PLACE. ſeventeen ounces and a half. Length twenty-one inches. Extent three feet ſeven. Is very common in the open and temperate parts of Ruſſia and Sibiria; and extends as far as lake Baikal ^*. It is not found far in the north of Europe. Linnaeus omits it among the birds of his country; but Mr. Brunnick deſcribes one, which had been ſhot in lat. 58, on the little iſland of Chriſtianſoe ^†.

107. WINTER.

F. With a black bill; yellow cere: head of a deep brown: back the ſame, tinged with ruſt: hind part of the neck ſtreaked with white: the coverts of the wings duſky, edged with dull white; thoſe on the ridge with orange; ends of the primaries duſky; the other parts barred with brown and white: breaſt and belly white, marked with heart-ſhaped ſpots: thighs ſulphur-colored, ſpeckled with [210] duſky: vent feathers white: tip of the tail white; then ſucceeds a broad duſky bar; the remaining part barred with brown, tawny, and black: legs long, and very ſlender.

SIZE.Is of an elegant form, and about the ſize of the RINGTAIL.

PLACE.Inhabits the province of New York: appears at approach of win⯑ter, and retires in the ſpring. BL. MUS.

Mr. Latham's northern Falcon, N^o 62, ſeems to differ from this only in age, or ſex.

108. SWALLOW-TAILED.

• Hirundo maxima Peruviana, avis praedatoris calcaribus inſtructa, Feuilles voy. Peru, tom. ii. 33.
• Herring, or Swallow-tailed Hawk, Lawſon, 138.—Brickell, 175.—Cateſby, i. 4.
• Le Melan de la Caroline, Briſſon, i. 418.—De Buffon, i. 221.
• Falco Furcatus, Lin. Syſt. 129.—Latham, i. 60.—LEV. MUS.

F. With a black bill, leſs hooked than uſual with rapacious birds; baſe of the bill hid in feathers, and briſtly: the eyes large; irides red: head, neck, breaſt, and belly, of a ſnowy whiteneſs: back, coverts of wings, and ſcapulars, black, gloſſed with purple and green: inner webs of the primaries and ſecondaries white towards their baſe; the tertials white: tail of the ſame color with the back; and moſt extremely forked; the outmoſt feather above eight inches longer than the middlemoſt: the legs yellow.

PLACE.This moſt elegant ſpecies inhabits only the ſouthern parts of North America; and that only during ſummer. Like Swallows, they feed chiefly flying; for they are much on wing, and prey on various ſorts of inſects. They alſo feed on Lizards and Serpents; and will kill the largeſt of the regions it frequents with the utmoſt eaſe. They quit North America before winter. We are not acquainted with their retreat. It probably is in Peru: at leſt we have the proof of one being taken in the South-ſea, off the coaſt which lies between Ylo and Arica, in about the latitude 23 ſouth, on September 11th, by the reverend the Father Louis Feuilee ^*.

109. BUZZARDET.

F. With duſky bill: head, cheeks, neck, breaſt, and belly, white, marked with large brown ſpots, more ſparingly diſperſed over the breaſt and belly: leſſer coverts, brown; the others colored like the head: primaries duſky: thighs white, with ſmall ſagittal ſpots of brown: tail duſky, barred and tipt with white: legs yellow. LENGTH fifteen inches. It has much the habit of the Buzzard; but the legs in proportion are rather longer.

In the LEVERIAN Muſeum. Except in the almoſt uniform color of the tail, Mr. Latham's ſpecies, p. 97, N^o 83, agrees with this.

110. LITTLE.

• Little Hawk, Cateſby, i. 5.—Latham, i. 110, N^o 94.
• Emerillon de Cayenne, Buffon, i. 291.—Pl. Enl. N^o 444.
• Falco Sparverius, Lin. Syſt. 128.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

111. PIGEON.

• Pigeon Hawk, Cateſby, i. 3.—Phil. Tranſ. lxii. 382.—Latham, i. 101.
• Falco Columbarius, Lin. Syſt. 128.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

F. With a duſky bill, and yellow cere: crown, back, and coverts of the wings and rump, of a bluiſh grey, with the middle of each feather ſtreaked with black: the hind part of the head ſpotted with reddiſh white: cheeks and under ſide of the body white, with large oblong ſpots of black: primaries and ſecondaries duſky; their inſides marked with great oval ſpots of white: tail long; black tipt with white, and croſſed with four bars of bluiſh grey: legs yellow.

SIZE.Its length is from ten to twelve inches. The weight ſix ounces.

PLACE.It inhabits America, from Hudſon's Bay as low as South Carolina. In the laſt it attains to a larger ſize. In Hudſon's Bay it appears in May on the banks of Severn river, breeds, and retires ſouth in au⯑tumn. It feeds on ſmall birds; and on the approach of any perſon, [213] flies in circles, and makes a great ſhrieking. It forms its neſt in a rock, or ſome hollow tree, with ſticks and graſs; and lines it with feathers: and lays from two to four eggs, white, ſpotted with red. In Carolina it preys on Pigeons, and young of the wild Turkies.

112. DUBIOUS.

F. With a duſky bill: yellow cere and irides: head duſky, ſtreaked with ruſt-color: back and coverts of wings brown, edged with ruſt; the primaries duſky aſh-color, barred with black, and the in⯑ner webs marked tranſverſely with oval ferruginous ſpots: tail long, of a deep cinereous, with four broad bars of black: breaſt and belly dirty white, marked with oblong ſtreaks of brown: legs yellow.

Length about ten inches. Weight ſix ounces.SIZE. In the marks and colors of the tail it much reſembles the Sparrow Hawk: in the ſpots on the breaſt it agrees with the Engliſh Merlin.

Inhabits New York and Carolina. PLACE. I have my doubts whether this is any more than a variety of the preceding, eſpecially as the Engliſh SPARROW HAWK varies with the ſame colors.

113. DUSKY.

F. With a bluiſh bill; upper mandible armed with a ſharp proceſs; yellow cere: head, back, and coverts of the wings, and tail, a duſky brown, ſlightly edged with ferruginous: hind part of the neck ſpotted with white: primaries duſky; inner webs marked with oval ſpots of a pale ruſt-color: tail ſhort, tipped with white, and barred with four broad duſky ſtrokes, and the ſame number of narrow ones of white: the hind part of the head ſpotted with white: from the chin to the tail whitiſh, ſtreaked downwards with diſtinct lines of black: legs deep yellow.

Inferior in ſize to the laſt. Inhabits the province of New York. SIZE, AND PLACE. BL. MUS.

• A. GOLDEN EAGLE, Br. Zool. i. N^o 42.
• Orn. Faun. Suec. N^o 54.—LEV. MUS.

F. With a bluiſh bill: plumage duſky and ruſt-color: tail duſky brown, blotched at the baſe with aſh-color: legs feathered to the toes. Weight about twelve pounds.

PLACE.Inhabits Sweden; perhaps Norway. Found about the ſouthern part of the Urallian mountains, and the mountains which border Si⯑biria on the ſouth. Grows ſcarcer towards the eaſt.

• B. CINEREOUS EAGLE, Br. Zool. i. N^o 45.—Latham, i. 33.
• Vultur Albiulla, Lin. Syſt. 123.

F. With pale yellow bill, irides, cere, and feet: plumage light cinereous: body and coverts of the wings clouded with darker: primaries duſky: tail white.

SIZE, AND PLACE.In ſize equal to the Black Eagle. Inhabits Europe, as high as Ice⯑land and Lapmark ^*. Is common in Greenland; but does not extend to America: at leſt, if it does, it varies into the White-headed Eagle, to which it has great affinity, in particular in its feeding much on fiſh: the Danes therefore call it Fiſke-orn ^†. Is common in the ſouth of Ruſſia, and about the Volga, as far as trees will grow. Is very ſcarce in Sibiria; but has been obſerved in the eaſtern parts about Nertſchink. It ſeems to be the ſpecies called by the Tunguſi, Elo; [215] which breeds on the banks of the Khariouſowa, a river which falls into the Penſhina ſea^*.

It inhabits Greenland the whole year, ſitting on the rocks with flag⯑ging wing, and flies ſlowly. It makes its neſt on the lofty cliffs, with twigs, lining the middle with moſſes and feathers. Lays two eggs. Sits in the latter end of May, or beginning of June.

Theſe birds prey on young Seals, which they ſeize as they are floating on the water; but oft-times, by fixing their talons in an old one, they are overmatched, and drawn down to the bottom, ſcreaming hor⯑ribly. They feed alſo on fiſh, eſpecially the Lumpfiſh, and a ſort of Trout^†; on Ptarmigans, Auks, and Eider Ducks. They ſit on the top of rocks, attentive to the motion of the diving birds; and, with quick eyes, obſerve their courſe by the bubbles which riſe to the ſur⯑face of the water, and catch the fowls as they riſe for breath.

The Greenlanders uſe their ſkins for cloathing, next to their bodies. They eat the fleſh, and keep the bill and feet for amulets. They kill them with the bow, or take them in nets, placed in the ſnow, properly baited; or tempt them by the fat of Seals, which the Eagles eat to an exceſs; which occaſions ſuch a torpidity as to make them an eaſy prey.

• C. CRYING EAGLE, Planga et Clanga, Ariſtot. Hiſt. An. lib. ix.
• Morphnos, Clanga, Anataria, Wil. Orn. 63.—Raii Syn. av. 7, N^o 7.
• Spotted Eagle, Latham, i. 38.
• Le Petit Aigle, De Buffon, i. 91.—BR. MUS.

F. With a duſky bill and yellow cere: color of the plumage a fer⯑ruginous brown; the coverts of the wings, and ſcapulars, ele⯑gantly varied with oval white ſpots; on the greater coverts very large: primaries duſky; the ends of the greater white: breaſt and belly of a deeper color than the reſt of the plumage, ſtreaked down⯑wards with dull yellow: tail dark brown, tipt with dirty white: legs feathered to the feet, which are yellow. LENGTH two feet.

[216] PLACE.Is found in many parts of Europe, but not in Scandinavia: is fre⯑quent in Ruſſia and Sibiria, and extends even to Kamtſchatka. Is leſs generous and ſpirited than other Eagles; and is perpetually making a plaintive noiſe, from which it was ſtyled by the antients Planga & Clanga; and Anataria, from its preying on Ducks, which Pliny ^* deſcribes with great elegance. The Arabs uſed to train it for the chace; but its quarry was Cranes, and other birds: the more generous Eagle being flown at Antelopes, and various quadrupeds. This ſpecies was even itſelf an object of diverſion; and made the game of even ſo ſmall a Falcon as the Sparrow Hawk: which would purſue it with great eagerneſs, ſoar above, then fall on the Eagle, and, faſtening with its talons, keep beating it about the head with its wings, till they both fell together to the ground. This Sir John Chardin has ſeen practiſed about Tauris.

• D. ICELAND FALCON, Gent. Mag. 1771, p. 297, fig. good.
• Falco Iſlandus Fuſcus, Brunnick, 2, N^o 9.
• Le Gerfault d' Iſland, Briſſon, i. 373, tab. xxxi.—Pl. Enl. 210.
• Falco Gyrfalco, Lin. Syſt. 130.—Faun. Suec. N^o 64.—Latham, i. 82, N^o 68; and 71, N^o 50 B. parag. 2d.—LEV. MUS.

F. With a ſtrong bill, much hooked, and the upper mandible ſharply angulated on the lower edges; cere bluiſh: head of a very pale ruſt-color, ſtreaked downwards with duſky lines: neck, breaſt, and belly, white, marked with cordated ſpots: thighs white, croſſed with ſhort bars of deep brown: back and coverts of wings duſky, ſpotted and edged with white: the exterior webs of the pri⯑maries duſky, mottled with reddiſh white; the inner barred with white: the feathers of the tail croſſed with fourteen or more narrow bars of duſky and white; the duſky bars regularly oppoſing thoſe of white: the wings, when cloſed, reach almoſt to the end of the train: legs ſtrong and yellow. The LENGTH of the wing, from the pinion to the tip, ſixteen inches.

[217]This ſpecies is an inhabitant of Iceland, is the moſt eſteemed of any for the ſport of falconry, and is, with the two following, reſerved for the kings of Denmark; who ſends his falconer, with two attendants, annually into the iſland to purchaſe them. They are caught by the natives; a certain number of whom in every diſtrict are licenſed for that purpoſe. They bring all they take, about Midſummer, to Beſ⯑feſted, to meet the royal falconer; and each brings ten or twelve, capped, and perched on a croſs pole, which they carry on horſeback, and reſt on the ſtirrup. The falconer examines the birds, rejects thoſe which are not for his purpoſe, and gives the ſeller a written certificate of the qualities of each, which entitles him to receive from the king's receiver-general ſeventeen rixdollars for F, or the pureſt white Falcon; ten for E, or thoſe which are leſt white; and ſeven for this ſpecies^*. This brings into the iſland between two and three thouſand rixdollars annually^†.

They are taken in the following manner:MANNER OF TAKING.—Two poſts are faſtened in the ground, not remote from their haunts. To one is tied a Ptar⯑migan, a Pigeon, a Cock or Hen, faſtened to a cord that it may have means of fluttering, and ſo attract the attention of the Falcon. On the other poſt is placed a net, diſtended on a hoop, about ſix feet in diameter. Through this poſt is introduced a ſtring, above a hundred yards long, which is faſtened to the net, in order to pull it down; and another is faſtened to the upper part of the hoop, and goes through the poſt to which the bait is tied. As ſoon as the Falcon ſees the fowl flutter on the ground, he takes a few circles in the air, to ſee if there is any danger, then darts on its prey with ſuch vio⯑lence as to ſtrike off the head, as nicely as if it was done with a razor. He then uſually riſes again, and takes another circle, to ex⯑plore the place a ſecond time: after which it makes another ſtoop; when, at the inſtant of its deſcending, the man pulls the dead bird under the net; and, by means of the other cord, covers the Falcon with the net, at the moment it has ſeized the prey; the perſon lying [218] concealed behind ſome ſtones, or elſe lies flat on his belly, to elude the ſight of the Falcon^*.

As ſoon as one is caught, it is taken gently out of the net, for fear of breaking any of the feathers of the wings or tail; and a cap is placed over its eyes. If any of the tail-feathers are injured, the fal⯑coners have the art of grafting others^†; which ſometimes has oc⯑caſioned a needleſs multiplication of ſpecies.

The Iceland Falcons are in the higheſt eſteem. They will laſt ten or twelve years; whereas thoſe of Norway, and other countries, ſel⯑dom are fit for ſport after two or three years uſe. Yet the Nor⯑wegian Hawks were in old times in great repute in this kingdom, and even thought bribes worthy of a king. Geoffry Le Pierre, chief juſticiary, gave two good Norway Hawks to King John, that Walter Le Madina might have leave to export a hundred weight of cheeſe. John, the ſon of Ordgar, gave a Norway Hawk to have the king's requeſt to the king of Norway, to let him have his brother's chattels; and Ralf Havoc fined to King Stephen in two Girfals (Gyrfalcons) and two Norway Hawks, that he might have the ſame acquittance that his father had^‡.

ANTIQUITY OF FALCONRY.I cannot fix the preciſe time of the origin of falconry; the paſ⯑ſage in Ariſtotle, and the epigram in Martial, do by no means fix it to the periods in which they wrote. The philoſopher ^‖ informs us, that ‘there was a diſtrict in Thrace, in which the boys uſed to aſſemble at a certain time of the year, for the ſake of bird-catch⯑ing. That the ſpot was much frequented by Hawks, which were wont to appear on hearing themſelves called: and would drive the little birds into the buſhes, where they were caught by the children; and that the Hawks would even ſometimes take the birds and fling them to theſe young ſportſmen; who (after finiſhing their diverſion) gratefully beſtowed on their aſſiſtants part of their prey.’ This tale may have ſome truth at the bottom; [219] it being notorious that Larks, and even Partridges, will, by the ter⯑ror of a Hawk paſſing over them, lie ſo ſtill as to ſuffer themſelves to be taken by any paſſenger. Here ſeems to have been no training of theſe Thracian Hawks, but a mere caſual concurrence of Hawks and ſmall birds, which afforded now and then an amuſement to the youth of the country. The thought expreſſed on the antient gem, of little Genii engaged in the chace of Deer, aſſiſted by an Eagle, may have originated from this ſtory.

The Poet only deſcribes another kind of bird-catching, in the following epigram on the fate of a Hawk:

By the word decipit, it is plain that the Hawk was not trained; but was merely uſed as a ſtale, either to entice ſmall birds under a net, or to the limed twigs: the laſt is a method ſtill in uſe in Italy. The Italians call it Uccellare con la Civetta; for inſtead of a Hawk, they place a ſmall ſpecies of Owl on a pole, in the middle of a field; and ſurround it, at various diſtances, with lime-twigs. The ſmall birds, from their ſtrange propenſity to approach rapacious fowls, fly around, perch on the rods, and are taken in great numbers^‡. A Hawk would ſerve the purpoſe full as well. Pliny mentions the uſe of bird-lime^‖; and Longus, in his elegant romance of Daphnis and Chloe, employs the latter to catch little birds for his beloved^§.

I cannot find any certainty of Hawks being trained for diverſion before the time of King Ethelbert, the Saxon monarch; who died in the year 760^¶. He wrote into Germany for a brace of Falcons, which would fly at Cranes and bring them to the ground^*, as there were very few ſuch in Kent. This ſhews how erroneous the opinion was, of thoſe who place it in the reign of the emperor Frederic Bar⯑baroſſa, [220] baroſſa^*, who was drowned in 1189. By the application of Ethelbert to Boniface, archbiſhop of Mentz, for the brace of Falcons, it is evi⯑dent, that the diverſion was in perfection in Germany before the year 752, the time in which that prelate was martyred by the Pagans. It ſeems to me highly probable, that falconry was invented in Scythia, and paſſed from thence into the northern parts of Europe. Tartary is even at preſent celebrated for its fine breed of Falcons; and the ſport is in ſuch general eſteem, that, according to Olearius, there was no hut but what had its Eagle or Falcon ^†. The boundleſs plains of that country are as finely adapted to the diverſion, as the wooded or mountanous nature of moſt part of Europe is ill calculated for that rapid amuſement.

The antiquity of falconry in Tartary is evinced by the exhibition of the ſport on the very antient tombs ^‡ found in that country; in which are figured horſemen at full ſpeed, with Hawks on their hands: others again, in the ſame attitude, diſcharging their arrows at their game, in the very manner of the antient Scythians.

From Germany, falconry got footing in England; and became ſo favored a diverſion, that even ſanguinary laws were enacted for the preſervation of rapacious fowls. Edward III. made it death for the ſtealing of a Hawk: and to take its eggs, even in a perſon's own ground, was puniſhable with a fine at the king's pleaſure, and im⯑priſonment for a year and a day. In the reign of James I. the amuſe⯑ment was carried to ſuch an extravagant pitch, that Sir Thomas Mon⯑ſon is ſaid to have given a thouſand pounds for a caſt of Hawks.

• E. DUSKY. Falco Fuſcus, Faun. Groen. 56, N^o 34. b.
• Grey Falcon, Crantz, i. 78.—Egede, 64.

F. With duſky irides: lead-colored cere and feet: brown crown, marked with irregular oblong white ſpots: forehead whitiſh: cheeks blackiſh: hind part of the head and throat white: breaſt and [221] belly of a yellowiſh white, ſtriped downwards with duſky ſtreaks: the back duſky, tinged with blue, the ends of the feathers lighteſt, and ſprinkled over with a few white ſpots, eſpecially towards the rump: wings of the ſame colors, variegated beneath with white and black: the upper part of the tail duſky, croſſed very faintly with paler bars; the under ſide whitiſh.

Leſſer than the Collared Falcon.SIZE.

Inhabits all parts of Greenland, PLACE. from the remoteſt hills to thoſe which impend over the ſea. They are even ſeen on the iſlands of ice remote from ſhore. They retire in the breeding-ſeaſon to the fartheſt part of the country, and return in autumn with their young. They breed in the ſame manner as the Cinereous Eagle, but in more diſtant places; and lay from three to five eggs. The tail of the young is black, with great brown ſpots on the exterior webs.

They prey on Ptarmigans, Auks, and all the ſmall birds of the country: have frequent diſputes with the Raven, but ſeldom come off victors; for the Raven will, on being attacked, fling itſelf on its back; and, either by defending, itſelf with its claws, or by calling, with its croaking, numbers of others to its help, oblige the Falcon to retire. The Greenlanders uſe the ſkin, among many others, for their inner garments; the wings for bruſhes; the feet for amulets: but ſel⯑dom eat the fleſh, unleſs compelled by hunger.

It is alſo a native of Iceland.

• F. GYRFALCON, Br. Zoo. N^o 47, tab. xix.—Latham, i. 71, N^o 50 A, and N^o 50 B, 1ſt paragr. and 83, N^o 69.
• Falco Iſlandus, Faun. Groenl. 58, N^o 35.—Brunnick, N^ris 7, 8.—Crantz, i. 78.— Egede, 64.—Horrebow, 58.—LEV. MUS.

F. With a yellow cere: bluiſh bill, greatly hooked: eye dark blue: the throat of a pure white: the whole body, wings, and tail, of the ſame color, moſt elegantly marked with duſky bars, lines, or ſpots, [222] leaving the white the far prevaling color. There are inſtances, but rare, of its being found entirely white. In ſome, the whole tail is croſſed by remote bars of black or brown; in others, they appear only very faintly on the middle feathers: the feathers of the thighs are very long, and unſpotted: the legs ſtrong, and of a light blue.

SIZE.Its weight forty-five ounces Troy: length near two feet: extent four feet two.PLACE. Of the ſame manners and haunts with the former. Is very frequent in Iceland; is found in Lapmark ^*, and Norway ^†; and rarely in the Orknies, and North Britain. In Aſia, it dwells in the higheſt points of the Urallian and other Sibirian mountains, and dares the coldeſt climates throughout the year. It is kept, in the la⯑titude of Peterſburg, VERY HARDY. uninjured in the open air during the ſevereſt winters, when the Peregrine Falcon, N^o 97, loſes its claws by the froſt.

Mr. Hutchins ^‡ has often obſerved it about Albany fort, where it appears in May, and retires before winter. It feeds on the white, and other Grous. This ſpecies ought to be added to the American claſs.

This ſpecies is pre-eminent in courage as well as beauty, and is the terror of other Hawks. It was flown at all kinds of fowl, how great ſoever they were; but its chief game uſed to be Herons and Cranes.

• G. COLLARED. Falco Ruſticolus, Lin. Syſt. 125.—Faun. Suec. N^o 56.—Faun. Groenl. N^o 34.—Latham, i. 56.

F. With a lead-colored bill, tipt with black: head broad and flat, ſtreaked lengthways with black and white; on the cheeks the white predominates: the throat, under ſide of the neck, and [223] breaſt, are of a pure white; that on the neck almoſt ſurrounds it, forming a ſpecies of collar: the belly is of the ſame color, marked with a few duſky cordated ſpots: the back is waved with aſh-color and white; the tip of each feather white: the coverts of the wings of the ſame colors, but more obſcure: the exterior webs of the prima⯑ries duſky: the tail rounded, croſſed with twelve or thirteen whitiſh and duſky bars: the legs yellow. SIZE of a Hen.

Is rarely found in the remoteſt parts of Greenland. PLACE. Inhabits alſo Sweden; and extends eaſtward as far as Simbirſk, lat. 54½, in the government of Caſan ^*.

• H. KITE, Br. Zool. i. N^o 53.—Latham, i. 61, N^o 43.
• Falco Milvus Glada, Faun. Suec. N^o 57.
• Le Milan Royal, De Buffon, i. 197.—Pl, Enl. 422.—LEV. MUS.

F. With yellow bill and cere: white head, ſtreaked with black: body ferruginous, with a few duſky ſpots: tail much forked and ferruginous.

Weight forty-four ounces. Length twenty-ſeven inches:SIZE. extent five feet one.

Inhabits the north of Europe, as high as Jarlſberg, PLACE. in the very ſouth of Norway ^†; but does not extend farther. This ſpecies, the Sea Eagle, Lanner, Buzzard, and Keſtril, quit Sweden, in flocks, at approach of winter, and return in ſpring^‡. Of theſe, the Buzzard and Keſtril winter at Woroneſch, in Ruſſia, in lat. 52^‖; and, together with the Lanner and Kite, about Aſtrakan ^§, in lat. 46. 30; but the far greater part of the Kites are ſuppoſed to retire into Egypt, being ſeen in September paſſing by Conſtantinople ^¶, in their way from the north; and again in April returning to Europe ^**, to ſhun the great [224] heats of the eaſt. They are obſerved in vaſt numbers about Cairo, where they are extremely tame, and feed even on dates, I ſuppoſe for want of other food^*. They alſo breed there; ſo that, contrary to the nature of other rapacious birds, they encreaſe and multiply twice in the year; once in the mild winters of Egypt, and a ſecond time in the ſummers of the north. It makes its appearance in Greece in the ſpring; and in the early ages, ſays Ariſtophanes ^†, ‘it governed that country: and men fell on their knees when they were firſt bleſſed with the ſight of it, becauſe it pronounced the flight of winter, and told them to begin to ſheer their vernal fleeces. The CRANE likewiſe, by its autumnal departure, warns the mariner to hang up his rudder, and take his reſt, and every prudent man to provide their winter garments: and the SWALLOW again informed them when they were to put on thoſe of ſummer. Thus, adds the chorus of birds, are we to you as AMMON, DODONA, APOLLO:’ meaning, in thoſe early days, that man conſulted only theſe natural calendars, and needed no other than what they took from the flight of birds^‡, or the flowering of plants.

They inhabit England in all ſeaſons. I have ſeen their young taken, the laſt week in May, or firſt in June, in the great woods be⯑longing to Sir Joſeph Banks, in Lincolnſhire; and have often obſerved them in various places in the depth of winter.

• I. HONEY BUZZARD, Br. Zool. i. N^o 56.—Latham, i. 52, N^o 33.
• Falco Apivorus Slaghok, Faun. Suec. N^o 65.—LEV. MUS.

F. With an aſh-colored head; dark brown above; below white, ſpotted or barred with ruſty brown: tail brown, barred with two duſky bars, remote from each other: legs ſtrong and yellow: bill and cere black. LENGTH twenty-three inches. WEIGHT thirty ounces.

[225]Inhabits as far north as the diſtrict of Sondmor, in Norway ^*.PLACE. Is found in plenty in the open parts of Ruſſia and Sibiria, near woods; and preys much upon Lizards.

• K. LANNER, Br. Zool. i. N^o 31.—Latham, i. 86.
• Falco Lannarius, Faun. Suec. N^o 62.—De Buffon, i. 243.

F. With a white line over each eye: cere and legs bluiſh: breaſt white, tinged with yellow, and marked with brown ſpots: pri⯑maries and tail duſky; the firſt marked with oval ruſt-colored ſpots on the inner webs; the laſt, on both.

Inhabits Iceland, the Feroe iſles, and Sweden; PLACE. the Tartarian deſerts and the Baraba. Breeds on very low trees. None in the north or eaſt of Sibiria. Much eſteemed for falconry.

• L. MOOR BUZZARD, Br. Zool. N^o 57.—Latham, i. 53.
• Falco Aeruginoſus, Faun. Suec. N^o 66.
• Hons-tjuf, Le Buſard, De Buffon, i. 218. pl. x.—Pl. Enl. 424:

F. Entirely of a chocolate brown, tinged with ruſt: on the hind part of the head a light clay-colored ſpot: ſlender long yellow legs: cere black.

Weight twenty ounces. Length twenty-one inches.SIZE.

Found in the Tranſbaltic countries, as far north as Sondmor ^†.PLACE. Common in the ſouth of Ruſſia: not in Sibiria. It continues the whole year in Sweden.

• M. KESTRIR, Br. Zool. i. N^o 60.—Latham, i. 94.
• Falco Tinnunculus, Kirko-Falk, Faun. Suec. N^o 61.—Muller, N^o 65.
• La Creſſerelle, De Buffon, i. 280. pl. xviii.—Pl. Enl. 401, 471.

Male. F. With the crown and tail of a fine light grey, the laſt marked with a black bar near the end: back and wings of a purpliſh red, ſpotted with black. Female. Head reddiſh; crown ſtreaked with black: back, tail, and coverts of wings, dull ruſt-co⯑lor, barred with black: legs yellow. WEIGHT of Male ſix ounces and a half: of Female eleven.

PLACE.Frequent in the deſerts of Tartary and Sibiria, in the open coun⯑tries, where ſmall trees are found for it to breed in. Migrates into Sweden, at the time in which the White Wagtail returns, and the Saf⯑fron, Snowdrop, and bulbous Violet, bloſſom. Each of theſe birds quit the country about the ſame day, in September ^*. Not found farther north?

• N. SPARROW HAWK, Br. Zool. i. N^o 62.—Latham, i. 99.
• Sparfhok, Faun. Suec. N^o 68.—Muller, N^o 71.—Strom. 235.
• L'Epervier, De Buffon, i. 225. pl. xi.—Pl. Enl. 412, 467.

F. With head, back, and coverts of wings and tail, (in ſome) of a deep bluiſh grey; in others, of a deep brown, edged with ruſt-color: breaſt and belly of a whitiſh yellow, with waved bars of deep brown or dull orange: tail cinereous, with five broad black bars; the tips white.

Weight of the male five ounces: female nine.

PLACE.Found as high as Sondmor, and in the Feroe iſlands, in the ſouth of Ruſſia; but none in Sibiria.

• O. HOBBY, Br. Zool. i. N^o 61.—Latham, i. 103.
• Falco Subluteo, Faun. Suec. N^o 59.

F. With crown, back, and coverts of a bluiſh black: from the crown a black ſtroke points down the cheeks, which are white: breaſt white, with oblong black ſpots: thighs and vent pale orange: inner webs of primaries marked with oval reddiſh ſpots: two mid⯑dle feathers of the tail plain dove-color; the inner webs of the others marked like the primaries: legs yellow. WEIGHT of the male ſeven ounces.

Schonen, the moſt ſouthern province of Sweden ^*, and, I believe,PLACE. does not extend farther north. This ſpecies winter about Woro⯑neſch and Aſtrakan ^†; and frequents the ſame places in Sibiria with the KESTRIL.

127. GREAT.

• Great Shrike, Br. Zool. i. N^o 71.
• Lanius Excubitor, Warfogel, Faun. Suec. N^o 80.—Latham, i. 160.
• White Whiſky John, Phil. Tranſ. lxii. 386.
• La Pie-grieche Griſe, De Buffon, i. 296. pl. xx.—Pl. Enl. 445.—LEV. MUS.

S. With a black bill and legs: cinereous crown, hind part of the neck, and back: cheeks white, croſſed from the bill with a bar of black: under ſide, from chin to tail, white, marked with ſe⯑micircular lines of a pale brown: leſſer coverts black; thoſe on the joints of the wings aſh-color: primaries black, marked with a ſingle band of black; ſecondaries tipt with white: the tail cuneiform; the two middle feathers black, the tips of the next on each ſide white; on the reſt the white prevales, till the exterior, when the black almoſt entirely vaniſhes: beyond each eye of the female is a brown bar.

PLACE.Inhabits North America, from Hudſon's Bay to Louiſiana. In Hudſon's Bay, lives in the woods remote from ſhores, and is the firſt bird there which brings out its young in the ſpring. Makes its neſt with dry graſs or bents, and lines it thickly with feathers: lays ſeven eggs, of a pale blue color, blotched with brown.

Is frequent in Ruſſia, but does not extend to Sibiria; yet one was taken by our navigators within Bering's ſtraits, in lat. 66, on the Aſiatic ſide of the Frozen Sea. Has the ſame manner of transfixing and tearing its prey as the Engliſh kind.

128. BLACK-CROWNED.

S. With the bill, legs, crown, and ſides of the head, back, and coverts of wings, black: primaries black, marked with a ſmall ſpot of white, and another on the ridge of the wing: throat, cheeks, and vent, pure white: breaſt and belly tinged with aſh-color: tail [239] long; middle feathers black; the reſt marked at their ends with white, which increaſes to the exterior; in which the black almoſt vaniſhes. Rather inferior in ſize to the laſt.

Inhabits North America. PLACE. Seems to be La Pie Grieſche de la Louiſi⯑ane, Briſſon, ii. 162; Latham, i. 162.

129. CRESTED.

• Lanius Canadenſis, Lin. Syſt. 134.—De Buffon, i. 316.—Pl. Enl. 479. fig. 2.— Latham, i. 182.
• La Pie Grieſche de Canada, Briſſon, ii. 171.—LEV. MUS.

S. With black bill and legs: head adorned with a reddiſh creſt: cheeks duſky, ſpotted with white: hind part of neck and back brown, inclining to red: throat and breaſt of a yellowiſh red: belly and vent of a fine aſh-color: coverts of the wings black, edged with white; primaries with white on their exterior ſides: tail black, bordered on each ſide, and tipt with white. LENGTH ſix inches and a half: EXTENT about eleven.

Inhabits Canada. PLACE.

130. NATKA.

S. With the bill ſlightly incurvated at the end, black, except the upper half of the lower mandible: crown, lower part of the upper ſide of the neck, and the back, black: over each eye is a white line, extending to the very nape; beneath that one of black: from chin to vent is wholly white: a narrow white circle quite encom⯑paſſes the neck: leſſer coverts of the wings black; greater white, more or leſs daſhed down the ſhafts with black: primaries duſky, fringed with yellowiſh brown; ſecondaries black, edged and tipped with white: tail black, a little rounded; the four outmoſt feathers tipped with white: rump cinereous, the edges of the feathers grey: legs black. LENGTH ſeven inches one-fourth.

Brought from Natka ſound in North America. PLACE. Communicated to me by Mr. Latham.

131. RED-BACKED.

• Br. Zool. i. N^o 72.—Latham, i. 167.
• Lanius Collurio, Faun. Suec. N^o 81.
• Pie-grieche de la Louiſiane, De Buffon, i. 307.—Pl. Enl. 397.—LEV. MUS.

S. With grey crown and rump: ferruginous back and coverts of wings: black line acroſs the eyes: breaſt and belly roſeate: tail black; exterior feathers edged with white: head and upper part of the FEMALE dirty ruſt-color; line over the eyes the ſame color: breaſt and belly dirty white, marked with duſky ſemicircular lines. LENGTH ſeven inches and a half.

PLACE.Inhabits Ruſſia; not Sibiria. Is found in Sweden and Chriſtianſoe. The Count De Buffon ſays, he received one from Louiſiana. I ima⯑gine, that, as the Norwegians give the Great Shrike and this a name, that they may be found in their country. The firſt they call Klavert, the laſt Hanvark. Mr. Ekmark has obſerved both of them, only during ſummer, in Eſt Gothland; but is not certain whether they winter. Each ſpecies appears in Italy in the ſpring; retires in autumn.

• A. GREY, Lanius Nengeta, Lin. Syſt. 135.—Latham, i. 183.
• Grey Pye of Braſil, Edw. 318.

S. With the crown, hind part of the neck, back, and coverts of the wings, deep cinereous: a black line paſſes from the bill through the eyes to the hind part of the head: greater coverts and ſe⯑condaries [241] black, tipt with dirty white; primaries black: breaſt and belly light aſh-color: tail black; ends of the outmoſt feathers white. Much larger than N^o 127, the common Great Shrike; and differs ſpecifically.

Inhabits Ruſſia, but is more frequent in Sibiria; PLACE. where it lives in the foreſts the whole winter. Taken and tamed by the fowlers; and kept by the Ruſſians for the diverſion it affords in the manner of killing its prey. They ſtick a rod with a ſharp point into the wall of a room, on which the Shrike perches. They turn looſe a ſmall bird, which the former inſtantly ſeizes by the throat, ſtrangles, and then ſpits it on the point of the ſtick, drawing it on with its claws and bill. Thus it ſerves as many as are turned to it, and afterwards eats them, thus ſuſpended, at its leiſure^*. The Germans ſtyle it Wurch-angel, or the Suffocating-angel. The old Engliſh, Wariangel, which ſig⯑nifies a bird of ſome very miſchievous qualities; as is evident from Chaucer.

• B. LESSER GREY, Pie Grieche d'Italie, De Buffon, i. 298.—Pl. Enl. 32.

S. With the forehead black: a black line croſſes the eyes, like as in the former: head, hind part and ſides of the neck, back, and coverts of wings, cinereous, paleſt on the rump: ridge of the wing white: primaries black, with a white ſpot near the baſe; ſecondaries black, tipt with white: throat white: breaſt and belly tinged with roſe-color: tail marked like the preceding.

Inhabits Ruſſia, but not Sibiria. Found in Italy and Spain. PLACE.

132. CAROLINA.

• Parrokeeto, Lawſon, 142.—Latham, i. 227.—LEV. MUS.
• Parrot of Carolina, Cateſby, i. 11.—Du Pratz, ii. 88.
• Pſittacus Carolinenſis, Lin. Syſt. 141.—Briſſon, iv. 350.
• La Perruche a tete jaune, De Buffon, vi. 274.
• Le Papegai a tete aurore, De Buffon, vi. 247.

P. With the forehead, ridge of the wings, and feathers round the knees, orange: head and neck yellow: back, body, and coverts of wings and tail, green: primaries duſky, mixed with blue and green; the upper exterior ſides edged with yellow: tail very long and cuneiform: legs white. LENGTH thirteen inches. WEIGHT three ounces and a half.

PLACE.Inhabits the ſouthern parts of North America, but never appears higher than Virginia. It is in general a migratory bird, even in Ca⯑rolina; arriving at the ſeaſon when mulberries are ripe, which they are very fond of, and which are the earlieſt fruits of the country, ex⯑cept ſtrawberries. They infeſt, in autumn, the apple-orchards in vaſt flocks, and make great havock by ſplitting the fruit for the ſake of the kernels only, being very greedy of them, and the ſeeds of cypreſs, and other trees. They devour too the buds of the birch.

Few of theſe tender birds continue in Carolina during the whole year. They breed in hollow trees, in low ſwampy grounds. When taken, they eaſily grow tame, but do not ſpeak. Their inteſtines are ſaid to be a ſpeedy poiſon to Cats.

EGGS.The eggs of Parrots are roundiſh, and generally of a pure white; thoſe of the Maccaws ſpotted, like the eggs of a Partridge. The number uſually two; yet the Count De Buffon gives an inſtance of a [243] Perroquet, in a ſtate of confinement, which laid four eggs every ſpring, during five or ſix years: one of the eggs was addle; the others productive^*.

133. ILLINOIS.

• Tui-apeta-jube, Margrave, 206, N^o 2.—Wil Orn. 116.—Raii. Syn. av. 34.— De Buffon, vi. 269.—Latham, i. 228.
• Pſittacus Pertinax, Lin. Syſt. 142.
• La Perruche. Illinoiſe, Briſſon, iv. 353.
• Yellow-faced Parrot, Edw. 234.

P. With a cinereous bill: orange-colored irides: forehead, cheeks, and ſometimes the hind part of the head, of a rich orange: crown, upper part of the body, tail, and coverts of the wings, of a fine green: primaries green, edged externally with blue: breaſt and belly of a yellowiſh green: vent yellow: tail very long and cunei⯑form. Of the ſame ſize with the former. Perhaps differs only in ſex?

Inhabits the interior parts of North America, PLACE. in the country of the Illinois, ſouth of lake Michigam: it is alſo met with in the Brazils. Is a lively bird; but its voice not very articulate. Father Charlevoix met with ſome on the banks of the Theatiki, a river that riſes a little ſouth of lake Michigam, and runs into the Miſſiſipi. He ſays, that thoſe he ſaw were only ſtragglers, which migrated before winter; but that the main body paſſed the whole year on the borders of the Miſſiſipi ^†.

The Count De Buffon confines the whole genus of Parrots to ex⯑actly twenty-five degrees on each ſide of the Equator^‡.LATITUDES OF PARROTS. It always gives me pain to differ in opinion with ſo illuſtrious a character; but I muſt produce my authorities of their being common at far greater diſtances. On the continent of America, two ſpecies have been ob⯑ſerved by the Spaniards about Trinity Harbour, in the South Seas, in [244] north lat. 41. 7^*. Dr. Forſter ſaw, in the raw, rainy latitude of Duſky Bay, in New Zealand, 46 ſouth, two kinds. In the neighborhood of Botany Bay, in New Holland, in ſouth lat. 34, five ſpecies were diſco⯑vered; among which, the greater variety of the ſulphur-creſted Cocka⯑too appeared in amazing multitudes. But what is moſt wonderful, a ſmall ſpecies of this tender genus is to be met with as low as Port Famine, in the ſtreights of Magellan, in north lat. 53. 44^†, in flocks innumerable. They inhabited the vaſt foreſts of the country. Their food muſt be confined to buds and berries; for no fort of fruit-trees have been obſerved there. The foreſts likewiſe were frequently bounded by mountains, probably cloathed with eternal ſnow.

134. RAVEN.

• Br. Zool. i N^o 74.
• Corvus Corax, Lin. Syſt. 155.
• Korp, Faun. Suec. N^o 85.—Leems, 240.—Faun. Groenl. p. 62.—Latham, i. 367. —De Buffon, iii. 13.—LEV. MUS.

C. With the point of the bill a little incurvated, with a ſmall tooth on each ſide, of a black color, gloſſed with blue. It va⯑ries to white, and to pied. In the Feroe iſles is a breed which are black and white, and are ſaid to keep in a place ſeparate from the common kind^*.

The largeſt of the genus. Weighs three pounds.SIZE. Length two feet two inches.

Very numerous as far north as Finmark, Iceland, and Greenland, where it frequents the huts of the natives, and feeds on the offals of the Seals^†. Preys in concert with the White Bear, Arctic Fox, and Eagle. Devours the eggs of birds, eſpecially the Ptarmigan: eats ſhore-fiſh, and ſhell-fiſh: drops the laſt from on high to break them, and get at the contents. Turns roundin the air, and is dexterous; changes its prey from its bill to its feet, or from its feet to its bill, by way of eaſe. Eats alſo berries, and, when almoſt famiſhed, dried ſkins and excrements. Neſtles on high rocks, which overhang and afford a canopy. Couples in March; lays in April. Each preſerves a diſtrict to itſelf. The male ſits in the day; the female in the night: the former-ſleeps cloſe by its mate. Have ſtrong affection to their young brood. Hearing its croaking echoed, repeats it; as if ad⯑miring its own note. At approach of ſtorms, collects under ſhelter of rocks.

[246]Caught by the natives. Its fleſh is eaten. The ſkins reckoned the beſt for cloathing: the wings uſed for bruſhes: the quils ſplit, are made into fiſhing-lines. They alſo inhabit Newfoundland, and now and then appear as low as Virginia and Carolina ^*.

This bird is, among the American ſavages, an emblem of return of health. Their phyſicians, or rather magicians, when they viſit a ſick perſon, invoke the Raven, and mimic his croaking voice^†. The northern Indians, on the contrary, deteſt this and all the Crow kind^‡. It inhabits Kamtſchatka and Sibiria; but not within the Aſiatic Arctic regions.

135. CARRION.

• Br. Zool. i. N^o 75?—Latham, i. 370.
• Blaae Raage, Brunnick, N^o 29.
• Corvus Corone, Faun. Suec. N^o 86.
• La Corbine, ou l'Corneille, De Buffon, iii. 45.—Pl. Enl. 483.—LEV. MUS.

C. With the plumage wholly black, gloſſed with violet: bill ſtrong, thick, and arched: noſtrils covered with ſtrong black briſtles: ends of the feathers of the tail ſlightly pointed. LENGTH eighteen inches and a half. Weight from twenty to twenty-two ounces^‖.

PLACE.Inhabits the province of New York, and the inland parts of Hud⯑ſon's Bay. Mr. Blackburn obſerved, that it retains there the ſame manners as the European ſpecies; and never migrates from New York. MR. KALM ſays, that they fly in great numbers, and have a cry much reſembling the Rook^§. By his account, they appear of a mixed nature, feeding not only on grain, but on carrion; and are alſo very pernicious to young poultry. Like Rooks, they pull up the [247] corn of the country, the new-ſown maize; and, when it ripens, do pick a hole in the leaves which ſurround the ears, expoſing it to corruption, by letting in the rain. The inhabitants of Penſylvania and New Jerſey were wont to proſcribe them, ſetting three pence or four pence on the head of each Crow; but the law was ſoon re⯑pealed, becauſe of the great expence it brought on the public ſtock^*. Mr. Kalm alſo remarks this agreement with the Rook ſpecies, that they ſettle much on trees, both in February and the ſpring.

Theſe birds are ſo rare in Sweden, that Linnaeus gives only one in⯑ſtance of its being killed in his country. Yet it is found in the dioceſe of Drontheim, and in the Feroe iſlands. They are ſcarce in Ruſſia; and only in the north. Grow more common in Sibiria, and are found plentifully beyond the Lena, where the Hooded Crow ceaſes. Was obſerved about Botany Bay, in New Holland; and is met with in the Philippine iſles^†.

136. MAGPIE.

• Br. Zool. i. N^o 78.—Latham, i. 392.—De Buffon, iii. 85.
• Corvus Pica, Skata, Skiura, Skara, Faun. Suec. N^o 92.—LEV. MUS.

C. Variegated with black and white, the black moſt beautifully gloſſed with green and purple: the tail very long, cuneiform, black, reſplendent with the ſame rich colors as the body. Length eighteen inches: weight nine ounces.

Viſits Hudſon's Bay, where the natives call it Oue ta-kee Aſke, or the Heart-bird. It migrates, and but ſeldom appears there^‡.

Is found in Europe, as high as Wardhuys, in lat. 71 ½.PLACE. It is eſteemed there an augural bird. If it perches on the church, it is ſuppoſed to portend the death or removal of the miniſter: if on the caſtle, that of the governor^‖. The Magpies ſwarm in the temperate parts of Ruſſia. Common in Sibiria, and even as far as Kamtſchatka, and the iſles.

137. CINEREOUS.

• Corvus Canadenſis, Lin. Syſt. 158.—Latham, i. 389.
• Le Geay Brun de Canada, Briſſon, ii. 54.—De Buffon, iii. 117.—LEV. MUS.

C. With a black bill, ſtrong, ſtrait, notched near the end of the upper mandible: noſtrils covered with a tuft of whitiſh feathers reflected downwards: the forehead, cheeks, and under part of the body, of a dirty reddiſh white: the feathers on the crown long and black, forming a ſpecies of creſt, like that of the Engliſh Jay: the plumage on the back brown, ſilky, looſe, and unwebbed, like that of the Jay: wings black: tail long, cuneiform, blade; the three out⯑moſt feathers tipt with dirty white: legs black. LENGTH near ele⯑ven inches: extent fifteen. Weight two ounces and a half.

PLACE.Inhabits Hudſon's Bay, Newfoundland, and Canada, and the woods on the weſtern coaſts of America. Theſe birds breed early in ſpring: their neſts are made of ſticks and graſs, and built in pine-trees. They have two, rarely three, young ones at a time. Their eggs are blue. The young are quite black, and continue ſo for ſome time. They fly in pairs. The male and female are perfectly alike. They feed on black moſs, worms, and even fleſh. When near habita⯑tions or tents, they are apt to pilfer every thing they can come at, even ſalt meat. They are bold, and come into the tents to eat victuals out of the diſhes, notwithſtanding they have their hoard of berries lodged in the hollows of trees. They watch perſons baiting the traps for Martins, and devour the bait as ſoon as they turn their backs. Theſe birds lay up ſtores for the winter; and are ſeldom ſeen in January, unleſs near habitations: they are a kind of mock-bird. When caught, they pine away, and die, though their appetite fails them^†. Deteſted by the natives of Hudſon's Bay.

138. BLUE.

• Jay, Clayton's Virginia.—Phil. Tranſ. iii. 590.—Lawſon, 141.
• Blue Jay, Cateſby, i. 15.—Edw. 239.—Latham, i. 386.
• Corvus Criſtatus, Lin. Syſt, 157.
• Le Geay Bleu de Canada, Briſſon, ii. 55.—De Buffon, iii. 120.—BL. MUS.— LEV. MUS.

C. With a ſtrong thick bill: head adorned with a rich blue creſt: a ſtripe of black from the bill extending beyond the eyes: throat and cheeks white: neck ſurrounded with a black collar: breaſt of a pale vinaceous red: belly white; back of a pale purple: coverts of the wings and ſecondaries of a rich blue, beautifully barred with black; the ſecondaries, and one order of the coverts, tipt with white: tail long and cuneiform, barred with blue and black; the tips of all white, excepting thoſe of the two middlemoſt: legs black. LENGTH twelve inches.

Inhabits Newfoundland, Canada, and as far ſouth as Carolina. PLACE. Has the ſame actions and jetting motion as the Engliſh Jay, but its cry is leſs harſh. It feeds on fruits and berries, and commonly ſpoils more than it eats. It is particularly fond of the berries of the bay-leaved Smilax. Reſides in the country all the year. Lays in May five or ſix eggs, of a dull olive, with ruſty ſpots.

C. With a creſted head: bill, neck, and back, black:139. STELLER'S^*. leſſer co⯑verts of the wings duſky; the others of a rich reſplendent blue: exterior webs of the primaries of the ſame color; the inner duſky; the ſecondaries of a beautiful rich blue, croſſed with narrow black bars, remote from each other: the rump, belly, and breaſt, of a dull blue: tail very long, cuneiform, and of a fine gloſſy blue; the mid⯑dle feathers ſlightly barred. SIZE of an Engliſh Jay.

Inhabits the woods about Natka or George ſound, in North America. PLACE. It had been before diſcovered by Steller, when he landed on the ſame ſide of that continent. Deſcribed from a ſpecimen in the collection of Sir JOSEPH BANKS.

• A. ROOK, Br. Zool. i. N^o 76.—Latham, i. 372.
• Corvus Frugilegus, Roka, Faun. Suec. N^o 87.—De Buffon, iii. 55.

C. Black, gloſſed with purple: a tinge of dull green over part of the tail: the ends of the feathers of the tail broad, and rounded; thoſe of the Crow, acute: the bill ſtraiter, ſlenderer, and weaker, than that of the Carrion Crow: the length two inches and a half; that of the latter only two inches and a quarter. The bill of the CROW is of a more intenſe black. The noſtrils and baſe of the bill of the ROOK naked, and whitiſh, occaſioned by being often thruſt under ground in ſearch of food. The WEIGHT of both nearly the ſame, about twenty-one ounces: the LENGTH about eighteen inches: the EXTENT of wings in the ROOK three feet one inch and a half; of the Crow, two inches and a half leſs^*.

PLACE.This ſpecies is not found farther north than the ſouth of Sweden. It breeds there; but is driven away by the ſeverity of the winter. No mention is made of it in the Daniſh or Norwegian Faunae. Is common in Ruſſia, and the weſt of Sibiria; but there are none in the eaſt. They migrate in the beginning of March to the environs of Woroneſch, and mingle with the common Crows^†.

• B. HOODED CR. Br. Zool. i. N^o 77.—Latham, i. 374.
• Corvus Cornix, Kraka, Faun. Suec. N^o 88.
• Krage, Leems, 239.—De Buffon, iii. 61.

C. With black head, wings, and tail; aſh-colored body.

Inhabits Europe, as high as the Feroe iſlands and Lapmark, PLACE. where it continues the whole year; but in the northern countries often re⯑tires to the ſhores, where it lives on ſhell-fiſh. Is very common in all Ruſſia and Sibiria: none beyond the Lena. Migrates to Woroneſch, and paſſes the winter there. Grows very large beyond the Ob, and often varies to entire blackneſs. This bird, and the Raven, in Oc⯑tober quit the ſub-alpine woods, where they breed; and ſpread all over the plains of Italy. This ſpecies extends to Syria, as do the Raven, Crow, Jackdaw, and Magpie^*.

This ſpecies, the RAVEN, CROW, JACKDAW, PIE, and JAY, paſs their winter at Woroneſch ^†, removing probably from hotter as well as colder climates; for three of the above can endure the ſevereſt cold.

• C. JACKDAW, Br. Zoel. i. N^o 81.—Latham, i. 378.
• Kaia, Faun. Suec. N^o 89.—De Buffon, iii. 69.

C. With white irides: hind part of the head light grey: breaſt and belly duſky aſh: reſt of the bird black. LENGTH thirteen inches.

Inhabits as far north as Sondmor: PLACE. is ſometimes ſeen in the Feroe iſles. Migrates from Smoland and Eaſt Gothland the moment that harveſt ends; and returns in the ſpring, attendant on the Stares. Winters about Upſal, and paſſes the night in vaſt flocks in ruined towers, eſpecially thoſe of antient Upſal. Common over all Ruſſia, and the weſt of Sibiria. A few are ſeen beyond lake Baikal. Are migratory, unleſs in the ſouth of Ruſſia.

• D. NUTCRACKER, Br. Zool. ii. App. p. 625.—Latham, i. 400.—De Buffon, iii. 122.
• Merula Saxatilis, Aldr. av. ii. 284.
• Corvus Caryocatactes, Notwecka, Notkraka, Faun. Suec. N^o 91.

C. With primaries and tail black, the laſt tipt with white: vent white: reſt of the plumage of a ruſty brown: crown, and con⯑verts of the tail, plain; every other part marked with white triangu⯑lar ſpots. SIZE of a Jackdaw.

PLACE.Is found as high as Sondmor. Does not migrate. Common in the pine-foreſts of Ruſſia and Sibiria, and even in Kamtſchatka. Lives on nuts and acorns, and on the kernels of pine-cones. Neſtles in the bodies of trees, which it perforates like the Woodpecker.

• E. JAY, Br. Zool. i. N^o 79.—Latham, i. 384.—De Buffon, iii. 107.
• Corvus Glandarius, Allonſkrika, Kornſkrika, Faun. Suec. N^o 90.

C. With a black ſpot on each ſide of the mouth: very long feathers on the head: body purpliſh aſh: greater coverts of wings beautifully barred with rich blue, black, and white. LENGTH thirteen inches.

PLACE.Is met with as high north as Sondmor. Not migratory. Common in the woods of Ruſſia and Sibiria; but none beyond the Lena.

• F. ROCK, Greater Redſtart, Wil. Orn. 197.
• La Paiſſe Solitaire, Belon, Oyſ. 322.
• Codiroſſo Maggiore, Olina, 47.—Latham, i. 176.—De Buffon, iii. 354.—Aldr. av. ii. 282.
• Stein-Rotela, Geſu. av. 732.

C. With crown, and neck above, and coverts of wings, brown and dirty white. In the males, the middle of the back marked with a ſpot, conſiſting of a bar of blue, black, and ruſt-colored: throat, breaſt, and belly, orange, ſpotted with white, and a few duſky [253] ſpots: two middle feathers of the tail duſky; the reſt ferruginous: has the ſame looſe ſilky texture of feathers as the Jay. SIZE of a Stare.

Found as high as the foreſts of Lapland. Is called by the Swedes, PLACE. Lappſkata and Olyckfugl; by the Norwegians, Gertrudsfogel; alſo Ulyksfuegl, from its being ſuppoſed to forebode ill-luck. Linnaeus, for the ſame reaſon, ſtyles it Lanius Infauſtus; and in his Fauna, Corvus Infauſtus ^*. It is common in the woods of the north of Ruſſia and Sibiria. Is a moſt audacious bird. Linnaeus relates, that in dining amidſt the Lepland foreſts, it would often ſnatch away the meat before him. Breeds in crevices of rocks. Feeds on worms and inſects. Sings finely, and is often preſerved in cages for its ſong.

• G. GARRULOUS, Br. Zool. ii. App. p. 530 quarto, 624 octavo.—Latham, i. 406.—De Buffon, iii. 133.—Aldr. i. 395.
• Coracias Garrula, Spanſk-kraka, Bla-kraka, Faun. Suec. N^o 94.

R. With a naked ſpot beyond each ear: head, neck, back, breaſt, belly, and greater coverts of the wings, of a light bluiſh green: back ferruginous: coverts of the tail, leſſer coverts of the wings, and lower parts of the ſecondaries, of a rich blue; primaries black above, blue beneath: middle feathers of the tail dirty green; the reſt of a light blue: the exterior feathers on each ſide much longer than the reſt, and tipt with black: legs yellowiſh. SIZE of a Jay.

This elegant bird is found not ſpread, but as if it were in a ſtream,PLACES. from the ſouthern parts of Norway to Barbary and Senegal: from the ſouth of Ruſſia to the neighborhood of the Irtiſh, only, in that em⯑pire; and ſoutherly, to Syria ^†. In Sweden, it arrives with the Cuckoo; [254] retires at the concluſion of the harveſt^†. It makes its neſt in the birch, preferably to all other trees^‡; and in places where trees are wanting, ſuch as Malta and Barbary, it forms its neſt in clayey banks. Zinanni ſays it lays five eggs, of clear green, ſprinkled with innume⯑rable dark ſpecks^‖. It feeds on fruits, acorns, and inſects. Is a ſhy bird; but, at times, is ſeen in company with Crows and Pies on the plough lands, picking up worms, and grains of corn. Schwenckfelt ſays, that in autumn it grows very fat, and is eſteemed as a delicacy^§. It is remarkably clamorous. Is migratory. M. Adanſon obſerved them in Senegal, in flocks, in the month of September, and ſuppoſes they winter there^¶.

140. RED-WING.

• Acolchichi, Fernand. Nov. Hiſp. p. 14.—Wil. Orn. 395.—Raii Syn. av. 166.— Latham, i. 428.
• Black Bird (2d ſp.) Lawſon, 139.
• Red-winged Starling, Cateſby, i. 13.—Du Pratz, ii. 91.
• Le Troupiale a Aiſles Rouges, Briſſon, ii. 97.
• Le Commandeur, De Buffon, iii. 214.—Pl. Enl. 402.
• Oriolus Phoeniceus, Lin. Syſt. 161.

O. With black bill and legs: plumage of a fine jetty blackneſs, except the leſſer coverts of the wings, which are of a bright ſcarlet, with the loweſt row white. LENGTH ten inches. The FE⯑MALES are of a duſky color.

Inhabit from the province of New York to the kingdom of Mexico. In North America they are called Red-winged Starlings,PLACE. and Swamp Black-birds; in Mexico, Commendadores, from their red ſhoulders, reſembling a badge worn by the commanders of a certain Spaniſh order. That kingdom ſeems to be their moſt ſouthern reſi⯑dence. They appear in New York in April, and leave the coun⯑try in October. MANNERS. They probably continue the whole year in the ſouthern parts, at leſt Cateſby and Lawſon make no mention of their departure. They are ſeen in flocks innumerable, obſcuring at times the very ſky with their multitudes. They were eſteemed the peſt of the colonies, making moſt dreadful havock among the maize and other grain, both when new ſown, and when ripe. They are very bold, and not to be terrified with a gun; for, notwithſtanding the ſportſman makes ſlaughter in a flock, the remainder will take a ſhort flight, and ſettle again in the ſame field. The farmers ſome⯑times attempt their deſtruction, by ſteeping the maize in a decoction [256] of white hellebore before they plant it. The birds which eat this prepared corn are ſeized with a vertigo, and fall down; which ſome⯑times drives the reſt away. This potion is particularly aimed againſt the PURPLE GRAKLES, or PURPLE JACKDAW, which conſorts in my⯑riads with this ſpecies, as if in conſpiracy againſt the labors of the huſ⯑bandman. The fowler ſeldom ſhoots among the flocks, but ſome of each kind fall. They appear in greateſt numbers in autumn, when they receive additions from the retired parts of the country, in order to prey on the ripened maize.

Some of the colonies have eſtabliſhed a reward of three pence a dozen for the extirpation of the Jackdaws: and in New England, the intent was almoſt effected,USES. to the coſt of the inhabitants; who at length diſcovered that Providence had not formed even theſe ſeem⯑ingly deſtructive birds in vain. Notwithſtanding they cauſed ſuch havock among the grain, they made ample recompence, by clearing the ground of the noxious worms ^* with which it abounds. As ſoon as the birds were deſtroyed, the reptiles had full leave to multiply: the conſequence was the total loſs of the graſs, in 1749; when the New Englanders, late repentants, were obliged to get their hay from Penſylvania, and even from Great Britain.

NEST.The Red-winged Orioles build their neſts in buſhes, and among the reeds, in retired ſwamps, in the form of a hang-neſt; leaving it ſuſpended at ſo judicious a height, and by ſo wondrous an inſtinct, that the higheſt floods never reach to deſtroy it. The neſt is ſtrong, made externally with broad graſs, a little plaſtered; thickly lined with bent or withered graſs. The eggs are white, thinly and irre⯑gularly ſtreaked with black.

Fernandez ſays, that in Mexico they build in trees near towns; and both he and Cateſby agree, that they ſing as well in a ſtate of con⯑finement as of nature; and that they may be taught to ſpeak. I agree with M. de Buffon, that, in caſe the manner of their nidification [257] is as Fernandez aſſerts, the diſagreement in the different countries is very wonderful.

In Louiſiana they appear only in winter, and are taken in a clap⯑net, placed on each ſide of a beaten path made on purpoſe, and ſtrewed over with rice. As ſoon as the birds alight, the fowler draws the net, and ſometimes takes three hundred at a haul. They are alſo eaten in the Engliſh colonies. Fernandez does not commend their fleſh, which, he ſays, is unpalatable and unwholeſome.

Du Pratz ſpeaks of two kinds: this, and another which is grey and black, with a red ſhoulder; like the ſpecies in queſtion.YOUNG, OR FEMALES? I ſuſpect he forms out of the young birds, not yet arrived at full color, a new kind; or perhaps a female bird: for I have received from Dr. Gar⯑den one under that title, which agrees with the deſcription given by M. Du Pratz. Theſe are ſtreaked with pale ruſty brown: cheeks black: over each eye a white line: breaſt and belly black, ſpotted with pale brown: leſſer coverts of the wings rich orange.

141. WHITE-BACKED.

• White-backed Maize Thieves, Kalm, ii. 274.

A Species mentioned barely as above by Mr. Kalm, with the addi⯑tion of their being leſs than the laſt: that they ſing finely, and appeared flying now and then among the buſhes near Saratoga; but that he ſaw them for the firſt time near New York. PLACE. As Mr. Kalm ſeems not to have had a diſtinct ſight of theſe birds, it is poſſible that they are the WHITE-WINGED ORIOLES of Mr. Latham, ii. 440: the coverts of whoſe wings are white; the reſt of the plumage entirely black. His ſpecies came from Cayenne.

142. BALTIMORE.

• Baltimore bird, Cateſby, i. 48.—Latham, i. 432.
• Le Baltimore, Briſſon, ii. 109.—De Buffon, iii. 231.—Pl. Enl. 506.
• Oriolus Baltimore, Lin. Syſt. 162.—BL. MUS.—LEV. MUS.

O. With the head, throat, neck, and upper part of the back, black:MALE. leſſer coverts of the wings orange; the greater black tipt [258] with white: breaſt, belly, lower part of the back, and coverts of the tail, of a bright orange: primaries duſky, edged with white: two middle feathers of the tail black; the lower part of the reſt of the ſame color, the remaining part orange: legs black.

FEMALE.Head and back of the female olive, edged with pale brown: coverts of the wings of the ſame color, marked with a ſingle bar of white: under ſide of the body, and coverts of the tail, yellow: tail duſky, edged with yellow. LENGTH of this ſpecies ſeven inches.

PLACE.Inhabits from Carolina, ^* to Canada ^†. Suſpends its neſt to the horizontal forks of the Tulip or Poplar trees, formed of the fila⯑ments of ſome tough plants, curiouſly woven, mixed with wool, and lined with hairs. It is of a pear ſhape, open at top, with a hole on the ſide, through which the young diſcharge their excrements, and are fed. In ſome parts of North America, this ſpecies, from its brilliant color, is called the Fiery Hang-neſt. It is called the Baltimore bird, from its colors reſembling thoſe in the arms of that nobleman.

It quits North America before winter, and probably retires to Mexico, the Xochitototl of Fernandez ^‡ ſeeming to be the ſame ſpe⯑cies.

143. BASTARD.

• Baſtard Baltimore, Cateſby, i. 49.—Latham, i. 433.
• Le Baltimore Batard, Briſſon, ii. 111.—De Buffon, iii. 233.—Pl. Enl. 506.
• Oriolus Spurius, Lin. Syſt. 162.—BL. MUS.—LEV. MUS.

O. With the head, neck, and upper part of the back, of a full gloſſy black: breaſt and belly of a fine orange bay: lower part of the back, and coverts of the tail, of the ſame color: the leſſer coverts of the wings light bay; the greater black, edged with dirty white: the quil feathers duſky, edged with white: tail cuneiform and black.

Inhabits North America. Arrives in New York in May. PLACE. Lays five eggs; and uſually hangs its neſt in an apple-tree.

144. BLACK.

• Latham, ii. 445, N^o 37.
• Le Troupiale Noir, Briſſon, ii. 103. tab. x.—De Buffon, iii. 320.—Pl. Enl. 534.— BR. MUS.

O. With a black bill, an inch long: legs of the ſame color: whole plumage black and gloſſy. LENGTH near ten inches. EXTENT one foot. WEIGHT two ounces and a quarter.

FEMALE. With head, breaſt, and belly, duſky, tinged with cinere⯑ous; the reſt of the plumage of as greeniſh brown.

Inhabits North America, even a far as Hudſon's Bay. PLACE. Arrives there in the beginning of June, as ſoon as the ground is thawed ſufficiently for them to get food, which is Worms and Maggots. They ſing with a fine note till the time of incubation, when they deſiſt, and only make a chucking noiſe till the young take their flight, when they reſume their ſong. They build their neſts in trees, about eight feet from the ground; and form them with moſs and graſs. Lay five eggs, of a dark color, ſpotted with black. Gather in great flocks, and retire ſoutherly in September. A bird, which I apprehend to be only a leſſer variety, is deſcribed by the Comte de Buffon, iii. 221. Pl. Enl. 606. Latham, ii. 446.

145. BROWN-HEADED.

O. With the head of a ruſty brown: the body and wings black, gloſſed with green: the tail of a duſky color. SIZE of a com⯑mon Blackbird.—BR. MUS. LEV. MUS.

Inhabits New York, PLACE. and appears there in ſmall flocks during ſum⯑mer. Perhaps migrates to St. Domingo, where it is alſo found, and is called there, according to Mr. Kuchan's account, Siffleur, or Whiſtler; but differs from that deſcribed by M. De Buffon, iii. 230, which is entirely yellow beneath.

146. RUSTY.

O. With duſky bill and legs: head, and hind part of the neck, of a blackiſh purpliſh hue, with the edges of the feathers ruſt-colored: from the bill, over and beneath the eyes, extends a black ſpace, reaching to the hind part of the head: throat, under ſide of the neck, the breaſt, and back, black, edged with pale ruſt: belly duſky: wings and tail black, gloſſed with green. LENGTH between ſeven and eight inches.

PLACE.Appears in New York in the latter end of October, and makes a very ſhort ſtay there: it probably is on its way ſoutherly from Hud⯑ſon's Bay, where it is alſo found.

147. WHITE-HEADED.

• Le Caſſique de la Louiſiane, De Buffon, iii. 242.—Pl. Enl. 646.

O. With the head, neck, belly, and rump, white: the reſt of the plumage changeable violet, bordered with white, or in ſome parts intermixed. LENGTH ten inches French.

PLACE.Inhabits Louiſiana.

148. HUDSONIAN WHITE-HEADED.

O. With a duſky bill: head and throat pure white: ridge of the wing, ſome of the under coverts, firſt primary, and thighs, of the ſame color: all the reſt of the bird duſky, in parts gloſſed with green: on the breaſt a few oblong ſtrokes of white: legs duſky. LENGTH eight inches and a half. EXTENT thirteen and a half. WEIGHT an ounce and three quarters.

PLACE.Inhabits Hudſon's Bay. A very rare ſpecies. Quere, if only differ⯑ing in ſex from the laſt.—LEV. MUS.

149. OLIVE.

• Le Carouge Olive de la Louiſiane, De Buffon, iii. 251.—Pl. Enl. 607.

O. With the head olive, tinged with grey: hind part of the neck, the back, wings, and tail, of the ſame color, tinged with [261] brown, brighteſt on the rump and the beginning of the tail: the ſides alſo olive, daſhed with yellow; the ſame color edges the greater coverts and primaries: the throat is orange-colored: the under ſide of the body yellow: legs a browniſh aſh-color. LENGTH ſix or ſeven inches French. EXTENT from ten to twelve.

Inhabits Louiſiana. PLACE.

150. YELLOW-THROATED.

O. With a bright yellow ſtroke over each eye: cheeks and throat of the ſame color: all the reſt of the plumage tinged with green, only ſome of the coverts of the wings are tipt with white: bill and legs duſky. LENGTH nine inches. EXTENT fifteen and a half.

Was ſhot in Hudſon's Bay. PLACE.

151. UNALASCH⯑KA.

• Latham, ii. 447, N^o 40.

O. With a brown bill; between its baſe and the eyes a white mark: plumage above, brown; the middle of each feather clouded: chin white, bounded on each ſide by a dark diverging line: fore part of the neck and breaſt of a ruſty brown: coverts of the wings, the ſecondaries, and tail, brown, edged with ruſt: pri⯑maries and belly plain: ſides duſky: legs brown. LENGTH eight inches.

Brought by the late navigators from Unalaſchka. PLACE.

152. SHARP-TAILED.

• Latham, i. 448.

O. With the crown brown and cinereous: cheeks brown, ſur⯑rounded by a border of light clay-color, commenced at the baſe of each mandible of the bill: throat white: breaſt, ſides, and vent, of a dull pale yellow, ſpotted with brown: belly white: back [262] varied with aſh-color, black, and white: greater and leſſer coverts of the wings duſky, deeply bordered with ruſt-color; primaries black, ſlightly edged with ruſt: the feathers of the tail ſlope off on each ſide to a point, not unlike thoſe of a Woodpecker; are of a duſky color, and obſcurely barred: the legs of a pale brown. SIZE of a Lark.

PLACE.Inhabits the province of New York.—From Mrs. Blackburn's col⯑lection.

153. PURPLE.

• Tequixquiacatzanatl^*, Fernandez Mex. 21.
• La Pie de la Jamaique, Briſſon, ii. 41.—De Buffon, iii. 97.—Pl. Enl. 538.
• Merops Niger iride ſub-argentea, Brown's Jamaica, 476.
• Purple Jackdaw, Cateſby, i. 12.—Latham, i. 462.
• Black Bird, Lawſon, ſp. 2d, 139.—Sloane Jamaica, ii. 299.
• Gracula Quiſcula, Lin. Syſt. 165.—BL. MUS.—LEV. MUS.

G. With a black bill: ſilvery irides: head and neck black, gloſſed over with a moſt reſplendent blue, variable as oppoſed to the light: back and belly, with green and copper-color, growing more duſky towards the vent: tail long, and cuneiform: legs black: wings and tail rich purple. Female entirely duſky; darkeſt on the back, wings, and tail.

LENGTH of the male thirteen inches and a half:SIZE. the WEIGHT about ſix ounces. LENGTH of the female eleven inches and a half.

Theſe birds inhabit the ſame countries as the Red-wing Orioles, and generally mingle with them. They ſometimes keep ſeparate; but uſually combine in their ravages among the plantations of maize. After that grain is carried in, they feed on the ſeeds of the Water Tare Graſs, or Zizania aquatica. Their good qualities, in clearing the country from noxious inſects, have been recited before, in page mixed with the hiſtory of their congenial companions.

They appear in New York and Philadelphia in February, PLACE. or the be⯑ginning of March; and ſit perched on trees near the farms, and give a tolerably agreeable note. They alſo build in trees, uſually in re⯑tired places, making their neſts externally with coarſe ſtalks,NEST. inter⯑nally [264] with bents and fibres, with plaiſter at the bottom. They lay five or ſix eggs, of a pale plue color, thinly ſpotted and ſtriped with black. After the breeding-ſeaſon, they return with their young from their moſt diſtant quarters, in flights continuing for miles in length, blackening the very ſky, in order to make their depredations on the ripening maize. It is unfortunate that they increaſe in proportion as the country is more cultivated; following the maize, in places they were before unknown, whereſoever that grain is introduced.

They migrate from the northern colonies at approach of winter; but continue in Carolina the whole year, feeding about the barn⯑door. Their fleſh is rank, and unpalatable; and is only the food of birds of prey. The ſmall Hawks daſh among the flocks, and catch them in the air.

They are alſo found in Mexico, and in the iſland of Jamaica. They are ſometimes eaten; but their fleſh is hard, rank, and of bad nouriſhment.

154. BOAT-TAIL.

• Gracula Barri [...]a, Lin. Syſt. 165.—Latham, i. 460.
• Le Troupiaie Noir, Icterus Niger, Briſſon, ii. 105.—De Buffon, iii. 220.—Pl. Enl. 534.
• Monedula tota nigra, Sloane, 299.—Raii Syn. av. 185.—LEV. MUS.

G. With the bill an inch and a half long, ſharp, and black: plumage black, gloſſed with purple: tail cuneiform, expanded when walking; in flight, or on the perch, folded, ſo as to form an oblong cavity in its upper part. LENGTH about thirteen inches.

PLACE.Inhabits not only the greater Antilles, but the warmer parts of North America; conſorting with the Purple Grakles, and Red-winged Orioles. Feeds on maize and inſects; in the iſlands on Bananas.

155. CAROLINA.

• Cuckoo of Carolina, Cateſby, i. 9.—Lawſon, 143.
• Le Coucou de la Carolina, Briſſon, iv. 112.
• Cuculus Americanus, Lin. Syſt. 170.—Latham, i. 537.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

C. With the upper mandible of the bill black, the lower yel⯑low: head, and whole upper part of the body, and coverts of the wings, cinereous; under ſide entirely white: primaries brown on their exterior, orange on their interior ſides: tail long; two middle feathers entirely cinereous, the others tipt with white: legs duſky. LENGTH twelve inches.

Inhabits North America. Arrives in New York in May. PLACE. Makes its neſt in June, uſually in apple-trees; and lays four eggs, of a bluiſh white color. The neſt is made of ſmall ſticks and roots, and reſem⯑bles greatly that of the Engliſh Jay; but is ſmaller. It retires from North America in autumn.

This bird, as well as all the foreign Cuckoos, have only the gene⯑rical character of the well-known European ſpecies. They differ in their oeconomy, nor have the opprobrious notes of that bird.

• A. EUROPEAN CUCKOO, Br. Zool. i. N^o 82. tab. xxxvi. fem.—Latham, i. 509.
• Cuculus Canorus, Gjok, Faun. Suec. N^o 96.
• Le Coucou, De Buffon, vi. 305.—LEV. MUS.

C. With dove-colored head, hind part of the neck, back, rump, and coverts: throat, and under ſide of the neck, of a pale grey: breaſt and belly white, barred with black: primaries duſky; inner webs marked with white oval ſpots: tail cuneiform; middle feathers black, tipped with white; the reſt marked with white ſpots on each web. FEMALE. Neck of a browniſh red: tail barred with ruſt-color and black, and ſpotted with white.

PLACE.Inhabits all parts of Europe, as high as Saltens Fogderie, in Nor⯑way ^*, within the Arctic circle; and even at Loppen, in Finmark ^†. It is found equally high in Aſia; and extends as far eaſt as Kamtſ⯑chatka. In all places it retains its ſingular note, and its more ſingu⯑lar nature of laying its eggs in the neſts of ſmall birds, and totally deſerting them^†. Of the above circumſtance I beg leave to add a proof, which fell under my own notice in June 1778; when I ſaw a young Cuckoo, almoſt full grown (when I firſt diſcovered it) in the neſt of a white Wagtail, beneath ſome logs in a field adjacent to my houſe. The Wagtail was as ſolicitous to feed it, as if it had been its own offspring; for, many days after the Cuckoo fled, it was ſeen often perched on the adjacent walls, ſtill attended and fed by the Wagtail.

It arrives in the northern and eaſtern parts of Aſia, about the tenth of June.

• B. WRYNECK, Br. Zool. i. N^o 83.—Latham, i. 548.
• Jynx Torquilla Gjoktyta, Faun. Suec. N^o 97.
• Le Torcol, De Buffon, vii. 84.—Pl. Enl. 698.—LEV. MUS.

W. With a black and colored liſt dividing lengthways the crown and back: upper part of the body elegantly pencilled with grey, black, white, and ferruginous: tail conſiſts of ten feathers, grey, ſpeckled with black, and marked equidiſtant with four broad black bars.

Extends over all Ruſſia and Sibiria, and even to Kamtſchatka. PLACE. Found in Sweden, and as high as Drontheim, in Norway; and probably migrates as far as the Cuckoo. The Swedes call this bird Gjoktyta, or the bird which explains the Cuckoo: probably for the ſame reaſon as the Welſh and Engliſh ſtyle it the Cuckoo's Man, as it ſeems its attend⯑ant, and to point out its arrival.

156. WHITE-BILLED.

• Quatotomomi, Fernand. Mex. 50.—Wil. Orn. 390.
• Ipecu, Marcgrave, 207.—Wil. Orn. 138.—Raii Syn. Quad. 43.—Latham, ii. 553.
• Picus principalis, Lin. Syſt. 173.
• Largeſt White-bill Woodpecker, Cateſby, i. 16.—Lawſon, 142.—Barrere Fr. Equin. 143.—Kalm, ii. 85.
• Grand Pic noir a bec blanc, De Buffon, vii. 46.—Pl. Enl. 690.

W. With a bill of ivory whiteneſs; great ſtrength; three inches long: irides yellow: a conic creſt, of a rich ſcarlet color, on the hind part of the head: head, throat, neck, breaſt, and belly, black: beneath each eye is a narrow ſtripe of white, crooked at its be⯑ginning, running afterwards ſtrait down the ſides of the neck: upper part of the back, primary feathers, and coverts of the wings, black; lower part of the back, and the ſecondaries, white: tail black.

This is a gigantic ſpecies, weighing twenty ounces; and in bulk equal to a Crow.

PLACE.Inhabits the country from New Jerſey to the Braſils. Is in North America a ſcarce bird; in South America more common. It breeds in the kingdom of Mexico in the rainy ſeaſon; for which reaſon Nieremberg ſtyles it Picus Imbrifoetus ^*. The Spaniards call them Carpenteros, Carpenters, on account of the multitude of chips which they hew out of the trees, either in forming their neſts, or in ſearch of food, inſects, and worms, which lurk beneath the bark. They are very deſtructive to trees; for they have been known to cut out a meaſure of chips in an hour's time^†. Inſtinct directs them to form their holes in a winding form, in order the better to protect their neſts from the injury of the weather^‡.

[269] Canada is deſtitute of theſe birds. The Indians of that ſevere climate purchaſe the bills from the ſavages of the more ſouthern parts, at the rate of two or three Buck ſkins apiece, in order to form the coronets ^* of their ſachems and warriors. Theſe coronets were made with ſeveral materials. Gay plumes formed the rays; the beaks of birds, claws of rare animals, and the little horns of their Roes, were the other ornaments. They were never worn but on high ſolemnities; either when a warrior ſung the ſong of war, or was ſet⯑ting forward on his march to meet the enemy. He went forth like a Spartan hero, dancing, and crowned^†.

157. PILEATED.

• Larger Red-creſted Woodpecker, Cateſby, i. 17.
• Le Pic noir hupe de Virginie, Briſſon, iv. 29.
• Picus Pileatus, Lin. Syſt. 173.—Latham, i. 554.
• Le Pic noir a huppe rouge, De Buffon, vii. 48.—Pl. Enl. 718.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

W. With a bill two inches long, of a duſky color on the upper, and whitiſh on the lower mandible: irides of a gold-color: a tuft of light brown feathers reflected over the noſtrils: the crown adorned with a rich ſcarlet creſt, bounded by a narrow buff-colored line; beneath that is a broad band of black, reaching from the eyes to the hind part of the head; under this is another line of buff-color, commencing at the bill, and dropping down on each ſide of the neck to the pinions of the wings: from the lower mandible a line of ſcarlet extends along the lower part of the cheeks: chin and throat white: fore and hind part of the neck, back, breaſt, belly, and tail, black: the wings black, marked with a double line of white: legs duſky. LENGTH eighteen inches. WEIGHT nine ounces.

Inhabits the foreſts of Penſylvania and New York. PLACE. When the maize begins to ripen, this and the other kinds make great havock, by [270] ſettling on the heads, and picking out the grain; or making holes in the leaves, and letting in the wet, to the deſtruction of the plant^*. It breeds and reſides the whole year in the country. It extends as high as lat. 50. 31. north; being found near the banks of Albany river, near four hundred miles from its diſcharge into Hudſon's Bay. Lays ſix eggs, and brings forth its young in June. The Indians deck their Calumets with the creſt of this ſpecies.

158. GOLDEN-WING.

• Golden-winged Woodpecker, Cateſby, i. 18.
• Le Pic Rayè de Canada, Briſſon, iv. 70.
• Picus Auratus, Lin. Syſt. 174.—Latham, i. 597.
• Le Pic aux ailes dorees, De Buffon, vii. 39.—Pl. Enl. 693.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

W. With a black bill, bending like that of a Cuckoo: crown cinereous; on the hind part a ſcarlet ſpot: cheeks and under ſide of the neck of a pale red: from each corner of the mouth a black line extends along the cheeks: the upper part of the breaſt is marked with a black creſcent; the remainder and the belly whitiſh, ſpotted with black: back and coverts of wings of a fine pale brown, barred with black: the primaries cinereous; their ſhafts of a moſt elegant gold-color; the under ſide of the webs of a gloſſy yellow: rump white, ſpotted with black: tail black, edged with white: the ſhafts of all the feathers gold-colored, except thoſe of the two mid⯑dle feathers: legs duſky. LENGTH twelve inches. WEIGHT five ounces. The FEMALE wants the black on each ſide of the throat.

The Swediſh Americans call it Hittock, and Piut ^†; words formed from its notes. It is almoſt continually on the ground; and never picks its food out of the ſides of trees, like others of the genus: nei⯑ther does it climb, but ſits perched, like the Cuckoo; to which it has ſome reſemblance in manners, as well as form. It feeds on in⯑ſects. Grows very fat, and is reckoned very palatable. It inhabits the Jerſies, and other provinces to the ſouth, the whole year.

159. FERRUGI⯑NOUS.

• Latham, i. 592.
• Le Pic Mordore, De Buffon, vii. 34.—Pl. Enl. 524.

W. With a duſky bill: the crown and pendent creſt of a pale yellow: a crimſon bar extends from the mouth along the lower part of the cheek: the cheeks, back, and coverts of the wings, of a deep ferruginous color: lower part of the back of a pale yel⯑low: primaries ferruginous, barred on their inner webs with black. SIZE of the Green Woodpecker.

This new ſpecies was ſent to me by Dr. Garden, of Charleſtown, PLACE. South Carolina.

160. RED-HEADED.

• Red-headed Woodpecker, Cateſby, i. 20.—Lawſon, 3d ſp. 143.—Du Pratz, 92.— Latham, i. 561.
• Picus Erythrocephalus, Lin. Syſt. 174.
• Le Pic a teſte rouge, de la Virginie, Briſſon, iv. 53.—Pl. Enl. 117.
• Le Pic noir a domino rouge, De Buffon, vii. 55.—Pl. Enl. 117.—LEV. MUS.— BL. MUS.

W. With a lead-colored bill: head and neck of the moſt deep and rich ſcarlet: back, coverts of wings, primaries, and tail, of a gloſſy blackneſs: the ſecondaries white, marked with two black [272] bars: breaſt and belly white: legs black. The head of the FEMALE is brown. LENGTH nine inches and a half. WEIGHT two ounces.

PLACE.Inhabits Penſylvania, and the neighboring provinces. Feeds on maize and apples; and is a moſt deſtructive ſpecies. They pick out all the pulp, and leave nothing but the mere rind. They feed alſo on acorns. They were formerly proſcribed; a reward of two pence was put on their heads: but the law was repealed. They migrate ſouthward at approach of winter. When they are obſerved to linger in numbers in the woods, in the beginning of winter, the inhabi⯑tants reckon it a ſign of a mild ſeaſon^*.

This ſpecies extends acroſs the continent to the weſtern coaſt of America.

161. CAROLINA.

• Red-bellied Woodpecker, Cateſby, i. 19.
• Picus Carolinus, Lin. Syſt. 174.—Latham, i. 570.
• Le Pic varié de la Jamaique, Briſſon, iv. 59.—De Buffon, vii. 72.
• Woodpecker of Jamaica, Edw. 244.—BL. MUS.

W. With the forehead, crown, and hind part of the head, of an orange red; under ſide of a light aſh-color, tinged with yel⯑low: the vent ſpotted with black: the back and wings cloſely barred with black and white: middle feathers of the tail black, the outmoſt barred with black and white. The crown of the female is light grey: hind part of the head red. LENGTH eleven inches. WEIGHT two ounces eleven penny-weights.

PLACE.Inhabits North America, and the greater Antilles.

162. SPOTTED.

• Great Spotted Woodpecker? Br. Zool. i. N^o 85.—Latham, i. 564.
• Le Pic varié, Briſſon, iv. 34.—De Buffon, vii. 57.—Pl. Enl. 196. 595.
• Picus Major, Faun. Suec. N^o 100.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

W. With buff forehead; black crown, bounded behind with a crimſon band: vent feathers crimſon: back black: ſcapulars white: wings and tail barred with black and white: breaſt and belly [273] white, tinged with yellow. LENGTH nine inches. EXTENT ſixteen. WEIGHT two ounces three quarters. FEMALE wants the crimſon marks.

Sent to Mrs. Blackburn from New York. Inhabits Europe, PLACE. as high as Lapmark. Extends to the moſt eaſtern part of Sibiria.

163. CANADA SPOTTED.

• L'Epeiche de Canada, De Buffon, vii. 69.—Pl. Enl. 347.—Briſſon, iv. 45.

W. With white forehead, throat, breaſt, and belly: crown, black; beneath is a band of white, encircling the head; from each eye another of black, uniting behind, and running down the hind part of the neck; each ſide of this bounded by white; that again bounded by black, commencing at the baſe of the bill, and uniting with the ſcapulars: the back black; ſcapulars of the ſame color, mixed with a few white feathers: wings ſpotted with black and white: middle feathers of the tail black; the outmoſt black and white. SIZE of the laſt.

Inhabits Canada. PLACE.

164. HAIRY.

• Hairy Woodpecker, Cateſby, i. 19.—Latham, i. 572.
• Picus Villofus, Lin. Syſt. 175.
• Le Pic varié de la Virginie, Briſſon. iv. 48.
• L'Epeiche ou Pic Chevelù de Virginie, De Buffon, vii. 75.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

W. With the crown black: the hind part of the head marked with a crimſon ſpot; the cheeks with two lines of white and two of black: whole under ſide of the body white: back black, di⯑vided in the middle lengthways with a line of white unconnected feathers, reſembling hairs: the wings black, ſpotted in rows with^* [274] white: two middle feathers of the tail black; the two outmoſt en⯑tirely white; the reſt black, marked croſſways with white. The fe⯑male wants the red ſpot on the head. LENGTH nine inches. WEIGHT two ounces.

PLACE.Inhabits from Hudſon's Bay ^* to Carolina. In the laſt very deſtruc⯑tive to apple-trees.

165. DOWNY.

• Smalleſt Spotted Woodpecker, Cateſby, i. 21.
• Picus Pubeſcens, Lin. Syſt. 175.—Latham, i. 573.
• Le Petit Pic varié de la Virginie, Briſſon, iv. 50.
• Fourth Woodpecker, Lawſon, 143.
• L'Epeiche ou Petit Pic varie de Virginie, De Buffon, vii. 76.—LEV. MUS.— BL. MUS.

W. Of the ſize of a Sparrow. In all reſpects reſembles the laſt, except in ſize; and in having the outmoſt feather of the tail marked with a ſingle white bar.

PLACE.Inhabits Penſylvania and Carolina, and is very numerous. It is alſo found, but more rarely, near Albany fort, in Hudſon's Bay. The Woodpecker tribe is the moſt pernicious of all the birds of America, except the PURPLE GRAKLE; but this little ſpecies is the moſt deſtruc⯑tive of its whole genus, becauſe it is the moſt daring. It is the peſt of the orchards, alighting on the apple-trees, running round the boughs or bodies, and picking round them a circle of equidiſtant holes. It is very common to ſee trees encircled with numbers of theſe rings, at ſcarcely an inch's diſtance from each other; ſo that the tree dries and periſhes.

166. YELLOW-BELLIED.

• Yellow-bellied Woodpecker, Cateſby, i. 21.
• Picus Varius, Lin. Syſt. 176.—Latham, i. 574.
• Le Pic Variè, Briſſon, iv. 62.
• Le Pic Variè de Carolina, De Buffon, vii. 77.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

W. With a crimſon crown, ſurrounded by a line of black: cheeks white, with two lines of black: chin crimſon: breaſt and belly light yellow; the firſt ſpotted with black: coverts black, croſſed by two bars of white: primaries ſpotted with black and white: tail black; interior webs of the two middle feathers barred with white; the two outmoſt feathers edged with the ſame color. The FEMALE wants the red on the crown. LENGTH nine inches. WEIGHT one ounce thirteen penny-weights.

Inhabits the ſame country with the former. Is very numerous,PLACE. and very deſtructive to the fruits.

167. YELLOW-LEGGED.

THIS is inſerted on the ſuſpicious authority of Albin ^*. He ſays, that it is of the ſize of the Little Engliſh Spotted Woodpecker; that the hind part of the head is black; the ridges of the wings, and the lower part of the belly, white; the reſt of the plumage, and the tail, black; the legs yellow.

168. THREE-TOED.

• Three-toed Woodpecker, Edw. 114.—Phil. Tranſ. lxii. 388.—Latham, i. 600, 601.
• Picus Tridactylus, Lin. Syſt. 177.—Faun. Suec. N^o 103.
• Le Pic variè de la Cayenne, Briſſon, iv. 55.—LEV. MUS.

W. With black feathers reflected over the noſtrils: crown of a bright gold color: irides blue: cheeks marked lengthways with three black and two white lines: hind part of the neck and back [276] black; the laſt ſpotted on the upper part with white: coverts of the wings black; primaries black, ſpotted with white: all the under ſide of the body white; the ſides barred with black: the middle feathers of the tail black; the outmoſt ſpotted with white: legs duſky: toes, two before, only one behind; which forms the character of this ſpecies. LENGTH eight inches. EXTENT thirteen. WEIGHT two ounces.

PLACE.Inhabits Hudſon's Bay, and Norton Sound, lat. 64. Is frequent in Sibiria, and common as far as Moſcow, in the alps of Dalecarlia in Sweden, and in thoſe of Switzerland ^*.

• A. BLACK W. Picus Martius, Lin. Syſt. 173.
• Spillkraka, Tillkraka, Faun. Suec. N^o 93.—De Buffon, vii. 41.—Wil. Orn. 135.— Latham, i. 552.—LEV. MUS.

W. With the crown of the head of a rich crimſon: the reſt of the plumage of a full black: the head of the female marked with red only behind. LENGTH eighteen inches. EXTENT twenty-nine. WEIGHT near eleven ounces.

PLACE.Inhabits the foreſts of Germany, Switzerland, and the north, from Peterſbourg to Ochotſk, on the eaſtern ocean, eaſtward, and to Lapmark weſtward. It migrates to Woroneſch, about the third of March, and continues coming in greateſt numbers in April. Is called there The [277] Fuſilier; and is the moſt cunning, and difficult to be ſhot, of all the tribe.

It does vaſt damage to trees,MANNERS. by making holes of a great depth in the bodies to neſtle in. A buſhel of duſt and chips, a proof of its labors, are often found at the foot of the tree. Makes as much noiſe in the operation, as a woodman does with an axe. Rattles with its bill againſt the ſides of the orifice, till the woods reſound. Its note very loud. Lays two or three white ſemi-tranſparent eggs. Feeds on caterpillars and inſects, eſpecially Ants.

• B. GREEN, Br. Zool. i. N^o 84.—Latham, i. 577.
• Picus Viridis, Wedknar, Gronſpik, Grongjoling, Faun. Suec. N^o 99.—De Buffon, vii. 7.—LEV. MUS.

W. With crimſon crown: green body; lighteſt below. LENGTH thirteen inches.

Inhabits Europe, as high north as Lapmark, PLACE. where it is called Zhi⯑aine ^*. Is found in Ruſſia; but diſappears towards Sibiria.

• C. GREY-HEADED, Edw. 65.—Latham, i. 583.

W. With a grey head, and neck of a bluiſh grey: noſtrils covered with harſh black feathers, extending in a line to the eyes: a black line, beginning at the baſe of the lower mandible, points be⯑neath the cheeks towards the hind part of the neck: under ſide of the body of the color of the head, daſhed with green: all other parts ſo exactly like the laſt, that I ſhould ſuppoſe it to have been a variety, had not my very ſcientific friend, PALLAS, aſſured me that it was a diſtinct ſpecies, and inferior in ſize to the common GREEN.

[278] PLACE.It is found in Norway, and among the alps of Switzerland ^*; and common in the north of Ruſſia, and ſtill more in Sibiria. The Tun⯑guſi, of Nijmaia Tungouſka, roaſt this ſpecies, bruiſe the fleſh, and mix it with any greaſe, except that of the Bear, which diſſolves too readily. They anoint their arrows with it, and pretend, that the ani⯑mals, which are ſtruck with them, inſtantly fall^†.

• D. MIDDLE SPOTTED W. Br. Zool. i. N^o 86.—Latham, i. 565.
• Picus Medius, Faun. Suec, N^o 101.—Briſſon, iv. 38.

W. With a crimſon crown and vent: in all other reſpects like the GREAT SPOTTED, N^o 162, except in ſize, being rather leſs.

• E. LEST SPOTTED W. Br. Zool. i. N^o 87.
• Picus Minor, Faun. Suec. N^o 102.
• Le Petit Epeiche, De Buffon, vii. 62.—Pl. Enl. 598.—Briſſon, iv. 41.—LEV. MUS.

W. With a crimſon crown: the reſt of the head, breaſt, and belly, like thoſe of the former: back barred with black and white: the white on the wings diffuſed in broad beds. WEIGHT under an ounce. LENGTH ſix inches. EXTENT eleven.

PLACE.The MIDDLE is only found in Ruſſia. This, and the GREAT SPOT⯑TED, extend to the eaſtmoſt parts of Sibiria; but all three are found as high as Lapmark ^‡, the extremity of northern Europe, far within the polar circle; a country which is one vaſt foreſt of pines, firs, and birch^‖. Innumerable inſects, or their, larvae, lurk in all ſeaſons in the bark of the trees; ſo that this tribe of birds is never compelled, for want of food, to ſhun even the moſt rigorous winters of that ſe⯑vere climate. It alſo bears the heats of the torrid zone; for I diſco⯑vered it among the drawings in the collection of Governor Loten, made in the iſland of Ceylon.

169. BELTED.

• Kingfiſher, Cateſby, i. 69.
• American Kingfiſher, Edw. 115.
• Le Martin peſcheur hupè de la Caroline, Briſſon. iv. 512. & de St. Domingue, 515.
• Alcedo Alcyon, Lin. Syſt. 180.—Latham, i. 637.
• Le Jaguacati, De Buffon, vii. 210.—LEV. MUS.

K. With a black bill, two inches and a half long: head creſted with long bluiſh grey feathers: above the upper mandible of the bill, on each ſide, is a white ſpot; beneath each eye is another: chin and throat white: the upper part of the breaſt croſſed by a broad grey belt; the lower part, and belly, white: the ſides of a ver⯑milion color; in ſome croſſing the breaſt: upper part of the neck, the back, and coverts of the wings, of a pleaſant bluiſh grey: the ſecon⯑daries of the ſame color; their ends, and thoſe of the lower order of coverts, tipt with white: primaries black, barred with white: tail grey; the two middle feathers plain; the reſt barred with white: the legs orange. LENGTH thirteen inches. WEIGHT three ounces and a half.

Inhabits Hudſon's Bay, Norton Sound, PLACE. and other parts of North Ame⯑rica. The Achalalacti, i. e. the Devourer of fiſh, of the Mexicans ^*, ſeems to be the ſame bird. It has the ſame cry, manners, and ſolitary diſpoſition, with the European ſpecies; and feeds not only on fiſh, but Lizards. It makes its neſt in the face of high banks, penetrating deep into them in an horizontal direction. Lays four white eggs, which diſcharge the young in June. It migrates in Mexico; is there eaten, but is obſerved to have the ſame rankneſs as other piſcivorous birds.

• A. EUROPEAN KINGFISHER, Br. Zool. i. N^o 88.—Latham, i. 626.
• Le Martin-Pecheur, Buffon, vii. 164.—Pl. Enl. 77.
• Alcedo Iſpida, Lin. Syſt. 179,—LEV. MUS.

K. With the crown, and coverts of the wings, of a deep green, ſpotted with caerulean: ſcapulars and back bright caerulean: tail rich deep blue: breaſt and belly orange red.

PLACE.Said by Du Pratz to be found in North America; but, as I never ſaw it in any collection, doubt the fact. Inhabits the temperate parts of Ruſſia and Sibiria, and is frequent about the Jeneſei, but not farther eaſt. It does not extend to Sweden, and it even ſeems a rarity in Den⯑mark ^*.

The Tartars and Oſtiaks uſe the feathers of this bird as a love-charm. They fling them on water, and preſerve thoſe which ſwim; believing, that the woman, whom they touch with one of theſe feathers, will immediately become enamoured with them. The Oſtiaks preſerve the bill, feet, and ſkin, in a purſe, and imagine them to be preſervatives againſt all ſorts of misfortunes^†.

The moſt ſingular northern philtre, is a ſort of muſhroom, worn by the youth of Lapland in a purſe, ante pubem pendulo. LINNAEUS'S apoſtrophe is very diverting.

170. CANADA.

• NUTHATCH, Br. Zool. i. N^o 89?—Latham, i. 648. 651.
• Le Torchepot de Canada, Briſſon, iii. 592.
• Sitta Europea Notwacka, Faun. Suec. N^o 104.
• La Sittelle, De Buffon, v. 460.—LEV. MUS.

N. With the crown, hind part of the neck, and ſhoulders, black: back and rump of a light blue grey: over each eye a white line: cheeks white: primaries duſky, edged with grey: breaſt and belly of a pure white: two middle feathers of the tail grey; the others black, with a white ſpot at the end: vent ruſt-colored. SIZE of the European; of which it ſeems a mere variety.

Inhabits Canada, and as far ſouth as New York; PLACE. and extends to the weſtern ſide of America, Kamtſchatka ^*, Sibiria, and Ruſſia; Swe⯑den, and Sondmor ^† in Norway: and does not migrate.

171. BLACK-HEADED.

• Nuthatch, Cateſby, i. 22, lower figure.—Latham, i. 650. B.
• Le Torchepot de la Caroline, Briſſon, iii. 22.

N. With the bill, head, and hind part of the neck, black: over each eye is a white line: back of a fine grey: wings duſky, edged with grey: breaſt and belly, and vent feathers, red: two mid⯑dle feathers of the tail grey; the reſt black, marked with a white ſpot. Leſs than the European.

Inhabits the temperate parts of America. PLACE.

172. LEST.

• Small Nuthatch, Cateſby, i. 22.—Briſſon, iii. 958.—Latham, i. 651. C.
• La Petite Sittelle à tête Brune, De Buffon, v. 474.

N. With a brown head, marked behind with a white ſpot: back grey: wings of a deep brown: under ſide of the body of a dirty white: two middle feathers of the tail grey; the others black.

PLACE.Inhabits Carolina, and other parts of North America.

173. DUSKY.

• Todi Sp. quarta, Pallas Spicil. vi. 17.—Latham, ii. 661, N^o 9.—BR. MUS.

T. With a bill half an inch long, broad at the baſe, ſlightly indented above the noſtrils, and a little bent near the point; baſe beſet with briſtles; upper mandible brown, lower white: co⯑lors above duſky; below yellowiſh white: primaries and tail of the ſame color with the back, edged with dirty white: legs dark. SIZE of a Hedge Sparrow.

Inhabits Rhode Iſland. Has the actions of a Flycatcher.PLACE. Frequents decayed trees, and feeds on inſects. Has a brief agreeable note, which it repeats twice or thrice.—BR. MUS.

• A. HOOPOE, Br. Zool. i. N^o 90.—Latham, i. 687.—De Buffon, vi. 439.
• Upupa Epops, Harfogel, Popp, Faun. Suec. N^o 105.—LEV. MUS.

H. With a high creſt, of pale orange tipt with black: back and wings barred with black and white: neck reddiſh brown: breaſt and belly white: only ten feathers in the tail; black, with a [284] white creſcent ^* acroſs the middle: legs black. LENGTH twelve inches.

PLACE.Inhabits Europe, as far as Sweden, where it is called Harfugl, or Soldier-bird, not only on account of its plumed head, but becauſe the common people believe its appearance to be an omen of war. The Norwegians ſtyle it Aerfugl; it is therefore likely that it may ſometimes viſit their country. It is properly a ſouthern bird, and ex⯑tends even to Egypt and India. Is common in the ſouthern deſerts of Ruſſia and Tartary; grows ſcarcer beyond the Ob; yet ſome are ſeen beyond lake Baikal. Dr. Pallas confirms to me its filthy manners^†. He aſſures, that it breeds, in preference, in putrid carcaſes; and that he had ſeen the neſt of one in the privy of an uninhabited houſe, in the ſuburbs of Tzaritſyn. Lays from two to ſeven cinereous eggs. Uſually has no neſt of its own. Breeds ſometimes in hollow trees, holes in walls, or on the ground. Migratory.

174. EUROPEAN.

• Br. Zool. i. N^o 91.—Cateſby, App. xxxvi.
• Certhiu Familiaris Krypare, Faun. Suec. N^o 106.—Latham, i. 701.
• Le Grimpereau, De Buffon, v. 481.—LEV. MUS.

C. With head and neck brown, ſtreaked with black: rump tawny: coverts of wings varied with brown and black: pri⯑maries duſky, edged with white, and edged and barred with ferrugi⯑nous marks: breaſt and belly ſilvery: tail very long, conſiſting of twelve ſharp-pointed feathers of a tawny hue.

Inhabits North America. Is found, but very rarely,PLACE. in Ruſſia and Sibiria. Found in Sweden, and never quits the country; and extends as far north as Sondmor ^*.

175. BAHAMA.

• Bahama Titmouſe, Cateſby, i. 59.
• Yellow-bellied Creeper, Edw. 362.
• Certhia Flaveola, Lin. Syſt. 187.—Latham, i. 737.
• Le Grimpereau de Martinique, ou le Sucrier, Briſſon, iii. 611.
• Le Sucrier, De Buffon, v. 542.

C. With a duſky bill head, and back: cheeks black: above each eye is a yellow line: rump yellow: wings duſky; the prima⯑ries croſſed with a bar of white: neck, breaſt, and belly, yellow: tail black; the exterior feathers tipt with white.

The female hath the ſame marks, but the colors are more obſcure.

Inhabits the Bahama Iſlands, and the Antilles; PLACE. in the laſt it lives among the ſugar-canes, and ſucks the ſweet juice which exudes from them^†.

176. RED-THROATED.

• Paſſer Muſcatus, Geſner, av. 655.
• Ouriſſia ſive Tomineio, Cluſ. Exot. 96.
• Guainumbi Prima, (foem.) Marcgrave, 196.
• Colibry, Viamelin, or Riſing Bird, Joſſelyn's voy. 100.—Rarities, 6.—LEV. MUS.
• Trochilus Colubris, Lin. Syſt. 191.—Latham, i. 769.
• L'Oyſeau Mouche a rouge gorge, Briſſon, iii. 716.
• Humming Bird, Cateſby, i. 65.—Lawſon, 146.—Edw. 38.
• Le Rubis, De Buffon, vi. 13.

H. With a black bill, three quarters of an inch long: crown, upper part of the neck, back, and coverts of the wings, of a moſt reſplendent variable green and gold: chin and throat of a ſhin⯑ing rich ſcarlet, changing, as oppoſed to the light, from gold to a full black; theſe feathers lie nearly as compactly as ſcales: breaſt and belly white; the ſides green: middle feathers of the tail green; the exterior purple.

The chin, throat, and whole under ſide, of the female, is white: the exterior feathers of the tail tipt with white.

MANNERS.This bird, ſo admirable for its minuteneſs, vaſt ſwiftneſs of flight, food, and elegance of form and colors, gave riſe to numbers of ro⯑mantic tales. They were not the Europeans alone, who were ſtruck with its great beauty; the natives of America, to whom it was ſo fa⯑miliar, were affected with its gemmeous appearance, and beſtowed on it titles expreſſive of its reſplendent colors. Some nations called it Ouriſſia, and Guaracyaba, or the Sun-beam; others, Guanaeygaba, or Hairs of the Sun; others again named it Huitzitzil, or Vicililin, [287] or the Regenerated; becauſe they believed it died annually, and was re-animated at the return of the flowers it fed on: that it ſtuck its bill into the trunk of a tree, and remained lifeleſs for ſix months; when the vital powers re-migrated, and reſtored to nature one of its moſt brilliant wonders.

It flies with a ſwiftneſs which the eye is incapable of following.SWIFTNESS. The motion of the wings is ſo rapid as to be imperceptible to the niceſt obſerver. Lightning is ſcarcely more tranſient than its flight, nor the glare more bright than its colors.FOOD. It never feeds but upon wing, ſuſpended over the flower it extracts nouriſhment from; for its only food is the honied juice lodged in the nectarium, which it ſucks through the tubes of its curious tongue. Like the Bee, hav⯑ing exhauſted the honey of one flower, it wanders to the next, in ſearch of new ſweets. It admires moſt thoſe flowers which have the deepeſt tubes. Thus the female Balſamine, and the Scarlet Monarda, are particular favorites. Whoſoever ſets thoſe plants before the win⯑dow is ſure to be viſited by multitudes of theſe diminutive birds. It is a moſt entertaining ſight to ſee them ſwarming around the flowers, and trying every tube of verticillated plants, by putting their bills into every one which encircles the ſtalk. If they find that their brethren have been beforehand, and robbed the flower of the honey, they will, in rage, pluck off, and throw it on the ground.

The moſt violent paſſions animate at times their little bodies.RAGE. They have often dreadful conteſts, when numbers happen to diſpute poſſeſſion of the ſame flower. They will tilt againſt one another with ſuch fury, as if they meant to transfix their antagoniſts with their long bills. During the fight; they frequently purſue the conquered into the apartments of thoſe houſes whoſe windows are left open, take a turn round the room, as Flies do in England, and then ſud⯑denly regain the open air. They are fearleſs of mankind; and in feeding will ſuffer people to come within two yards of them; but on a nearer approach, dart away with admirable ſwiftneſs.

Fernandez Oviedo, an author of great repute, ſpeaks from his own knowlege of the ſpirited inſtinct, even of this diminutive bird, in [288] defence of its young: ‘So that when they ſee a man clime y^e tree where they have their neſts, they flee at his face, and ſtryke hym in the eyes, commyng, goying, and returnyng, with ſuch ſwyft⯑neſs, that no man woulde lyghtly beleeve it, that hath not ſeene it^*.’

Father Charlevoix gives a more apocryphal inſtance of the courage of this bird, in its attack on its diſproportioned enemy the Raven. As ſoon as the laſt appears, the Honeyſucker flies up like lightning, beds itſelf beneath the Raven's wing, and, piercing him with his needle-like bill, till the bird is heard to croak with agony, at length tumbles to the ground dead, either from the fall or the wound. This relation ſeems of a piece with the combat of the Wren with the Eagle, mentioned by Ariſtotle ^†: but, to do juſtice both to the French voyager and Grecian philoſopher, I muſt add, that each of them de⯑livered their reports from oral evidence.

Many fables have been related of the melody of the ſong of theſe birds.NOTE. In fact, their only note is ſcreep, ſcreep, ſcreep; but the noiſe which they make with their wings, eſpecially in the morning, when numbers are in motion, is a ſort of buzz or ſound reſembling that of a ſpinning-wheel. Their note is chiefly emitted when they happen to ſtrike againſt each other in their flight.

NESTS.Their neſts are found with great difficulty, being built in the branch of a tree, amidſt the thick foliage. It is of elegance ſuitable to the architects; formed on the outſide with moſs; in the inſide lined with the down or goſſamer collected from the Great Mullein, or Verbaſcum Thapſus; but it is alſo ſometimes made of flax, hemp, hair, and other ſoft materials. It is of an hemiſpherical ſhape. Its inner diameter an inch: its depth half an inch. The female is ſaid to be the builder; the male ſupplying her with materials. Each aſſiſts in the labor of incubation, which continues during twelve days. They lay only two eggs, white, and as ſmall as peaſe. The firſt is very ſin⯑gular, [289] and contrary to the general rule of nature; which makes, in all other inſtances, the ſmalleſt and moſt defenceleſs birds the moſt prolific. The reaſons of the exception in this caſe are double. The ſmallneſs of their bodies cauſes them commonly to eſcape the eyes of birds of prey; or if ſeen, their rapid flight eludes purſuit: ſo that the ſpecies is preſerved as fully as if they had been the moſt nume⯑rous breeders.

The Indians of Mexico, Peru, and Maynas, make moſt exquiſite pictures of the feathers of birds; but thoſe of the Honeyſuckers form the moſt brilliant part. Some uſe them as ornaments, and hang them as pendants in their ears, which give a blaze emulous of the Ruby and Emerald. In order to compoſe pictures, the Indians draw off the feathers with ſmall pincers, and with fine paſte moſt artfully join them together. They diſpoſe them with ſuch ſkill, as to give the true lights and ſhade to the performance, and imitate nature with the greateſt fidelity. Theſe were meant to decorate the idols and temples; for, before the depreſſion of the Indian ſpirit by the tyranny of the Spaniards, religion was highly cultivated among the Mexicans and Peruvians; and, notwithſtanding it was cruel, was attended with great ſplendor.

The generical name (in the Braſilian tongue) of theſe birds, is Guianumbi. There are ſeveral ſpecies, but only one which is found in North America. This kind is found from Canada, PLACE. through that great continent, as low as Louiſiana, and from thence to the Braſils. It breeds even in the northern climate of Canada; MIGRATES. but retires not only from thence, but even from the warm provinces of Carolina, at ap⯑proach of winter. In Hiſpaniola, the mountains of Jamaica, and the Braſils, countries where there are a perpetual ſucceſſion of flowers, they reſide throughout the year.

177. RUFFED.

• Latham, i. 785.

H. With long ſtrait ſlender bill: head of a rich variable green and gold: the feathers on the neck long, and diſpoſed on each ſide in form of a ruff, and of a moſt brilliant crimſon and copper co⯑lor: back, and coverts of the tail, ruſt-colored: breaſt and belly white, the laſt daſhed with red: feathers of the tail pointed; the ends brown, bottoms ferruginous: coverts of wings green: primaries deep blue.

FEMALE.Crown, upper part of the neck, back, and coverts of wings and tail, green and gold: throat white, ſpotted with brown and variable cop⯑per: belly white, daſhed with ruſt: primaries deep blue: middle feathers of the tail green; thoſe on the ſide ferruginous at their bot⯑toms, black in the middle, and tipped with white.

PLACE.Inhabit in great numbers the neighborhood of Natka Sound. The Indians brought them to our navigators alive, with a long hair faſten⯑ed to one of their legs.

178. WILD.

• Turkey, Joſſelyn's voy. 99.—Rarities, 8.—Clayton's Virgin.—Ph. Tr. Abridg. iii. 590.—Lawſon, 149.—Cateſby, App. xliv.
• Le Coc d'Inde, Belon, 248.
• Gallo-pavus, Geſner, av. 481.—Icon. 56.
• Gallo-pavo, Aldrov. av. ii. 18.
• Gallo-pavo, the Turkey A. 3.
• Gallo-pavo Sylveſtris Novae Angliae, 2 New England Wild Turkey, Raii. Syn. av. 51.
• Meleagris Gallo-pavo, M. capite caruncula frontali gularique, maris pectore bar⯑bato, Lin. Syſt. 268.
• Le Dindon, De Buffon, ii. 132.—Briſſon, i. 158. tab. xvi.—Pl. Enl. 97.

T. With the characters deſcribed in the definition of the genus.DESCRIPTION. Color of the plumage dark, gloſſed with variable copper co⯑lor and green: coverts of the wings, and the quil-feathers, barred with black and white. Tail conſiſts of two orders; the upper,TAIL. or ſhorter, very elegant; the ground color a bright bay; the middle feathers marked with numerous bars of ſhining black and green; the greateſt part of the exterior feathers of the ſame ground with the others, marked with only three broad bands of mallard green, placed remote from each other; the two next are colored like thoſe of the middle; but the end is plain, and croſſed with a ſingle bar, like the exterior.

The longer, or lower order, were of a ruſty white color, mottled with black, and croſſed with numerous narrow waved lines of the ſame color, and near the end with a broad band.

[292]Wild Turkies preſerve a ſameneſs of coloring. The tame, as uſual with domeſtic animals, vary. It is needleſs to point out the diffe⯑rences, in ſo well-known a bird. The black approach neareſt to the original ſtock. This variety I have ſeen nearly in a ſtate of nature, in Richmond and other parks. A moſt beautiful kind has of late been introduced into England, WHITE VARIETY. of a ſnowy whiteneſs, finely contraſting with its red head, and black pectoral tuft. Theſe, I think, came out of Holland, probably bred from an accidental white pair; and from them preſerved pure from any dark or variegated birds.

SIZE.The ſizes of the wild Turkies have been differently repreſented. Some writers aſſert, that there have been inſtances of their weighing ſixty pounds; but I find none who, ſpeaking from their own know⯑lege, can prove their weight to be above forty. Joſſelyn ſays, that he has eaten part of a Cock, which, after it was plucked, and the en⯑trails taken out, weighed thirty^*. Lawſon, whoſe authority is un⯑queſtionable, ſaw half a Turkey ſerve eight hungry men for two meals^†; and ſays, that he had ſeen others, which, he believed, weighed forty pounds. Cateſby tells us, that out of the many hundreds which he had handled^‡, very few exceeded thirty pounds. Each of theſe ſpeak of their being double that ſize, merely from the reports of others.

MANNERS.The manners of theſe birds are as ſingular as their figure. Their attitudes in the ſeaſon of courtſhip are very ſtriking. The males fling their heads and neck backwards, briſtle up their feathers, drop their wings to the ground, ſtrut and pace moſt ridiculouſly; wheel round the females, with their wings ruſtling along the earth, at the ſame time emitting a ſtrange found through their noſtrils, not unlike the grurr of a great ſpinning-wheel.NOTES. On being interrupted, fly into great rages, and change their note into a loud and guttural gobble; and then return to dalliance.

The ſound of the females is plaintive and melancholy.

[293]The paſſions of the males are very ſtrongly expreſſed by the change of colors in the fleſhy ſubſtance of the head and neck,IRASCIBLE. which alters to red, white, blue, and yellowiſh, as they happen to be affected. The ſight of any thing red excites their choler greatly.

They are polygamous, one cock ſerving or hens.POLYGAMOUS. They lay in the ſpring; and will lay a great number of eggs. They will perſiſt in laying for a great while. They retire to ſome obſcure place to ſit, the cock, through rage at loſs of its mate, being very apt to break the eggs. The females are very affectionate to the young, and make great moan on the loſs of them. They ſit on their eggs with ſuch perſeverance, that, if they are not taken away when addle, the hens will almoſt periſh with hunger before they will quit the neſt.

Turkies greatly delight in the ſeeds of nettles; but thoſe of the purple Fox-glove prove fatal to them^*.

They are very ſtupid birds; quarrelſome, and cowardly. It is diverting to ſee a whole flock attack the common Cock; who will for a long time keep a great number at bay.

They are very ſwift runners, in the tame as well as the wild ſtate.SWIFT. They are but indifferent flyers. They love to perch on trees;PERCH HIGH. and gain the height they wiſh, by riſing from bough to bough. In a wild ſtate, they get to the very ſummit of the loftieſt trees, even ſo high as to be beyond the reach of the muſquet^†.

In the ſtate of nature they go in flocks even of five hundred^‡.GREGARIOUS. Feed much on the ſmall red acorns; and grow ſo fat in March, that they cannot fly more than three or four hundred yards, and are then ſoon run down by a horſeman. In the unfrequented parts bordering on the Miſſiſipi, they are ſo tame as to be ſhot with even a piſtol^‖.

They frequent the great ſwamps ^§ of their native country;HAUNTS. and leave them at ſun-riſing to repair to the dry woods, in ſearch of [294] acorns, and various berries; and before ſun-ſet retire to the ſwamps to rooſt.

The fleſh of the wild Turkey is ſaid to be ſuperior in goodneſs to the tame, but redder. Eggs of the former have been taken from the neſt, and hatched under tame Turkies; the young will ſtill prove wild, perch ſeparate, yet mix and breed together in the ſeaſon. The Indians ſometimes uſe the breed produced from the wild, as decoy-birds, to ſeduce thoſe in a ſtate of nature within their reach^*.

Wild Turkies are now grown moſt exceſſively rare in the inhabited parts of America, and are only found in numbers in the diſtant and moſt unfrequented ſpots.

The Indians make a moſt elegant cloathing of the feathers. They twiſt the inner webs into a ſtrong double thread of hemp, or inner bark of the mulberry-tree, and work it like matting. It appears very rich and gloſſy, and as fine as a ſilk ſhag^†. They alſo make fans of the tail; and the French of Louiſiana were wont to make um⯑brellas by the junction of four of the tails^‡.

When diſturbed, they do not take to wing, but run out of ſight. It is uſual to chaſe them with dogs; when they will fly, and perch on the next tree. They are ſo ſtupid, or ſo inſenſible of danger, as not to fly on being ſhot at; but the ſurvivors remain unmoved at the death of their companions^‖.

PLACE.TURKIES are natives only of America, or the New World; and of courſe unknown to the antients. Since both theſe poſitions have been denied by ſome of the moſt eminent naturaliſts of the ſixteenth century, I beg leave to lay open, in as few words as poſſible, the cauſe of their error.

MISTAKEN BY BELON. Belon ^§, the earlieſt of thoſe writers who are of opinion that theſe birds were natives of the old world, founds his notion on the de⯑ſcription of the Guinea Fowl, the Meleagrides of Strabo, Athenaeus, Pliny, and others of the antients. I reſt the refutation on the excel⯑lent [295] account given by Athenaeus, taken from Clytus Mileſius, a diſciple of Ariſtotle, which can ſuit no other than that fowl. "They want, ſays he, ‘natural affection towards their young. Their head is naked, and on the top is a hard round body, like a peg or nail: from their cheeks hangs a red piece of fleſh, like a beard: it has no wattles, like the common poultry: the feathers are black, ſpot⯑ted with white: they have no ſpurs: and both ſexes are ſo like, as not to be diſtinguiſhed by the ſight.’ Varro ^* and Pliny ^† take notice of the ſpotted plumage, and the gibbous ſubſtance on the head. Athenaeus is more minute, and contradicts every character of the Turkey: whoſe females are remarkable for their natural affection; which differ materially in form from the males; whoſe heads are deſ⯑titute of the callous ſubſtance; and whoſe heels (in the male) are armed with ſpurs.

Aldrovandus, who died in 1605,ALDROVANDUS, draws his arguments from the ſame ſource as Belon; I therefore paſs him by, and take notice of the greateſt of our naturaliſts, GESNER^‡;AND GESNER. who falls into a miſtake of another kind, and wiſhes the Turkey to be thought a native of India. He quotes Aelian for that purpoſe; who tells us, ‘that in India are very large poultry, not with combs, but with various-colored creſts, interwoven like flowers: with broad tails, neither bending, nor diſplayed in a circular form; which they draw along the ground, as Peacocks do when they do not erect them: and that the feathers are partly of a gold color, partly blue, and of an emerald color^‖.’

This, in all probability, was the ſame bird with the Peacock Phea⯑ſant of Mr. Edwards, Le Paon de Tibet of M. Briſſon, and the Pavo Bicalcaratus of Linnaeus. I have ſeen this bird living. It has a creſt, but not ſo conſpicuous as that deſcribed by Aelian; but it has thoſe ſtriking colors in form of eyes: neither does it erect its tail like the [296] Peacock^*. The Catreus of Strabo ^† ſeems to be the ſame bird. He deſcribes it as uncommonly beautiful, and ſpotted; and very like a Peacock. The former author ^‡ gives a more minute account of this ſpecies, and under the ſame name. He borrows it from Clitarchus, an attendant of Alexander the Great in all his conqueſts. It is evident from his deſcription, that it was of this kind; and it is likewiſe probable, that it was the ſame with his large Indian poultry before cited. He celebrates it alſo for its fine note; but allowance muſt be made for the credulity of Aelian. The Catreus, or Peacock Pheaſant, is a native of Tibet, and in all probability of the north of India, where Clitarchus might have obſerved it; for the march of Alexander was through that part of India which borders on Tibet, and now known by the name of Penj-ab, or Five Rivers.

NOT NATIVES OF EUROPE;I ſhall now collect from authors the ſeveral parts of the world where Turkies are unknown in the ſtate of nature. Europe has no ſhare in the queſtion, it being generally agreed, that they are ex⯑otic in reſpect to our continent.

NOR OF ASIA.Neither are they found in any part of Aſia Minor, or the Aſiatic TUR⯑KEY, notwithſtanding ignorance of their true origin firſt cauſed them to be named from that empire. About Aleppo, capital of Syria, they are only met with domeſticated, like other poultry^‖. In Armenia they are unknown, as well as in Perſia, having been brought from Venice by ſome Armenian merchants into that empire^§; where they are ſtill ſo ſcarce, as to be preſerved among other rare fowls in the Royal menagery^¶.

In India they are kept for uſe in our ſettlements, and imported from Europe, as I have been more than once informed by gentlemen long reſident in that country.

Du Halde acquaints us, that they are not natives of China; but were introduced there from other countries. He errs, from miſin⯑formation, in ſaying that they are common in India.

[297]I will not quote Gemelli Careri, to prove that they are not found in the Philippine iſlands, becauſe that gentleman, with his pen, tra⯑velled round the world in his eaſy chair, during a very long indiſ⯑poſition and confinement^*.

But Dampier bears witneſs that none are found in Mindanao ^†.

The hot climate of Africa barely ſuffers theſe birds to exiſt in that vaſt continent, except under the care of mankind.NOR AFRICA: Very few are found in Guinea, except in the hands of the Europeans: the ne⯑groes declining to breed any, on account of their great tender⯑neſs^‡.

Proſper Alpinus ſatisfies us that they are not found either in Nubia or in Egypt. He deſcribes the Meleagrides of the antients; and only proves that the Guinea-hens were brought out of Nubia, and ſold at a great price at Cairo ^‖, but is totally ſilent about the Turkey of the moderns.

Let me in this place obſerve, that the Guinea-hens have long been imported into Britain. They were cultivated in our farm-yards: for I diſcover, in 1277, in the grainge of Clifton, in the pariſh of Ambroſden, in Buckinghamſhire, among other articles, VI. muti⯑lones, and ſex AFRICANAE faeminae ^¶; for this fowl was familiarly known by the names of Afra Avis, and Gallina Africana & Nu⯑mida. It was introduced into Italy from Africa, and from Rome into our country. They were neglected here by reaſon of their tender⯑neſs and difficulty of rearing. We do not find them in the bills of fare of our antient feaſts^§: neither do we find the Turkey: which laſt argument amounts to almoſt a certainty, that ſuch a hardy and princely bird had not found its way to us. The other likewiſe was then known here by its claſſical name; for that judicious writer, [298] Dr. Caius ^*, deſcribes, in the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth, the Guinea fowl, for the benefit of his friend Geſner, under the name of Meleagris, beſtowed on it by Ariſtotle ^†.

Having denied, on the very beſt authorities, that the Turkey ever exiſted as a native of the old world, I muſt now bring my proofs of its being only a native of the new; and of the period in which it firſt made its appearance in Europe.

BUT OF AMERICA.The firſt preciſe deſcription of theſe birds is given by Oviedo; who in 1525 drew up a ſummary of his greater work, the Hiſtory of the Indies, for the uſe of his monarch Charles V. This learned man had viſited the Weſt Indies and its iſlands in perſon, and payed particular regard to the natural hiſtory. It appears from him, that the Turkey was in his days an inhabitant of the greater iſlands, and of the main land. He ſpeaks of them as Peacocks; for, being a new bird to him, he adopts that name, from the reſemblance he thought they bore to the former: ‘But (ſays he) the neck is bare of feathers, but covered with a ſkin which they change after their phantaſie into divers colours. They have a horn as it were on their front, and HAIRES on the breaſt^‡.’ He deſcribes other birds, which he alſo calls Peacocks. They are of the gallinaceous genus, and known by the name of Curaſſao birds; the male of which is black, the female ferruginous.

The next who ſpeaks of them as natives of the main land of the warmer parts of America, is Franciſco Fernandez, ſent there by Philip II. to whom he was phyſician. This naturaliſt obſerved them in Mexico. MEXICO. We find by him, that the Indian name of the male was Huexolofl, of the female Cihuatotolin: he gives them the title of Gallus Indicus, and Gallo-Pavo. As the Indians as well as Spaniards domeſticated theſe uſeful birds, he ſpeaks of the ſize by compariſon, ſaying that the wild were twice the magnitude of the tame; and that they were ſhot with arrows or guns^‖. I cannot learn the time [299] when Fernandez wrote. It muſt be between the years 1555 and 1598, the period of Philip's reign.

Pedro de Cieſa mentions Turkies on the Iſthmus of Darien ^*.DARIEN. Lery, a Portugueſe author, aſſerts that they are found in Braſil, and gives them an Indian name^†; but ſince I can diſcover no traces of them in that diligent and excellent naturaliſt Marcgrave, who re⯑ſided long in that country, I muſt deny my aſſent. But the former is confirmed by that able and honeſt navigator Dampier, who ſaw them frequently, as well wild as tame, in the province of Yucatan ^‡,YUCATAN. now reckoned part of the kingdom of Mexico.

In North America they were obſerved by the very firſt diſcoverers.N. AMERICA. When Renè de Laudonniere, patronized by Admiral Coligni, attempted to form a ſettlement near the place where Charleſtown now ſtands, he met with them on his firſt landing, in 1564, and by his hiſtorian, has repreſented them with great fidelity in the Vth plate of the re⯑cital of his voyage^‖. From his time, the witneſſes to their being natives of this continent are innumerable. They have been ſeen in flocks of hundreds in all parts, from Louiſiana even to Canada: but at this time are extremely rare in a wild ſtate, except in the more diſtant parts, where they are ſtill found in vaſt abundance.

It was from Mexico or Yucatan that they were firſt introduced into Europe; WHEN FIRST IN⯑TRODUCED INTO EUROPE. for it is certain that they were imported into England as early as the year 1524, the 15th of Henry VIII^§. We probably re⯑ceived them from Spain, with which we had great intercourſe till about that time. They were moſt ſucceſsfully cultivated in our kingdom from that period; inſomuch that they grew common in every farm-yard, and became even a diſh in our rural feaſts by [300] the year 1585; for we may certainly depend on the word of old Tuſſer, in his account of the Chriſtmas huſbandlie fare^*.

But at this very time they were ſo rare in France, that we are told that the very firſt which was eaten in that kingdom appeared at the nuptial feaſt of Charles IX. in 1570^†.

They are now very common in all parts of Ruſſia, but will not thrive in Sibiria. Are cultivated in Sweden, and even in Norway, where they degenerate in ſize^‡.

179. RUFFED.

• Ruffed Heathcock, or Grous, Edw. 248.—Latham.
• Morehen, La Hontan, i. 69.
• Pheaſant, Lawſon, 139.
• Tetrao umbellus, Lin. Syſt. 275.—Tetrao togatus, ibid.
• La gelinote hupèe de Penſylvanie, Briſſon, i. 214.—and, La groſſe gelinote de Canada—207.
• Le Coq de Bruyere a fraiſe, De Buffon, Oiſ. ii. 281.—Pl. enl. 104. — LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

GR. With a great ruff on the hind part of the neck, to be raiſed or depreſſed at pleaſure: the head creſted: that, hind part of the neck, the ruff, back, and coverts of the wings, pret⯑tily varied with brown, ferruginous, and black: the black on the ruff diſpoſed in broad black bars: the coverts of the tail marked with heart-ſhaped ſpots of white: chin white: fore part of the neck yellowiſh: breaſt and belly dirty white, barred with cinereous brown: primaries barred on their outmoſt ſides with black and ruſt-colour.

Tail large, expanſible like a fan; in ſome of a cinereous colour, in others orange, moſt elegantly barred with narrow undulated lines of black; near the end with a broad band of aſh-color, another of black, and tipped with white.

Legs feathered to the feet: toes naked and pectinated.

Female wants both creſt and ruff. Crown duſky: back mixed with black and ruſt-colour like a Woodcock: breaſt, belly, and co⯑verts of the wings, barred with dirty white and cinereous brown: tail ſhort, brown, tipt with white; two middle feathers mottled with red.

[302] SIZE.In ſize theſe birds obſerve a medium between a Pheaſant and a Partridge. Length 1 foot 5 inches.

PLACE.They inhabit North America, from Hudſon's Bay ^* to the Caroli⯑nas, and probably to Louiſiana ^†.

MANNERS.The hiſtory of this ſpecies is very curious: all which I beg leave to tranſcribe from Mr. Edwards, according to the accounts given him by Mr. Bartram and Mr Brooke, who had frequent op⯑portunity of obſerving its manners; to which I ſhall add another, borrowed from the Travels of the Baron La Hontan.

FROM MR. BAR⯑TRAM. ‘He is (ſays Mr. Bartram) a fine bird when his gaiety is diſ⯑played; that is, when he ſpreads his tail like that of a Turkey-cock, and erects a circle of feathers round his neck like a ruff, walking very ſtately with an even pace, and making a noiſe ſome⯑thing like a Turkey; at which time the hunter muſt fire immedi⯑ately at him, or he flies away directly two or three hundred yards, before he ſettles on the ground. There is ſomething very remark⯑able in what we call their thumping; which they do with their wings, by clapping them againſt their ſides, as the hunters ſay. They ſtand upon an old fallen tree, that has lain many years on the ground, where they begin their ſtrokes gradually, at about two ſe⯑conds of time diſtant from one another, and repeat them quicker and quicker, until they make a noiſe like thunder at a diſtance; which continues, from the beginning, about a minute; then ceaſ⯑eth for about ſix or eight minutes before it begins again. The ſound is heard near half a mile, by which means they are diſ⯑covered by the hunters, and many of them killed. I have ſhot many of them in this poſition; but never ſaw them thump, they moſtly ſeeing me firſt, and ſo left off. They commonly exerciſe in thumping ſpring and fall, at about nine or ten in the morning, [303] and four or five in the afternoon. Their food is chiefly ber⯑ries and ſeeds of the country: their fleſh is white, and choice food. I believe they breed but once a year, in the ſpring, and hatch twelve or fourteen at a brood; which keep in a company till the following ſpring. Many have attempted to raiſe the young ones, and to tame them; but to no purpoſe. When hatched under a hen, they eſcape into the woods ſoon after they are hatched, where they either find means to ſubſiſt, or periſh.’

The hiſtory of this bird is thus further illuſtrated by Mr. Brooke of Maryland, in North America: ‘The ruffed Grous, or Pheaſant,MR. BROOKE. breeds in all parts of Maryland, ſome countries on the Eaſtern ſhore excepted. They lay their eggs in neſts they make in the leaves, either by the ſide of fallen trees, or the roots of ſtanding ones. They lay from twelve to ſixteen eggs: the time of incu⯑bation is in the ſpring; but how long their eggs are hatching I cannot ſay; but probably it is three weeks, the time that a Dunghill Hen ſits. I have found their neſts when a boy, and have endeavoured to take the old Pheaſant, but never could ſucceed: ſhe would almoſt let me put my hand upon her before ſhe would quit her neſt; then by artifice ſhe would draw me off from her eggs, by fluttering juſt before me for a hundred paces or more; ſo that I have been in conſtant hopes of taking her. They leave their neſts as ſoon as they are hatched; and I believe they live at firſt on ants, ſmall worms, &c. When they are a few days old, they hide themſelves ſo artfully among the leaves, that it is dif⯑ficult to find them: as they grow up, they feed on various berries, fruits, and grain of the country: grapes they likewiſe are fond of in the ſeaſon; but the Pheaſant is more particularly fond of the ivy-berry. I do not know any other animal that feeds on this berry: I know it is poiſon to many. Though the Pheaſant hatches many young at a time, and often ſits twice a year, the great num⯑ber and variety of Hawks in Maryland feeding on them, prevents their increaſing faſt. The beating of the Pheaſant, as we term it, is a noiſe chiefly made in the ſpring of the year by the cock-bird; [304] it may be diſtinctly heard a mile in a calm day: they ſwell their breaſts like the Powting Pigeon, and heat with their wings, which make a noiſe not unlike a drum in ſound; but the Pheaſant ſhor⯑tens each ſounding note, till they run one into another undiſtin⯑guiſhably, like ſtriking two empty bottles together.’

LA HONTAN.In order to perfect, as far as I am able, the hiſtory of this bird, I ſhall give a quotation from Baron La Hontan's Voyages to North America, publiſhed in Engliſh, (vol. i. p. 67.) where he ſpeaks of a bird found near the lakes of Canada, which, I think, can be no other than the above-deſcribed, though the names given them diſagree.

La Hontan ſays, ‘I went in company with ſome Canadeſe on purpoſe to ſee that fowl flap with its wings: believe me, this ſight is one of the greateſt curioſities in the world; for their flapping makes a noiſe much like a drum, for about the ſpace of a minute; then the noiſe ceaſes for half a quarter of an hour; after which it begins again. By this noiſe we were directed to the place where the unfortunate More-hen ſat, and found them upon rotten moſſy trees. By flapping one wing againſt the other they mean to call their mates; and the humming noiſe that enſues thereupon may be heard half a quarter of a league. This they do in the months of April, May, September, and October; and, which is very re⯑markable, the More-hen never flaps in this manner but upon one tree. It begins at break of day, and gives over at nine o'clock in the morning, till about an hour before ſun-ſet, then it flutters again, and continues ſo to do till night.’

Mr. GRAHAM.To theſe accounts I beg leave to add the following, out of the Philoſophical Tranſactions; which informs us, that this ſpecies of Grous bears the Indian name of Puſkee, or Puſpuſkee, at Hudſon's Bay, on account of the leanneſs and dryneſs of their fleſh, which is extreme⯑ly white, and of a very cloſe texture; but when well prepared, is excellent eating. They are pretty common at Mooſe Fort and Henly Houſe; but are ſeldom ſeen at Albany Fort, or to the northward of the above places. In winter they feed upon juniper-tops, in ſummer on gooſeberries, raſpberries, currants, cranberries, &c. They are not [305] migratory; ſtaying all the year at Mooſe Fort: they build their neſt on dry ground, hatch nine young at a time, to which the mother clucks as our common hens do; and, on the leſt appearance of danger, or in order to enjoy an agreeable degree of warmth, the young ones retire under the wings of their parent.

180. PINNATED.

• Urogallus minor fuſcus cervice plumis alas imitantibus donata, Cateſby, App. tab. i.
• Tetrao Cupido, Lin. Syſt. 274.—Latham.
• La Gelinote hupèe d'Amerique, Briſſon, i. 212.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

GR. With head, cheeks, and neck of a reddiſh brown, marked with duſky lines: chin and throat of a pale ruſty brown: on the head is a ſmall creſt: on each ſide of the neck a moſt ſin⯑gular tuft (five feathers in each) gradually lengthening to the fifth, which is about three inches long: the upper feathers ferruginous and white; the lower black: back and ſcapulars black and pale ruſt-colour; the former ſpotted with white: breaſt and belly barred with white and pale brown: tail barred with pale brown and black.

Legs covered with ſoft brown feathers: toes naked and pectinated.

SIZE of a Pheaſant. A peculiar ſpecies,SIZE. not to be confounded with the preceding^*. Deſcribed from the real bird by Mr. Cateſby; and by myſelf from the ſpecimens in Mrs. Blackburn's cabinet; which were ſent from the province of Connecticut. PLACE. Is frequent about a hun⯑dred miles up Albany river, in Hudſon's Bay.

The tufts, which diſtinguiſh this ſpecies from all others, are rooted high on the neck, not far from the hind part of the head. The bird has the power of erecting or dropping them at pleaſure. When diſturbed, it would ſpread them horizontally, like little wings; at other times let them fall on the ſides of the neck^†. It is pro⯑bable, that they aſſiſt in running or flying, or perhaps both, as the real wings are very ſhort, in proportion to the weight of the body. Theſe appendages are peculiar to the cock, and almoſt the only dif⯑ference between it and the hen.

181. SHARP-TAILED.

• Long-tailed Grous, Edw. 118.—Ph. Tr. lxii.
• Tetrao Phafianellus, Lin. Syſt. 273.—Latham.
• Le Coq de Bruyeres à longue queue, de la Baye de Hudſon, Briſſon, App. 9.—De Buffon, ii. 286.

GR. With the head, cheeks, and hind part of the neck, varied with reddiſh brown and black: the back and coverts of the tail of the ſame color: the ſcapulars and great coverts of the wings ferruginous, ſpotted with black, and great ſpots of white: primaries black, ſpotted with white: breaſt and ſides white, ele⯑gantly marked with ſagittal ſpots of black: belly white: tail ſhort and cuneiform; the two middle feathers two inches longer than the others; the tail is of the ſame color with the back, only the ex⯑terior feathers are ſpotted with white: the legs are covered with ſoft and long feathers, extending over the pectinated toes, which would be otherwiſe naked.

SIZE.The LENGTH of this ſpecies is ſeventeen inches: the EXTENT of wings twenty-four: WEIGHT two pounds.

PLACE.Inhahits Hudſon's Bay; and, according to Dr. Mitchel, the unfre⯑quented parts of Virginia; but none have been brought over to England from any other place than the Bay.

Linnaeus confounds this with the Wood Grous, or Cock of the Wood^*. Compariſon will ſhew with how little reaſon the Comte De Buffon ^† makes it to be the female of the next ſpecies, our Spotted Grous. If the female of that was not aſcertained, the difference in the form of the tail would be ſufficient to eſtabliſh a diſtinction; by which it approaches neareſt to the European Pheaſant of any bird in North America.

[307]The Indians about Hudſon's Bay call this ſpecies the Au Kuſkow. It continues there the whole year; lives among the ſmall larch buſhes, and feeds, during winter, on the buds of that plant and the birch; in the ſummer, on all ſorts of berries. The females lay from nine to thirteen eggs. The young, like others of this genus, run as ſoon as hatched, and make a puling noiſe like a chicken. They differ chiefly from the cock, in having leſs of the red naked ſkin over the eyes. The cock has a ſhrill crowing note, but not very loud. When diſturbed, or while flying, it makes a repeated noiſe of cuck, cuk; and makes a noiſe with the feathers of its tail like the cracking of a fan. The fleſh of theſe birds is of a light brown color, plump, and very juicy.

182. SPOTTED.

• Black and Spotted Heathcock (male) Edw. 118.
• Brown and Spotted Heathcock (female) Edw. 71.
• Tetrao Canadenſis (male) Lin. Syſt. 274.
• Tetrao Canace (female) Lin. Syſt. 275.—Latham.
• La Gelinote de la Baye de Hudſon, Briſſon, i. 201. and the ſame, App. 10. (male.)
• La Gelinote de Canada, Briſſon, i. 203. tab. xx. fig. 1. 2. (m. and fem.)—De Buffon, ii. 279.—Pl. Enl. 131, 132.

GR. With a white ſpot before and behind each eye: head, neck, back, and coverts of the wings and tail, duſky brown, croſſed with black: throat of a gloſſy black, bounded by a white line, commencing at the external corner of each eye: breaſt of the for⯑mer color: belly white, marked with great black ſpots: tail black, external feathers tipt with orange: legs feathered: toes naked and pectinated.

The FEMALE is of a reddiſh brown, barred and ſpotted with black:FEMALE. belly of a dirty white, ſpotted with black: tail of a deep brown, barred with mottled bands of black; the tips of the exterior feathers orange.

The WEIGHT is twenty-three ounces: LENGTH fifteen inches:SIZE. EXTENT near two feet.

[308] PLACE.Inhabits Hudſon's Bay, Newfoundland, and Canada. Is called by the Engliſh of Hudſon's Bay, the Wood Partridge, from its living in pine woods. Theſe birds are very ſtupid; ſo that they are often knocked down with a ſtick; and are uſually caught by the natives with a nooſe faſtened to a ſtake. In ſummer they are very palat⯑able; for in that ſeaſon they feed on berries. In winter they live on the ſhoots of the ſpruce-fir, which infects the fleſh with a very diſa⯑greeable taſte. If it is true, that this ſpecies lays but five eggs^*, it is a ſtrange exception to the prolific nature of the genus.

183. WHITE.

• White Partridge, Edw. 72.—Ellis's Voy. 37.
• La Lagopede de la Baie de Hudſon, De Buffon, ii. 276. tab. ix.—Latham.
• La Gelinote blanche, Briſſon, i. 216.ſPl. Enl.
• Tetrao Lagopus, ſuecis Snoripa, Lappis Cheruna, Faun. Suec. N^o 203

GR. With a black bill: ſcarlet eye-brows, very large in the male; in the female far leſs conſpicuous. Head, neck and part of the back,SUMMER PLUMAGE. coverts of the tail, and ſcapulars, deep orange, croſſed with numerous duſky lines, and often marked with great blotches of white: belly, legs, and middle feathers of the tail, white: the reſt of the tail duſky, tipt with white: the ſhafts of the quill feathers black: the legs and toes warmly clad with a very thick and long coat of ſoft white feathers: the claws broad and flat, adapted for digging.

WINTER PLUMAGE.Such is the ſummer dreſs: in winter they change their color to white, or, more properly ſpeaking, moult, and change their colored plumes for white ones.DOUBLY FEATHERED. By a wonderful providence, every feather, except thoſe of the wings and tail, becomes double; a downy one ſhooting out at the baſe of each, as expreſſed in the plate, which gives an additional protection againſt the cold. In the latter end of February, the ſummer plumage begins to appear firſt about the [309] rump, in form of brown ſtumps^*, the firſt rudiments of the coat they aſſume in the warm ſeaſon, when each feather is ſingle, ſuit⯑able to the time. I ought to have obſerved before, that the SPOT⯑TED GROUS alſo changes its ſingle for double feathers at approach of winter, notwithſtanding it undergoes no change of color.

The WEIGHT of this ſpecies is twenty-four ounces:SIZE. its LENGTH ſixteen inches and a quarter: EXTENT twenty-three.

Theſe birds are met with round the globe,PLACE. within and without the arctic circle, and as high as lat. 72, in the countries round Hudſon's Bay, and as low as Newfoundland; in Norway; perhaps in the N. of the Ruſſian dominions in Europe ^†, and certainly in Aſia all over Sibiria, as far as Kamtſchatka, and in the iſlands which lie be⯑tween that country and America. Finally, they abound in Lapland and Iceland; and I repeat, with certainty,NORWAY. that Norway has ſupplied me with this ſpecies, which was ſent to me by the late Mr. Fleiſcher, of Copenhagen, along with the leſſer kind, which proved to be the ſame with the White Grous of the Alps, and the Ptarmigan of the Highlands of Scotland. Each of the varieties of the Norwegian birds were in their ſummer dreſs; and differed moſt materially in ſize as well as color, the one being in all reſpects like the American kind: the leſſer agreed in every point with that which I deſcribe, N^o 95, vol. i. of my Britiſh Zoology.

The natives diſtinguiſh the kinds. The larger,NORWEGIANS DISTINGUISH TWO KINDS. which inhabits foreſts, is ſtyled by them Skorv Rype, or the Wood Grous; the leſſer, which lives in the mountains, is called Fiaeld Rype, or the Mountain Grous^‡. They all burrow under the ſnow; and form extenſive walks beneath. There they feed, eſpecially in Lapland, on [310] the ſeeds of the dwarf birch^*, and in the ſeaſon on variety of berries of mountain plants. During winter they are taken and brought to Bergen by thouſands; are half roaſted, and put into firkins, and tranſported to other countries^†.

The leſſer variety is not unknown in America. The ſort here deſcribed is found in amazing quantities, eſpecially about Hudſon's Bay, where they breed in all parts along the coaſts, make their neſts on dry ridges on the ground, and lay from nine to eleven eggs, powdered with black.

This is the only ſpecies of Grous in N. America to which Providence hath given that warm protection to its feet, evidently to ſecure them againſt the cold of their winter lodgings: and, as they are greatly ſought after by Eagles, Owls, and other birds of prey, a fine proviſion is made for their ſafety, by the change of color, which renders them not to be diſtinguiſhed from the ſnow they lie on.

Every morning they take a flight into the air directly upwards, to ſhake the ſnow from their wings and bodies. They feed in the mornings and evenings, and in the middle of the day baſk in the ſun. In the morning they call to one another with a loud note, interrupted; feeding in the intervals, and calling again.

In the beginning of October, they aſſemble in flocks of two hundred, and live much among the willows, the tops of which they eat; whence they are called Willow Partridges. About the beginning of December they appear in leſs plenty, retiring from the flats about the ſettlements on Hudſon's Bay to the mountains, where in that month the ſnow is leſs deep than in the lowlands, to feed on cranberries and other berries^‡. In Greenland they reſort in ſummer to the mountains for the ſake of the crowberries^‖, which they eat even with the leaves of the plant. In winter they deſcend to the ſhores, where the winds ſweep the ſnow off the rocks, and enable them to pick up a ſuſtenance.

[311]They are an excellent food, and much ſearched after by the Eu⯑ropeans in Hudſon's Bay. They are generally as tame as chickens, eſpecially in a mild day: ſometimes they are rather wild; but by being driven about, or ſhot at with powder, they grow ſo weary, by the ſhort flights they take, as ſoon to become very tame again. Sometimes the hunters, when they ſee the birds likely to take a long flight, imitate the crying of a Hawk, which intimidates them ſo much, that they inſtantly ſettle. When the female is killed, the male can ſcarcely be forced from the body of its mate^*.

The uſual method of taking them is in nets made of twine, twen⯑ty feet ſquare, faſtened to four poles, and ſupported in front in a perpendicular direction with ſticks. A long line is faſtened to theſe props, the end of which is held by a perſon who lies concealed at a diſtance. Several people are then employed to drive the birds within reach of the net, which is then pulled down, and often covers at one haul fifty or ſeventy. At this time they are ſo plentiful, that ten thouſand are taken for the uſe of the ſettlement from November to the end of April. In former days, they muſt have been infinite⯑ly more numerous; for Sir Thomas Button relates, that when he wintered there in 1612, he took eighteen hundred dozens of theſe and other fowl^†: but this is a trifle to the ſucceſs of M. Jeremie, who aſſerts, that there were eaten in one winter, between himſelf and ſeventy-nine others, ninety thouſand Grous, and twenty-five thou⯑ſand Rabbets^‡.

The Laplanders take them by forming a hedge with the boughs of birch-trees; leaving ſmall openings at certain intervals, and hang in each a ſnare. The birds are tempted to come and feed on the buds or catkins of the birch; and whenever they endeavour to paſs through the openings they are inſtantly caught.

184. ROCK.

ROCK Gr. With a black line from the bill to the eye. In all other parts of the plumage of the ſame colors with the WHITE, N^o 183; but inferior in ſize by one third.

Differs in nature. Feeds on the tops of ſmall birch. Frequents only the dry rocky grounds, and the larch plains. Makes a ſingular ſnoring noiſe, with its neck ſtreched out, and ſeemingly with diffi⯑culty. Is very numerous in the northern parts of Hudſon's Bay, and never viſits the ſouthern end, except in very hard weather. Never takes ſhelter in the woods, but ſits on the rocks, or burrows in the ſnow. Is inferior in goodneſs to the preceding.

• A. WOOD GROUS, Br. Zool. i. N^o 92.
• Tetraonis alterum Genus, Plinii, lib. x. c. 22.
• Tetrao urogallus Kjader, Faun. Suec. N^o 200.—Latham.
• La Tetras ou le grand Coq de Bruyere, De Buffon, ii. 191. tab. v.—Pl. Enl. 73, 74.

MALE.GR. With head, neck, and back croſſed with ſlender lines of black and grey: upper part of the breaſt gloſſy green: tail black; the feathers on each ſide ſpotted with white: legs feathered: toes naked and pectinated.SIZE. LENGTH two feet eight: WEIGHT ſometimes fourteen pounds.

FEMALE.Length of the female only two feet two: color ferruginous and black, diſpoſed generally in bars.

[313]Notwithſtanding the opinions of Linnaeus and the Count De Buffon, this ſpecies is unknown in North America. Its moſt ſouth⯑erly habitation, as far as I can diſcover, is the Archipelago, PLACE. it being found in the iſlands of Crete and of Milo. One was ſhot in the laſt, perched on a palm-tree, on whoſe fruit it probably fed. I ſuſpect that it does not extend into Aſia Minor; for Doctor Ruſſell does not enumerate it among the Syrian birds. As the Tetrao, which Athenaeus ^* calls a ſort of Pheaſant, was found in the antient Media, it may ſtill be met with in the northern part of Perſia. If Ariſtotle intends this ſpecies by the words Tetrix and Ourax ^†, it was likewiſe found in Greece; but he applies thoſe names only to a bird which lays its eggs on the graſſy ground, and ſays no more.

Pliny gives a far clearer deſcription of the Tetraones of Italy. Decet TETRAONAS ſuus nitor, abſolutaque nigritia, in ſuperciliis cocci rubor. This certainly means only the cock of the Black Grous; which is diſtinguiſhed by the intenſe blackneſs and the brilliant gloſs of its plumage, as well as by its ſcarlet eyebrows, which is common to it and the Wood Grous; which laſt is the ſpecies deſcribed by the ancient naturaliſt; truly in ſome reſpects, hyperbolically in others. He ſays it is of the ſize of a Vulture, and not unlike it in co⯑lor^‡. Both theſe aſſertions approach the truth; for the upper part of the body has a duſky or ſooty look, not unlike that of the Vul⯑ture of the Alps. But when he ſpeaks of its being the heavieſt bird next to the Oſtrich, we ſee plainly he goes beyond all bounds.

It is a ſpecies found in moſt parts of the wooded and mounta⯑nous countries of Europe, and extends even to the arctic Lapmark ^§: is common in Ruſſia and Sibiria; in the laſt are found greater and leſſer varieties. It is found even as far as Kamtſchatka.

• B. SPURIOUS GR. Tetrao Hybridus. Racklehane. Roſlagis Roſtare, Faun. Suec. N^o 201.

GR. With a ſpotted breaſt and forked tail. In ſize equal to the hen of the preceding. Is much ſcarcer, more timid, and its note very different. Linnaeus ſays it is a mixed breed between the WOOD and BLACK GROUS; but his account of it is obſcure.

• C. BLACK GROUS, Br. Zool. i. N^o 93.
• Tetrao i^us, Plinii.
• Tetrao Tetrix, Orre, Faun. Suec. N^o 202.
• Le Petit Tetras oa Coq de Bruyere a queue forchue, De Buffon, ii. 210.—Pl. Enl. 172, 173.

GR. With a white ſpot on the ſhoulders, and white vent fea⯑thers: reſt of the plumage of a full black, gloſſed with blue: tail much forked, exterior feathers curling outwards. Weight near four pounds. Length one foot ten inches.

Female weighs but two pounds. The tail is ſlightly forked and ſhort: the colors ruſt, black, and cinereous.

PLACE.Inhabits Europe, as high as Lapland: extends over Ruſſia and Si⯑biria as far as birch-trees grow, of the catkins and buds of which it is very fond. Feeds much on the populus balſamifera ^*, which gives its fleſh a fine flavor. In northern Europe, this and the laſt ſpecies live during ſummer on whortle-berries, and feed their young with gnats. In ſummer the males perch on trees, and animate the foreſts with their crowing. In winter they lie on the ground, be⯑come buried in the ſnows, and form walks beneath, in which they [315] often continue forty days^*. They are at preſent taken in ſnares; but in Lapland were formerly ſhot with arrows^†.

During winter, there is at preſent a very ſingular way of taking the BLACK GROUS in Sibiria. In the open foreſts of birch, a certain number of poles are placed horizontally on forked ſticks: by way of allurement, ſmall bundles of corn are placed on them; and not remote, are ſet certain tall baſkets of a conic ſhape, with the broadeſt part uppermoſt: within the mouth is placed a ſmall wheel, through which paſſes an axis fixed ſo nicely as to admit it to play very readily, and permit one ſide or the other, on the leaſt touch, to drop down, and again recover its ſituation. The BLACK GROUS are ſoon attracted by the corn on the horizontal poles; firſt alight on them, and after a ſhort repaſt fly to the baſkets, attempt to ſettle on their tops, when the wheel drops ſideways, and they fall headlong into the trap, which is ſometimes found half full.

• D. PTARMIGAN, Br. Zool. i. N^o 95.
• Tetrao Lagopus. Suecis Snoripa. Lappis Cheruna, Faun. Suec. N^o 203.
• Le Lagopede, De Buffon, ii. 264. tab. ix.

GR. With the head, neck, back, ſcapulars, and ſome of the coverts of the wings, marked with narrow lines of black, aſh-color, and ruſt, intermixed with ſome white: wings and belly white: outmoſt feathers of the tail black; thoſe of the middle cinereous, mottled with black, and tipt with white. The male has a black ſpot between the bill and the eye; which in the female is ſcarcely viſible. One which I weighed in Scotland was nineteen ounces. Another weighed by Mr. Ray, in the Griſons country, only fourteen. It regularly changes its colors at approach of winter.

[316] PLACE.Inhabits Greenland, Iceland, Lapland, all Scandinavia, and Ruſſia; but I believe does not extend to Sibiria or Kamtſchatka. This, from its haunts, is called by the Norwegians, Fiaelde Rype, or Moun⯑tain Grous. But in Ruſſia it inhabits indifferently woods, moun⯑tains, plains, and marſhes. Its feathers were formerly an article of commerce. It is taken among the Laplanders, by the ſame ſtratagem as the WHITE GROUS, N^o 183.

The Greenlanders catch it in nooſes hung to a long line, drawn between two men, dropping them over the neck of this ſilly bird. They ſometimes kill it with ſtones; but of late oftener by ſhooting. It is ſaid, that when the female is killed the male un⯑willingly deſerts the body^*.

The Greenlanders eat it either dreſſed, or half rotten, or raw, with ſeals lard. The inteſtines, eſpecially thoſe next to the rump, and freſh drawn, are reckoned great delicacies. They alſo mix the contents with freſh train-oil and berries; a luxury frequent among theſe peo⯑ple. The ſkins make a warm and comfortable ſhirt, with the feathers placed next to the body. The women formerly uſed the black fea⯑thers of the tail as ornaments to their head-dreſſes.

• E. REHUSAK. Montin, in Act. Phyſiogr. Lund. i. 150.

GR. With neck ruſt-colored, ſpotted with black: back and coverts of tail black, varied with ruſty ſtreaks: breaſt divided from the lower part of the neck by a dark ſhade: reſt of the breaſt and vent white; the hen ſpotted with yellow: primaries white: tail black; end whitiſh: thighs white, with ſome ruſty ſpots: legs feathered to the toes: toes naked, covered with large brown ſcales. SIZE of a ſmall Hen.

[317]Inhabits both the woods and alps of Lapland. PLACE. Lays thirteen or fourteen reddiſh eggs, marked with large brown ſpots. When diſturbed, flies away with a loud noiſe, like a coarſe laugh. The Keron, or common Ptarmigan, on the contrary, is ſilent. The Keron inhabits the Alps only.

• F. HAZEL GR. Will. Orn. 175.
• Tetrao bonaſia. Hiarpe, Faun. Suec. N^o 204.
• La Gelinotte, De Buffon, ii. 233. tab. vii.—Pl. Enl. 474, 475.

GR. With the chin black, bounded with white: head and upper part of the neck croſſed with duſky and cinereous lines: be⯑hind each eye a white line: coverts of wings and ſcapulars ſpotted with black and ruſt-color: breaſt and belly white, marked with bright bay ſpots: feathers of the tail mottled with aſh and black; and, except the two middlemoſt, croſſed with a broad ſingle bar of black: legs feathered half way down. FEMALE wants the black ſpot on the chin, and white ſtroke beyond the eyes.SIZE. Its ſize ſuperior to an Engliſh Partridge.

Inhabits the birch and hazel woods of many parts of Europe, PLACE. as high as the dioceſe of Drontheim, and even Lapland ^*; and is not unfrequent in the temperate parts. Paulſen ^† ſays that it migrates into the ſouth of Iceland in April, and departs in September? It lays from twelve to twenty eggs: perches uſually in the midſt of a tree: is attracted by a pipe, imitative of its voice, to the nets of the ſportſmen, who lie concealed in a hovel^‡. Is excellent meat, in⯑ſomuch that the Hungarians call it Tſchaſarmadar, or the bird of Caeſar, as if it was only fit for the table of the Emperor. Is found in moſt parts of the Ruſſian dominions with the Ptarmigan, but grows ſcarcer towards the eaſt of Sibiria.

185. MARYLAND.

• American Partridge, Clayton, Ph. Tr. abridg. iii. 590.—Lawſon, 140.—Cateſby, App. plate xii.—Du Pratz, ii. 86.
• Tetrao Virginianus, Lin. Syſt. 277.
• Le Perdrix d'Amerique, Briſſon, i. 231.—Et de la Nouvelle Angleterre, 229.—De Buffon, ii. 447.

P. With white cheeks and throat, bounded by a line of black on all ſides, and marked with another paſſing beneath each eye: breaſt whitiſh, prettily marked with ſemicircular ſpots of black: upper part of the breaſt, coverts of wings, ſcapulars, and coverts of tail, bright bay, edged with ſmall black and white ſpots; ſcapu⯑lars ſtriped with yellowiſh white: primaries and tail of a light aſh color.

The head of the female agrees in the white marks of the male, but the boundaries are ferruginous. There is alſo more red on the breaſt. In other reſpects the colors nearly correſpond. In SIZE, above half as big again as the Engliſh Quail.

PLACE.Frequent from Canada to the moſt ſouthern parts of North Ame⯑rica, perhaps to Mexico. Are great breeders, and are ſeen in covies of four or five and twenty. Breed the latter end of April, or be⯑ginning of May. Collect, towards the beginning of June, in great flocks, and take to the orchards, where they perch when diſturbed. Feed much on buck-wheat; grow fat, and are excellent meat. Mi⯑grate from Nova Scotia, at approach of winter, to the ſouthern pro⯑vinces; but numbers reſide in the latter the whole year. The males have a note twice repeated, which they emit, while the females are [319] ſitting, uſually perched on a rail or gate. Make a vaſt noiſe with the wings when they ariſe.

Of late they have been introduced into Jamaica; IN JAMAICA: are naturalized to the climate, and increaſe greatly in a wild ſtate; and, as I am informed, breed in that warm climate twice in the year.

• A. COMMON PARTRIDGE. Tetrao Perdix. Rapphona. Faun. Suec. N^o 205.
• La Perdrix Griſe, De Buffon, ii. 401.—Pl. Enl. 27.

INHABITS as high as Sweden; but has not yet reached Nor⯑way ^*. Found in the weſt, and all the temperate parts of Ruſſia and Sibiria, and even beyond lake Baikal, where it winters about ſteep rocky mountains expoſed to the ſun, and where the ſnow lies leſt.

During winter, in Sweden it burrows beneath the ſnow; and the whole covey retires there, leaving a ſpiracle at each end of their lodge.

• B. QUAIL, Br. Zool. i. N^o 97.—Wachtel, Faun. Suec. N^o 206.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

IS found no further north than Sweden. It appears there in the beginning of the leafing month (May); and is neither heard or ſeen there in autumn or winter, unleſs it ſhould, as Linnaeus ſuppoſes, migrate to the ſouthern province, or Schonen, or retire to the Ukraine, Wallachia, &c^*.

Quails ſwarm ſo greatly, at the time of their migration, about the Dnieper, and in the ſouth of Ruſſia, that they are caught by thouſands, and ſent to Moſcow and Peterſburgh in caſks. They are common in all parts of Great Tartary; but in Sibiria only in the ſouth, as their paſſage is hindered by the lofty ſnowy mountains. It is ſaid they winter beneath the ſnow; and in great froſts, to be found torpid in the Ant-hills. Beyond lake Baikal, the Quails exactly reſemble thoſe of Europe, but are quite mute. Theſe are uſed by the Chineſe in fighting, as we do Cocks.

186. NORTON SOUND.

I Am ſorry that I have it not in my power to do more than aſcer⯑tain that a bird of the BUSTARD genus is found in North Ame⯑rica. Captain KING was ſo obliging as to inform me, that he ſaw on the plains near Norton Sound, N. lat. 64 ½, great flocks of a large kind. They were very ſhy; ran very faſt, and for a conſiderable way before they took wing; ſo that he never could get one ſhot.

I often meet with the word Outarde, or Buſtard, among the French voyagers in North America; but believe it to be always applied to a ſpecies of Gooſe.

The Great Buſtard, Br. Zool. i. N^o 98, is frequent over all the deſert of Tartary, and beyond lake Baikal. Is a ſolitary bird; but collects into ſmall flocks at the time of its ſouthern migration, and winters about Aſtracan ^*.

• [...]. LESSER BUSTARD, Br. Zool. i. N^o 99.
• Tetrao Tetrax, Faun. Suec. N^o 196.
• La Petite Outarde ou la Cane-petiere, De Buffon, ii. 40.—Pl. Enl. 10. 25.—LEV. MUS.

B. With crown, back, ſcapulars, and coverts of the wings, ferru⯑ginous and black; primaries black at their ends, white at their bottoms; the ſecondaries quite white: neck black, marked near the top and bottom with a white circle: breaſt and belly white: middle feathers of the tail croſſed with ruſt and black, the reſt white. FEMALE entirely ferruginous and black, except wings and belly. SIZE of a Pheaſant.

Appears in Sweden rarely in the ſpring: not traced further north.PLACE. Very frequent in the ſouthern and ſouth-weſt plains of Ruſſia, and in ſmall flocks when it migrates. Continues a good way into the de⯑ſerts of Tartary; but is never ſeen in Sibiria.

187. PASSENGER.

• Pigeon, Joſſelyn's Voy. 99.
• Wild Pigeon, Lawſon, 140.—Kalm. ii. 82.
• Pigeon of Paſſage, Cateſby, i. tab. 23.
• Wood Pigeon, Du Pratz, ii. 88.
• Columba Migratoria, Lin. Syſt. 285.
• Le Pigeon ſauvage d'Amerique, Briſſon, i. 100.—De Buffon, Oiſ. ii. 527.— LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

P. With a black bill: red irides: head, and hind part and ſides of the neck, of a ſlaty blue; on each of the laſt a large ſhining golden ſpot: coverts of the wings of a dark blueiſh grey, marked with a few black ſpots: quil feathers brown: tail of a great length, and cuneiform: the middle feathers duſky grey, the next paler, the out⯑moſt white. WEIGHT nine ounces.

MANNERS.Theſe birds viſit the provinces of North America in moſt amazing numbers every hard winter. They appear in greater or leſſer num⯑bers, according to the mildneſs or ſeverity of ſeaſon; for when the weather proves mild, few or none are ſeen in the ſouthern parts. Neceſſity alone obliges them to change their quarters, in ſearch of acorns,FOOD. maſt, and berries, which the warmer provinces yield in vaſt abundance. When they alight, the ground is ſoon cleared of all eſculent fruits, to the great loſs of the hog, and other maſt-eating animals. When they have devoured every thing which has fallen on the ſurface, they form themſelves into a great perpendical column, and by rotation keep flying among the boughs of the trees, from top to bottom, beating down the acorns with their wings, and ſome [323] or other, in ſucceſſion, alight on the earth and eat^*. The ſpecies of food they are fondeſt of is the ſmall acorn, called the Turkey acorn, it being alſo a favorite food of thoſe birds. In Canada they do vaſt damage in autumn, by devouring the corn, before they begin their ſouthern flight^†.

They build their neſts in trees,NESTS. and coo like the Engliſh Wild Pigeon; and lay two eggs. They breed in the more northern parts, from the country ſouth of Mooſe Fort, in Hudſon's Bay ^‡, to that between Fort Frederick and Fort Anne, and the woods about the river Onandago ^‖. During the time of incubation and nutrition, they feed firſt on the ſeeds of the ^§ red maple, which ripens in May; and after that, on thoſe of the elm^¶. It appears by thoſe accurate obſervers, Mr. Bartram and Mr. Kalm, that they continue in their breeding-places till the middle at leſt of July: the firſt having ſeen them in June; the laſt, the 19th of July. Mr. Hutchins aſſures me, that they continue in the inland parts of Hudſon's Bay till De⯑cember; and when the ground is covered with ſnow, feed on the buds of juniper.

As ſoon as theſe birds find a want of food,MIGRATIONS. they collect in vaſt flocks, and migrate to ſuch places as are likely to ſupply them with ſubſiſtence.VAST NUMBERS. The multitudes which appear during the rigorous ſea⯑ſons are ſo immenſe, that the mention of them, unleſs ſupported by good authority, would ſeem incredible. They fly by millions in a flock; and in their paſſage literally intercept the light of the ſun for a conſiderable ſpace. As ſoon as one flock has paſſed, another ſuc⯑ceeds, each taking a quarter of an hour before the whole flock is gone. This continues, in ſome ſeaſons, for three days without any intermiſſion^**.

The inhabitants of New York and Pennſylvania are frequent wit⯑neſſes of the phaenomenon, and kill numbers of theſe migrants from [324] their balconies, and the roofs of their houſes. When they alight on trees to rooſt, they often break the limbs of ſtout oaks, un⯑able to ſupport the weight of the crowds which perch on them. The ground beneath the trees on which they have lodged a night, is covered with their dung to a conſiderable depth^*.

Joſſelyn, who obſerved theſe Pigeons in 1638, in New England, before they were diſturbed by population, ſays, he has ſeen flights of them moving at Michaelmas to the ſouthward, four or five miles long, ſo thick that he loſt ſight of the ſun. He adds, that they return in ſpring;RETURN. and that they join neſt to neſt, and tree to tree, by their neſts, for many miles together, in the woods^†. Kalm mentions their paſſage through Jerſey in March.

The inhabitants of North America profit by this kind gift of Pro⯑vidence, and ſhoot them in their paſſage; for they are very fat, and excellent meat. The Indians watch the rooſting-places; go in the night, and, knocking them down with long poles, bring away thou⯑ſands. Formerly, you could not go into a little Indian town, in the interior parts of Carolina, THEIR OIL. but you would find a hundred gallons of Pigeons oil or fat, which they uſe with their mayz, as we do butter^‡. They ſcorn to obtain that uſeful article from the quiet employ of the dairy; but are fond of the ſimilitude, provided it could be obtained by any means ſuitable to their active ſpirit.

M. du Pratz hit upon an ingenious expedient of taking them on rooſt, by placing under the trees veſſels filled with flaming ſulphur; the fumes of which aſcending, brought them ſenſeleſs to the ground in perfect ſhowers.

I ſhall conclude this account with what was communicated to me by the late Mr. Aſhton Blackburne, from his own obſervations, or thoſe of his friends, who were eye-witneſſes to the wondrous facts related of theſe birds.

188. CAROLINA.

• Picacuroba, Marcgrave, 204.
• Turtle Dove, Lawſon, 142.—Du Pratz, ii. 88.
• La Tourterelle de la Caroline, Briſſon, i. 110.
• Turtle of Carolina, Cateſby, i. 24.—De Buffon, ii. 557.—Pl. Enl. 175.
• Columba Carolinenſis, Lin. Syſt. 286.
• Long-tailed Dove, Edw. 15.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

P. With the orbits naked and blue: crown, neck, back, and ſcapulars, brown; the laſt ſpotted with black: ſome of the leſſer coverts of a lead-color: quil feathers duſky: beneath each eye in the male a black ſpot; on each ſide of the neck another, variable, with green, gold, and crimſon: breaſt of a pale claret-color: belly and thighs of a dull yellow: tail very long and cunei⯑form; the two middle feathers brown; the others white, marked in the middle with a black ſpot. LENGTH fourteen inches.

Inhabits Carolina the whole year; and is found as far ſouth as the Weſt Indies and Braſil. Feeds much on the berries of the poke or Phytolacca Decandria ^*, and the ſeeds of the mug-apple or Podophyl⯑lum []

[327] Peltatum ^*. Lawſon ſays, it is a great devourer of peas; on which account the Americans catch as many as they can in traps; and as an additional reaſon, becauſe of the delicacy of their fleſh.

189. WHITE-CROWNED.

• White-crowned Pigeon, Cateſby, i. 25.
• Bald-pate, Brown. Jam. 468.—Sloane, ii. 303.
• Le Pigeon de la Roche, de la Jamaique, Briſſon, i. 137.—De Buffon, ii. 529.
• Columba Leucocephala, Lin. Syſt. 281.

P. With the end of the bill white; the baſe purple: crown white, beneath that purple: hind part of the neck changeable green, edged with black.

Inhabit the Bahama iſlands, and breed among the rocks;PLACE. and prove of great uſe to the inhabitants, who take vaſt numbers. This ſpecies is found alſo in Jamaica, where Brown ſays they feed on the feeds of the mangrove and wild coffee.

I do not recollect that our navigators ſaw any Pigeons on the weſtern ſide of America; but the Spaniards ſaw abundance in lat. 41. 7. north^‡.

190. CANADA.

• La Tourterelle de Canada, Briſſon, i. 118.—De Buffon, ii. 552.—Pl. Enl. 176.
• Columba Canadenfis, Lin. Syſt. 285.

P. With the crown, hind part of the head, and upper part of the back, of a cinereous brown: the lower part of the back and rump aſh-colored: lower part of the neck and the breaſt cinereous, daſhed with ruſt: coverts of the wings ſpotted with black: primaries duſky, the exterior edges of the greater yellowiſh: the tail long and cu⯑neiform; the middle feathers aſh-colored; the exterior on each ſide white, marked on their inner ſide with a red ſpot, and beneath that with a great black one.

The head, neck, back, breaſt, and coverts of the wings, of the female have the feathers terminated with dirty white and yellow.

[328] PLACE.Inhabits Canada. Greatly reſembles, in ſize, form, and ſome of the colors, the Carolina Pigeon: I gueſs therefore, that it is here needleſsly ſeparated from that ſpecies.

191. GROUND.

• Picuipinima, Marcgrave, 204.—Raii Syn. Av. 62. 184.—Sloane. Jam. ii. 305. —Brown, 469.
• Ground Dove, Cateſby, i. 26.
• La petite Tourterelle, Briſſon, i. 113.
• Columba Paſſerina, Lin. Syſt. 285.
• Le Cocotzin, Fernandez, 24.—De Buffon, ii. 559.—Pl. Enl. 243.

P. With a yellow bill tipt with black: red irides: upper part of the head, body, and coverts, of a cinereous brown; the coverts ſpotted with black: breaſt and belly a variable purple, ſpotted with a deeper:SIZE. the two middle feathers of the tail cinereous brown, thoſe of the ſides duſky: legs yellowiſh. In SIZE does not exceed a Lark.

PLACE.This diminutive ſpecies is not found further north than Carolina, where they ſometimes viſit the lower parts near the ſea, where ſhrubs grow, in order to feed on the berries; eſpecially of the pellitory, or tooth⯑ach tree^*, which gives their fleſh a fine flavor. The ſpecies is con⯑tinued through the warm parts of America, the iſlands Mexico and Braſil. The French iſlanders call them Ortolans, from their exceſ⯑ſive fatneſs and great delicacy. They take them young, when they will become very tame.

• A. The STOCK DOVE, Wil. Orn.
• Columba Oenas. Skogſdufva, Faun. Suec. N^o 207.

IS very frequent in a wild ſtate in the ſouth of Ruſſia, breeding in the turrets of village-churches, and in ſteep rocky banks of ri⯑vers; but at approach of winter, migrates ſouthward. It does the ſame in Sweden ^*. Is among the birds of the Feroe iſles, and ſome⯑times ſtrays as far Finmark ^†.

No Pigeons are ſeen in Sibiria, till you come beyond lake Baikal, where a very ſmall variety (with a white rump) breeds in great plenty about the rocks. This is the ſame with our ROCK PIGEON, one ſtock or origin of our tame Pigeons. This ſpecies breeds in the cliffs as far north as the dioceſe of Bergen in Norway ^‡. Haunt during winter the cliffs of the Orknies, by myriads.

• B. RING DOVE, Br. Zool. i. N^o 102.
• Columba Palumbus. Ringdufwa, Faun. Suec. N^o 208.
• Le Ramier, De Buffon, ii. 531.

COMMON in the Ruſſian foreſts: very ſcarce in Sibiria; none in the north-eaſt. Viſits Sweden in ſummer: migrates in autumn. None in Norway.

None of the Pigeon tribe inhabit the arctic zone, by reaſon not only of the cold, but of defect of food.

192. CRESCENT.

• Lark, Lawſon, 144.—Cateſby, i. 33.
• Le Merle a collier d'Amerique, Briſſon, ii. 243.
• L'Etourneau de la Louiſiane—449.
• Le Fer a Cheval, ou Merle a collier d'Amerique, De Buffon, Oiſ. iii. 371.— Pl. En. 256.—Latham, iii. 6.
• Alauda Magna, Lin. Syſt. 289.
• Sturnus Ludovicianus—290.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

ST. With a duſky head, divided in the middle by a pale brown line, bounded on the ſide by two others: on the corner of each eye, above the bill, is a yellow ſpot: whole upper part of the body, neck, and wings, reddiſh brown and black: breaſt and belly of a rich yellow; the former marked with a black creſcent: pri⯑maries pale brown, barred with a darker: tail very ſhort, the feathers ſharp-pointed; the three outmoſt white, marked with a pale brown ſtripe on the exterior ſide; reſt of the feathers light brown, marked with pointed bars of black: legs long.

SIZE.LENGTH above ten inches: WEIGHT between three and four ounces.

PLACE.Inhabits moſt parts of the continent of North America: lives in the ſavannas, feeding chiefly on the ſeeds of graſſes; ſits on ſmall trees and ſhrubs; has a jetting motion with its tail; is reckoned excellent meat; has a muſical but not a various note. Arrives in New York in March, or the beginning of April: lays in June, in the graſs, five white eggs, thinly ſpotted with pale ruſt-color. Leaves the country in September or October.

193. LOUISIANE.

• Sturnus Ludovicianus, Lin. Syſt. 290.—Latham, iii. 6.
• L'Etourneau de la Louiſiane, De Buffon, iii. 192.—Briſſon, ii. 449.—Pl. Enl. 256.

ST. With a whitiſh bill, tipped with brown: with the crown, back, wings, and tail of a ruſty aſh-color; the firſt marked along the middle with a white line; and another of the ſame color over each eye; inner webs of the four outmoſt feathers white: in front of the neck a large black ſpot; each feather tipt with grey: reſt of the fore part of the neck, breaſt, and belly, of a rich yellow: thighs and vent dirty white.

Inhabits Louiſiana. PLACE.

• A. STARE, Br. Zool. i. N^o 104.
  STARE.
• Sturnus, vulgaris Stare, Faun. Suec. N^o 213.
• L'Etourneau, De Buffon, iii. 176.—Latham, iii. 2.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

ST. With a yellow bill: black body gloſſed with purple, and ſpotted with yellow and white: legs black.

Inhabits Europe as high as Salten, in the dioceſe of Drontheim, PLACE. in Norway; and in great numbers in Naeſne Helgeland ^*, in Feroe, and in Iceland ^†. They migrate from Norway, a few excepted, which lodge in the fiſſures of the rocky iſle near Stavanger, at the ſouthern extremity of that kingdom, and come out to baſk in the ſunny days of winter. They are found in vaſt flocks in all parts of Ruſſia, and the weſt of Sibiria; but are very ſcarce beyond [332] the Jeneſei. In many places of England reſide the whole year: in others, migrate after the breeding-ſeaſons by thouſands to other countries.

WATER OUZEL.

• B. WATER OUZEL, Br. Zool. i. N^o 111.
• Sturnus cinclus, Watnſtare, Faun. Suec. N^o 214.
• Le Merle d'Eau, De Buffon, viii. 134.—Latham, iii. 48.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

ST. Duſky above: throat and breaſt white: belly ruſt-colored: tail black. WEIGHT two ounces and a half: LENGTH ſeven inches and a half.

PLACE.Found in Europe as high as Feroe and Finmark ^*: in the Ruſſian empire, as far as Kamtſchatka. The Tartars believe, that the fea⯑thers of this bird, tied to their nets, produce good fortune in their fiſhery^†.

194. MIMIC.

• Mock-bird, Cateſby, i.—Lawſon, 143.
• Le Moqueur, De Buffon, Oiſ. ii. 323.—Pl. Enl. 645.—Briſſon, ii. 262.— Latham, iii. 40.
• Turdus Polyglottos, T. Orpheus, Lin. Syſt. 293.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

TH. With a black bill and legs: head, neck, back, and leſſer coverts on the ridge of the wing, aſh-colored: the other coverts duſky, ſlightly edged with white: quil feathers black; white on their lower parts: under ſide of the body white: tail very long; the middle feathers duſky; two outmoſt feathers white; the ex⯑terior margins black.

The breaſt of the female of a dirty white.

• A. The Leſſer, Edw. 78.

DIFFERS from the former in having a white line over each eye; and in being ſomewhat inferior in ſize. Jamaica ^*.

• B. Varied. Tetronpan, Fernanaez, 38.

WITH a ſpotted breaſt; probably a young bird of one of the others.

Theſe birds ſhun the cold parts of America; PLACE. and are found from the province of New York as far ſouth as Mexico and the Antilles. They are ſo impatient of the rigorous ſeaſon, as to retire at ap⯑proach of winter from all the provinces north of Carolina or Vir⯑ginia. In the firſt they inhabit the whole year. They viſit New York in April, or the beginning of May, but are rather ſcarce in that part of America: they breed there in June, and lay five or ſix blue eggs, thickly ſpotted with dull red.

They build often in fruit trees^†; are very familiar, and love to be converſant about dwellings; and, during ſummer, uſually deliver [334] their ſong perched on the chimney's top. During breeding ſeaſon, are very ſhy, and will deſert their neſt if any one looks on the eggs^*: but are ſometimes preſerved, and brought alive to England.

During ſummer they feed on berries, mulberries, and other fruits, and inſects. In winter, when other food is ſcarce, on the berries of the Dogwood ^†. When tamed, feed on every thing.

VARIOUS SONG.Theſe birds are perhaps the firſt among the choriſters of the woods; and are juſtly famed not only for the variety, fulneſs, and melody of their own notes, but their imitative faculty of the notes of all other birds or animals, from the Humming-bird to the Eagle. They will even imitate the ſound of other things. I have heard of one, confined in a cage, that would mimic the mewing of a cat, the chattering of a magype, and the creaking of a ſign in high winds. The Mexicans call them Cencontlatolli ^‡, or the birds of four hundred tongues, on account of their vaſt variety of notes and imitative powers. In the warmer parts of America they ſing inceſſantly from March to Auguſt, day and night, beginning with their own compoſitions, and then finiſhing by borrowing from the whole feathered choir, and repeat their tunes with ſuch artful ſweetneſs, as to excite pleaſure and ſurprize. The ſuper-excellence of their ſongs makes ample amends for the plainneſs of their plumage.

They may be ſaid not only to ſing, but dance: for, as if excited by a ſort of extaſy at their own admirable notes, they gradually raiſe themſelves from the place where they ſtand, with their wings ex⯑tended, drop with their head down to the ſame ſpot, and whirl round with diſtended wings, accompanying their melody with variety of pretty geſticulations^§. They are birds of vaſt courage; and will attack any large bird.

195. FERRUGI⯑NOUS.

• Ground Mocking-bird, Lawſon, 143.
• Fox-coloured Thruſh, Cateſby, i. 28.
• Turdus rufus, Lin. Syſt. 293.—Latham, iii. 39.
• La Grive de la Caroline, Briſſon, ii. 223.
• Le Moqueur François, De Buffon, iii. 323.—Pl. Enl. 645.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

TH. With yellow irides: head, and whole upper part of the body, coverts of the wings, and the tail, of a pale ruſt-color: under part of a dirty white, ſpotted with brown: acroſs the coverts of the wings are two white lines: tail very long: legs brown. LENGTH twelve inches.

Inhabits North America, from New York to Carolina. PLACE. In the for⯑mer, arrives in May, and migrates to the ſouth in Auguſt: continues in Virginia and Carolina the whole year: builds in low buſhes, and (in New York) breeds in June, and lays five white eggs, cloſely ſpotted with ruſt-colour.

It feeds on berries, eſpecially thoſe of the cluſter bird-cherry, of which all the Thruſh kind are very fond. It is called in America the French Mocking-bird, from the variety of its notes; but they are far inferior to the real.

196. RED-BREASTED.

• Fieldfare of Carolina, Cateſby, i. 29.
• La Grive de Canada, Briſſon, ii. 225.
• La Litorne de Canada, De Buffon, iii. 307.—Pl. Enl. 558.
• Turdus migratorius, Lin. Syſt. 295.—Latham, iii. 26.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

TH. With the bill half yellow and half black: head and cheeks black: orbits covered with white feathers: chin and throat black, ſtreaked with white: under part of the neck, the breaſt, and upper part of the belly, of a deep orange: vent white: back and rump of a deep aſh-color: coverts and quil feathers duſky, edged with white: inner coverts of the wings orange: tail black; the outmoſt feather marked with white: legs brown. SIZE of an Engliſh Throſtle.

[336] PLACE.Inhabits North America, from Hudſon's Bay to Natka Sound, on the weſtern coaſt; and ſouth as low as Carolina. Quits the warmer parts in the ſpring, and retires north to breed. Appear in pairs in Hudſon's Bay, on Severn River, at the beginning of May. At Mooſe Fort, theſe birds build their neſt, lay their eggs, and hatch their young, in fourteen days; but at Severn ſettlement, which lies in 55, or four degrees more north, the ſame is not effected in leſs than twenty-ſix days^*. They are alſo very common in the woods near St. John's, in Newfoundland.

They arrive in New York in February, and lay their eggs in May, and quit the country in October: in each country where they paſs the ſummer, they adapt their retreat to the time in which winter ſets in.

NESTS.They make their neſts with roots, moſs, &c.; and lay five eggs, of a moſt lively ſea-green colour. The cock is moſt aſſiduous in aſſiſting its mate in making the neſt and feeding the young; and in the intervals chears her with its muſical voice.

Like the Engliſh Fieldfare, they come and go in large flocks. They have two notes; one a loud ſcream, like the Miſſel-bird: the other, a very ſweet ſong, which it delivers from the ſummit of ſome lofty tree.

They feed on worms, inſects, and berries. Mr. Cateſby brings a proof, that it is not the heat of the ſeaſon alone that forces them away. He had, in Virginia, ſome trees of the Aluternus, in full berry; the firſt which were known in America: a ſingle Fieldfare was ſo delighted with them, as never to quit them during the whole ſummer.

They are called in America, the Robin; not only from the red⯑neſs of the breaſt, but from their actions and tameneſs, as I have obſerved in thoſe kept in aviaries.

197. VARIED.

TH. With a duſky crown: upper part of the neck and back of an iron grey: cheeks black: beyond each eye is a bright bay line: throat, under ſide of the neck, and breaſt, of the ſame color; the breaſt croſſed by a black band: ſides orange-colored: middle of the belly white: leſſer coverts of the wings iron grey: greater, duſky, tipped with bright ferruginous: primaries duſky, croſſed and edged with bay: tail long, of a deep cinereous color: legs pale brown. SIZE of the former.

Inhabits the woods of Natka Sound. Latham, iii. 27.PLACE.

198. TAWNY.

TH. With the head, back, and coverts, tawny; the head the brighteſt: cheeks brown, ſpotted with white: throat, breaſt, and belly, white, with large black ſpots: rump, primaries, and tail, of a pale brown: the ends of the tail ſharp-pointed: legs pale brown. SIZE of the Redwing Thruſh.

From the province of New York. BL. MUS.—Latham, iii. 28.PLACE.

199. BROWN.

TH. With the head, neck, back, cheeks, coverts, and tail, of an olive brown: primaries duſky: breaſt and belly of a dirty white, marked with great brown ſpots: legs duſky. SIZE of the former; and a native of the ſame country. BL. MUS.—Latham, iii. 28.

200. RED-LEGGED.

• Merle appellé Tilli? Feuillee, i. 126.
• Red-leg'd Thruſh, Cateſby, i. 30.
• Le Merle cendré de l'Amerique, Briſſon, ii. 288.
• Turdus plumbeus, Lin. Syſt. 294.—Latham, iii. 33.
• Le Tilly, ou la Grive cendrée de l'Amerique, De Buffon, iii. 314.—Pl. Enl. 560.

TH. With a duſky bill: irides, edges of the eyelids, and legs, red: throat black: whole body of a duſky blue: tail long, and cuneiform: tail duſky, with the three exterior feathers on each ſide [338] tipt with white. WEIGHT two ounces and a half. The hen is a third part leſs than the cock.

PLACE.Inhabits the Bahama iſlands, Andros, and Ilathera. Has the voice and geſtures of Thruſhes. Feeds on berries, eſpecially of the gum elimy tree^*.

201. LITTLE.

• Little Thruſh, Cateſby, i. 31.—Edw. 296.—Latham, iii. 20.
• Le Mauvis de la Caroline, Briſſon, ii. 212.
• La Grivette d'Amerique, De Buffon, iii. 289.—Pl. Enl. 398.—LEV. MUS.— BL. MUS.

TH. With the head, whole upper part of the body, wings, and tail, of an uniform brown color: eyelids encircled with white: chin white: breaſt, and under ſide of the neck, yellowiſh, marked with large brown ſpots: belly white: legs long, and brown. SIZE of a Lark.

PLACE.Inhabits Canada, Newfoundland, and the whole continent of North America, and even Jamaica. In all the cold parts, even as low as Penſylvania, they migrate ſouthward at approach of winter. They arrive in that country in April, and breed there. They in⯑habit thick woods, and the dark receſſes of ſwamps: are ſcarce, and not often ſeen^†. In Jamaica they inhabit the wooded moun⯑tains^‡. They feed on berries, &c. like other Thruſhes, but want their melody.

202. UNALASCHA.

TH. With the crown and back brown, obſcurely ſpotted with duſky: breaſt yellow, ſpotted with black: coverts of the wings, primaries, and tail, duſky, edged with teſtaceous. SIZE of a Lark.

PLACE.Found on Unalaſcha. Latham, iii. 23.

203. GOLDEN-CROWNED.

• Golden-crowned Thruſh, Edw. 252.
• Motacilla aurocapilla, Lin. Syſt, 334.—Latham, iii. 21.
• Le Figuier a tete d'or, Briſſon, iii. 504.
• La Grivelette de St. Domingue, De Buffon, Oiſ. iii. 317.—Pl. Enl. 398.— BL. MUS.

TH. With the crown of the head of a bright gold-color, bounded on each ſide by a black line: upper part of the body, wings, and tail, of an olive brown: under ſide of the neck, breaſt, and ſides, white, ſpotted with black; or, as the French expreſſively call, it grivelées: belly in ſome of a pure white; in others, ſpotted: legs of a yellowiſh brown. In SIZE leſſer than the laſt.

Inhabits Penſylvania, and probably all the ſouthern provinces.PLACE. It builds its neſt on the ground, on the ſide of a bank, in the form of an oven, with leaves, lining it with dry graſs, and lays five white eggs, ſpotted with brown. Migrates on approach of winter to the iſlands, ſuch as St. Domingo, Jamaica, &c. Some having been taken at ſea in November in their paſſage^*.

204. HUDSONIAN.

TH. With a black bill: general color of the plumage deep blueiſh aſh: crown, nape, coverts of the wings, and primaries, more or leſs edged with pale cheſnut: coverts of the tail of the ſame color: tail deep aſh, rounded at the end: legs black. LENGTH of the whole bird ſeven inches and a half.

Inhabits Hudſon's Bay. LEV. MUS.PLACE.

205. NEW-YORK.

TH. With a duſky ſtrong bill, half an inch long: head, neck, and breaſt, mottled with light ruſt-color and black: back very gloſſy: and the edges of the feathers ferruginous: from the bill, above and beneath each eye, extends to the hind part of the head [340] a band of black: belly duſky: wings and tail black, gloſſed with green: tail rounded: legs black. SIZE of an Engliſh BLACKBIRD.

PLACE.Appears in the province of New York in the latter end of October, in its way from its more northern breeding place. BL. MUS.

206. LABRADOR.

• Latham, iii. 46.—BL. MUS.—LEV. MUS.

TH. With a black bill, rather ſlender, near an inch long. In one ſpecimen the plumage wholly black, gloſſed with variable blue and green^*: in another^†, the feathers on the head, neck, and beginning of the back, ſlightly edged with deep ruſt: tail, and reſt of the plumage, full black; tail even at the end.

PLACE.Inhabits Labrador, and the province of New York.

• A. FIELDFARE, Br. Zool. i. N^o 106.
• Turdus pilaris. Suecis Kramsfogel. Uplandis Snoſkata, Faun. Suec. N^o 215.
• La Litorne, De Buffon, iii. 301.—Pl. Enl. 490.—Latham, iii. 24.—LEV. MUS.— BL. MUS.

TH. With head and rump cinereous: back and wing coverts cheſnut: breaſt and belly of a ruſty white, ſpotted with black. WEIGHT about four ounces. LENGTH ten inches.

PLACE.Theſe birds ſwarm in the woods of Sweden and Norway: breed in the higheſt trees; and continue, at leſt in Sweden, the whole year^‡. In Norway, I do not trace them further north than the dioceſe of [341] Bergen. They migrate in great numbers into Britain at Michaelmas, and depart about the beginning of March; but I have no certainty of the place they come from. Multitudes are found in all ſeaſons in Poland ^*: multitudes alſo migrate from other places to the Poliſh woods in autumn. Perhaps the woods in all thoſe countries may be overcharged with them, ſo that annually numbers may migrate into other places, without being miſſed by the inhabitants. Pontoppidan ſays, that Fieldfares are in great flocks in autumn, when berries are moſt plenty^†. Poſſibly, after they have exhauſted the woods, they may migrate to us, compelled both by cold and want of food. They appear conſtantly in the Orknies, near the approach of winter, in their way ſouth, and feed during their reſi⯑dence in thoſe iſles on the berries of empetrum nigrum, arbutus alpina, and uva urſi, and thoſe of the juniper. They arrive in England about Michaelmas, and leave it early in March. They are frequent in the foreſts of Ruſſia, Sibiria, and even Kamtſchatka, as is the REDWING THRUSH. Both viſit Syria ^‡, and both migrate into Minorca in the end of October, and winter in that climate^§.

• B. MISSEL TH. Br. Zool. i. N^o 105.
• Turdus viſcivorus, Biork-Traſt, Faun. Suec. N^o 216.
• Le Draine, De Buffon, iii. 295.—Pl. Enl. 489.—Latham, iii. 16.

TH. Olive-brown above: whitiſh yellow below, ſpotted with black: inner coverts of wings white: tail brown; three out⯑moſt feathers on each ſide tipt with white. WEIGHT near five ounces: LENGTH eleven inches.

Inhabits Europe as far as Norway; PLACE. but not higher than the middle part. Common in Ruſſia; but has not reached Sibiria.

• C. THROSTLE, Br. Zool. i. N^o 107.
• Turdus muſicus. Faun. Suec. N^o 217.
• La Grive, De Buffon, iii. 280.—Pl. Enl. 406.—Latham, iii. 18.—LEV. MUS.— BL. MUS.

TH. Above of an olive-brown: breaſt white, with large duſky ſpots: inner coverts of the wings of a deep orange: cheeks white, ſpotted with brown. WEIGHT three ounces: LENGTH nine inches.

PLACE.Inhabits Europe as far north as Sondmor ^*. Is found in moſt parts of Ruſſia, where juniper grows, eſpecially about the river Kama: not in Sibiria.

• D. REDWING, Br. Zool. i. N^o 108.
• Turdus iliacus. Klera. Kladra. Talltraſt. Faun. Suec. N^o 218.
• Le Mauvis, De Buffon, iii. 309.—Latham, iii. 22.

TH. With a whitiſh line above each eye: and the cheeks bounded beneath by another: head, and upper part of body, browniſh: on each ſide of the neck a ſpot of deep yellow: tail of an uniform brown: breaſt white, ſpotted with brown: inſide of the wings deep orange. WEIGHT two ounces and a quarter.

PLACE.Is met with as remote as Sondmor, and even in Iceland. In Sweden ſings ſweetly, perched on the ſummit of a tree, among the foreſts of maples: builds in hedges, and lays ſix blueiſh green eggs, ſpotted with black^†. Appears in England with the Fieldfare, and has with us only a piping note. Such numbers of theſe birds, Throſtles, and Fieldfares, are killed for the market in Poliſh Pruſſia, that exciſe was payed in one ſeaſon at Dantzick for thirty thouſand pairs, be⯑ſides what were ſmuggled or payed duty in other places^‡. Found with the Fieldfare in the Ruſſian dominions.

• E. Latham, iii. 28.—LEV. MUS.
  KAMTSCHATKAN.

TH. With a duſky bill: crown, upper ſide of the neck, back, and wings, light brown: from the baſe of the bill, on each ſide, a black line paſſes to the eyes, and a little beyond; over each, a line of white: chin and throat of an elegant roſe-color: breaſt and belly of a whitiſh brown: tail of a light brown, and rounded. LENGTH ſix inches.

Inhabits Kamtſchatka. PLACE.

• F. ORIOLE, Br. Zool. ii. App. p. 626, 8^vo.—4^to, 532. tab. iv.—Will. Orn. 198.
• Oriolus galbula, Lin. Syſt. 160.—Faun. Suec. N^o 95.
• Loriot, De Buffon, iii. 260. tab. xvii.—Pl. Enl. 26.

TH. With head and whole body of a rich yellow: bill red: wings black; the primaries marked with a yellow ſpot: tail black; tips yellow. FEMALE dull green: ends of the exterior fea⯑thers of the tail whitiſh. LENGTH ten inches.

Inhabits many parts of Europe. Has been ſhot in Finland; PLACE. but is in Sweden a rare bird. Seen in England but very ſeldom: affects warm climates: frequent in India and China. Found in the tempe⯑rate parts of the Ruſſian empire, as far as lake Baikal: none beyond the Lena. Is almoſt conſtantly flitting from place to place: makes no long reſidence in any. Builds a hanging neſt between the forks of a bough, uſually of ſome lofty tree. Lays four or five eggs, of a dirty white, ſpotted with duſky. Is reckoned very good meat. Receives its name of Loriot from its note. Feeds on inſects, ber⯑ries, and fruits.

• G. ROSE-COLORED OUZEL, Br. Zool. ii. App. p. 627. 8^vo.—4^to. tab. v.
• Turdus roſeus, Faun. Suec. N^o 219.—Will. Orn. 194.—De Buffon, iii. 348. tab. xxii. —Pl. Enl. 251.—Latham, iii. 50.

TH. With a creſted head: head, neck, wings, and tail, black, gloſſed with variable purple, blue, and green: breaſt, belly, back, and leſſer coverts of the wings, of a fine roſe-color. SIZE of a Stare.

Linnaeus, on the authority of Mr. Adlerheim, ſays it is found in Lapland. Has been ſhot in a garden at Cheſter; and twice beſides near London. Is migratory. I cannot diſcover its breeding-place in Europe. Is found during ſummer about Aleppo, where it is called, from its food, the Locuſt-bird ^*.

Appears annually in great flocks about the river Don: and in Sibiria about the Irtiſh, where there are abundance of Locuſts, and where it breeds between the rocks.

• H. RING-OUZEL, Br. Zool. i. N^o 110.
• Turdus torquatus, Faun. Suec. N^o 221.
• Ring-troſt, Norvegio, Brunnich, N^o 237.—De Buffon, iii. 340.—Latham, iii. 46.— LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

TH. With wings and tail black: upper part of the body duſky; lower part the ſame, edged with aſh-color: breaſt marked with a white creſcent. LENGTH eleven inches.

PLACE.Inhabits Europe as high as Lapmark ^†. Is not found in Ruſſia and Sibiria: is, in the ſouth of England, and in France, an errant paſſenger, for a week or two, to other countries: in alpine parts, reſident. Is met with about Mount Caucaſus, and in Perſia.

Belon ^‡ ſays, that in his time they ſwarmed ſo in their ſeaſon about Embrun, that the hoſts were uſed to treat their gueſts with them inſtead of other game. We are told by the Count de Buffon, that they build their neſts on the ground at the foot of ſome buſh; from which they are called Merles Terriers.

• I. BLACKBIRD, Br. Zool. i. N^o 109.
• Turdus merula. Traſt. Kohltraſt. Faun. Suec. N^o 220.—Latham, ii. N^o 46.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

TH. With a yellow bill: plumage and legs intenſely black. FEMALE with bill and plumage of a duſky hue. LENGTH nine inches and a half: WEIGHT about four ounces.

Inhabits Europe as high even as Drontheim. PLACE. Is uncommon in Ruſſia, except beyond the Urallian chain, and in the weſtern pro⯑vinces. But about Woroneſch, this bird, and the STARE, do not make their appearance till about the 17th or 18th of April ^*, ſearch⯑ing for food in other places during the ſevere ſeaſon.

207. PRIB.

• Chatterer, Cateſby, i. 46.—Edw. 242.—Br. Zool. i. N^o 112.
• Le Jaſeur de la Caroline, Briſſon, ii. 337.—De Buffon, Oiſ. iii. 441.— Latham, ii. 93.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

CH. With a black bill: black band of feathers acroſs the fore⯑head, extended on each ſide of the eyes towards the hind part of the head: head creſted; color of that and neck a pale reddiſh brown: chin black: back deep brown: rump grey: coverts of wings cinereous: quil feathers duſky; ends of the ſeven laſt tipt with wax-like, or enameled appendages, of a bright ſcarlet color: tail duſky, tipt with bright yellow: breaſt whitiſh: belly and thighs of a light yellow: legs black. LENGTH ſeven inches. FEMALE wants the ſcarlet appendages to the wings.

PLACE.Inhabits America, from Nova Scotia to Mexico and Cayenne ^*. The Mexican name is Coquantototl. Fernandez ^† ſays, it lives in the mountanous parts of the country. Feeds on ſeeds; but is remark⯑able neither for its ſong, or the delicacy of its fleſh. It migrates in flocks to New York the latter end of March; breeds there in May and June; and retires ſouth in flocks in November.

The differences between this bird, and the CHATTERERS of the old continent, are theſe:—it is about an inch inferior in length: it wants the rich yellow on the wings; but, as a recompence, has the ſame beautiful color on the belly.

IN EUROPE.The European varieties are found as high as Drontheim, and appear in great numbers during winter, about Peterſburg and Moſcow, and in all parts of Ruſſia, and are taken in flocks. They do not breed there: retiring to the very arctic circle for that purpoſe. It is ſaid, that they never have been obſerved beyond the river Lena: and that they are much ſcarcer in Sibiria than Ruſſia. Mr. Bell ſaw ſome about Tobolſki in December ^‡. The navigators found them, September 1778, on the weſtern coaſt of America, in lat. 64. 30.: long. 198. 30.

208. CROSSBILL.

• Le Bee croiſe, De Buffon, iii. 449 —Pl. Enl. 218.—Br. Zool. i. N^o 115.
• Loxia curviroſtra. Korſſnaf. Kiagelrifvare, Faun. Suec. N^o 224.—Latham, ii. 106. —LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

GR. With each of the mandibles crooked, and croſſing each other at the tips: wings, head, neck, and body, of a full red: wings and tail duſky: the coverts croſſed with two white lines.

The FEMALE is of a dirty green: rump of a deep yellow: the colors of each ſex vary wonderfully; there being ſcarcely two which agree in the degree of ſhades of red or green: but the bills are ſufficient diſtinctions from all other birds.

Inhabits the northern latitudes of North America, PLACE. from Hudſon's Bay to Newfoundland. Mr. Edwards mentions one taken off Green⯑land; but that individual muſt have been driven there by a ſtorm, ſince it could never have ſubſiſted in that woodleſs region, its food being the kernels of pine-cones, apples, and berries.

Theſe birds arrive at Severn river in Hudſon's Bay, the latter end of May; but ſo greatly affect a cold climate, as to proceed even more northward to breed. They return in autumn at the firſt ſetting-in of the froſt. Their habitations are the foreſts of pines.

They are found in all the evergreen foreſts of Ruſſia and Sibiria. In Scandinavia, as high as Drontheim. In England they only appear in certain years. I do not find that they migrate in any part ex⯑cept in America.

The American ſpecies varies from the European in being much leſs; and in the two white lines acroſs the wings.

209. PINE.

• PINE GROSBEAK, Br. Zool. i. N^o 114.—Edw. 123.
• Le Dur-bec, De Buffon, iii. 444.—Pl. Enl. 135.
• Loxia enucleator. L. Canadenſis, Lin. Syſt. 299, 304.
• Tallbit, Swanſk-Papgoia, Faun. Suec. N^o 223.—Latham, ii. 111.—LEV. MUS.

GR. With a very ſtrong thick bill, hooked at the end: head, and upper part of the body, of a rich crimſon; each feather marked with black in the middle: leſſer coverts incline to orange; the others duſky, croſſed by two white lines: the primaries and tail duſky: lower part of the neck, breaſt, and belly, of a pale crim⯑ſon: vent cinereous: legs black. FEMALE of a dull dirty green; twice the ſize of the Engliſh Bullfinch.

PLACE.Inhabits Hudſon's Bay ^*, Newfoundland, and Canada, and as far as the weſtern ſide of North America: viſits Hudſon's Bay, in April: frequents the groves of pines and junipers: ſings on its firſt arrival, but ſoon grows ſilent: makes its neſt on trees, at a ſmall height from the ground, with ſticks, and lines it with feathers. Lays four white eggs, which are hatched in June. The clerk of the California ob⯑ſerved theſe birds firſt on the 25th of January: they fed on the poplar tree^†. It is remarked, that birds of plain colors only in⯑habit the frigid climates: but this gay bird is an exception.

It is likewiſe an inhabitant of the northern parts of Europe, as far as Drontheim; and in Aſia, in all the pine foreſts: is frequent in Sibiria, and the north of Ruſſia: is taken in autumn about Peterſburg, and brought to market in plenty. In ſpring it retires to Lapland.

I have ſeen them in the pine foreſts near Invereauld, in the county of Aberdeen, in Scotland, in the month of Auguſt; therefore ſuſpect they breed there.

210. CARDINAL.

• Coccothrauſtes Indica criſtata, Aldr. ii. 289.
• Virginian Nightingale, Will. Orn. 245.—Raii Syn. av. 85.
• Redbird, Lawſon, 144.—Cateſby, i. 38.
• La Cardinal hupè, De Buffon, iii. 458.
• Groſbec de Virginie, Briſſon, iii. 253.
• Loxia Cardinalis, Lin. Syſt. 300.—Latham, ii. 118.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

GR. With a light red bill; baſe encompaſſed with black fea⯑thers: head adorned with an upright pointed creſt: head, neck, and body, of a rich ſcarlet color: wings and tail of a dark and dull red. FEMALE of a much duller hue, with brown cheeks and back: belly of a dirty yellow. LENGTH nine inches.

Inhabits the country from Newfoundland to Louiſiana. PLACE. Is a hardy and familiar bird: very docile. Lives much on the grain of mayz, which it breaks readily with its ſtrong bill. Lays up a winter pro⯑viſion of that grain; and conceals it very artfully in its retreat, firſt with leaves, and then with ſmall branches, with an aperture for an entrance^*.

Their ſong is remarkably fine; ſo that they are called the Virginian Nightingale. They ſit warbling in the mornings, during ſpring, on the tops of the higheſt trees^†. They alſo ſing when confined in cages, and are much ſought on account of their melody. In a ſtate of confinement the female and male are at ſuch enmity, that they will kill one another. They ſeldom are ſeen in larger numbers than three or four together. I have heard that their note is toned not unlike that of a Throſtle; and that when tame, they will learn to whiſtle. Arrives in the Jerſies and New York in the beginning of April; and during the ſummer, haunts the magnolia ſwamps. In autumn retires to the ſouth.

211. POPE.

• Creſted Cardinal, Brown's Illuſtr. tab. xxiii.
• Le Paroure hupè, De Buffon, iii. 501.—Pl. Enl. 103.—Latham, ii. 124.

GR. With a moſt elegant upright pointed creſt: that, head, and neck, of a moſt rich ſcarlet: ſides of the neck, breaſt, and belly, white: upper part of the neck, back, wings, and tail, dark grey: legs fleſh-color.

SIZE a little inferior to the laſt. Is ſaid to have a ſoft feeble note^*.

PLACE.Inhabits from Louiſiana to Braſil.

212. RED-BREASTED.

• Loxia Ludoviciana, Lin. Syſt. 306.—Latham, ii. 126. — Briſſon, iii. 247.
• Le Roſe Gorge, De Buffon, iii. 460.—Pl. Enl. 153.—BL. MUS.

GR. With the head, chin, and back, deep black: coverts of the wings black, croſſed with two white lines: upper part of the primaries black; lower white: tail black; inner webs of the two outmoſt feathers marked with a large white ſpot: breaſt and inner coverts of the wings of a fine roſe-color: lower part of the back, belly, and vent, white: legs black. Head of the FEMALE ſpotted with white: breaſt yellowiſh brown, ſpotted with black.

PLACE.Inhabits from New York to Louiſiana. Arrives in New York in May: lays five eggs: retires in Auguſt. Is in that province a ſcarce bird.

213. SPOTTED.

GR. With the middle of the head, neck, and whole under ſide of the body, white, marked with narrow ſpots of brown: above each eye is a long bar of white, reaching from near the bill to the hind part of the head: back, wings, and tail, brown: the co⯑verts of the wings croſſed with two white lines: inner coverts of the wings of a fine yellow: on the inner ſide of the outmoſt feathers of the tail is a white ſpot: legs duſky.

PLACE.Inhabits New England.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.—Latham, ii. 126.

214. FANTAIL.

• Groſbec appellé queue en eventail de Virginie, Pl. Enl. 380.—De Buffon, iii. 463. —Latham, ii. 128.

GR. With a duſky bill: ſcarlet head, neck, breaſt, and belly; colors moſt lively on the head: back and wings duſky, tinged with ſcarlet: the coverts of the tail a rich red: tail duſky, edged with red: lower belly and thighs in ſome white, perhaps females.

Inhabits Virginia. Mr. Blackburne ſent one from New York, PLACE. ſhot in November. This ſpecies has a cuſtom of ſpreading its tail like a fan, from which aroſe the name.

215. YELLOW-BELLIED.

GR. With a yellow bill: red head; hind part of an olive brown: hind part of the neck, and whole under ſide, of a fine red: wings, lower part of the back, and the tail, olive, the two middle feathers of the laſt excepted, which are red: belly yellow.

Inhabits Virginia. From Mr. Kuckahn's collection.—Latham, ii. 125.PLACE.

216. DUSKY.

GR. With the head, neck, and back, duſky, edged with pale brown: coverts of the wings duſky, croſſed with two bars of white: quil feathers dark; their outmoſt edges of a pale yellowiſh green: middle of the throat white: the breaſt, and ſides of the belly, white ſpotted with brown.

New York. Killed in June.—BL. MUS.—Latham, ii. 127.PLACE.

217. BLUE.

• Loxia Caerulea, Lin. Syſt. 304.—Latham, ii. 116.
• Pyrrhula Carolineus Caerulea, Briſſon, iii. 223. tab. xi.
• Blue Groſbeak, Cateſby, i. 39.—De Buffon, iii. 454.—Pl. Enl. 154.

GR. With a narrow black liſt round the baſe of the bill: head, whole body, and coverts of the wings, of a deep blue; the laſt marked with a tranſverſe bar of red: primaries and tail brown, daſhed with green: legs duſky. FEMALE of a dark brown, with a ſmall mixture of blue.

[352] PLACE.Inhabits Carolina during ſummer only. Is a ſcarce bird, and ſeen only in pairs. Has but a ſingle note.

218. PURPLE.

• Loxia violacea, Lin. Syſt. 306.—Latham, ii. 117.
• Purple Groſbeak, Cateſby, i. 40.
• Pyrrhula Bahamenſis violacea, Briſſon, iii. 326.
• La Bouvreuil ou Bec rond violet de la Caroline, De Buffon, iv. 395.— LEV. MUS.

GR. With head and body entirely purple: wings and tail of the ſame color: over each eye a ſtripe of ſcarlet: throat and vent feathers of the ſame color. FEMALE wholly brown, with red marks ſimilar to the cock.

PLACE.Inhabits the Bahama iſlands. Feeds much on the mucilage of the poiſon ^* wood-berries. From the trunk of this tree diſtils a liquid, black as ink, ſaid to be a poiſon.

219. GREY.

• Le Griſalbin, De Buffon, iii. 467.—Latham, ii. 134.
• Groſbec de Virginie, Pl. Enl. 393, N^o 1.

GR. Entirely of a light grey color, except the head and neck, which are white. SIZE of a Sparrow.

PLACE.Inhabits Virginia.

220. CANADA.

• Loxia Canadenſis, Lin. Syſt. 309.—Latham, ii. 127.
• Le Flavert, De Buffon, iii. 462.—Briſſon, iii. 229.—Pl. Enl. 152.

GR. With the upper part of the plumage of an olive green; the lower light-colored, and inclining to yellow: chin black: baſe of the bill ſurrounded with feathers of the ſame color: legs grey.

PLACE.Suppoſed, from the Linnaean name, to inhabit Canada: but is alſo found in Cayenne.

• A. BULFINCH, Br. Zool. i. N^o 116.
• Loxia Pyrrhula. Domherre, Faun. Suec. N^o 225.
• Le Bouvreuil, De Buffon, iv. 372.—Latham, ii. 143.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

GR. With a ſhort thick bill: full black crown: whole under ſide rich crimſon: tail black. Under part of the FEMALE of a light brown.

Is found in Europe as high as Sondmor ^*.PLACE. Frequent in the north of Ruſſia; and during winter, all over Ruſſia and Sibiria, where it is caught for the table. The LOXIA ATRA, Brunnich, N^o 244, a bird ſhot at Chriſtianſoe, and deſcribed as wholly black, except a white line on the wings, and the outmoſt feather in the tail, ſeems only a variety of this ſpecies.

• GREEN GR. Br. Zool. i. N^o 113.
• Loxia chloris. Swenſka, Faun. Suec, N^o 226.
• Le Verdier, De Buffon, iii. 171.—Latham, ii. 134.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

GR. With the plumage of a yellowiſh green.

Inhabits Europe as far north as Drontheim. Is rare in Ruſſia. PLACE. Seen about the Kama. None in Sibiria: yet Steller deſcribes it among the birds of Kamtſchatka. Inhabits Sweden the whole year, as does the BULFINCH.

• C. HAW GR. Br. Zool. i. N^o 113.
• Le Gros-bec, De Buffon, iii. 444. tab. xxvii.—Pl. Enl. 99, 100.
• Loxia coccothrauſtes. Stenkneck, Faun. Suec. N^o 222.—Latham, ii. 109.— LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

GR. With a large conic thick bill: crown and cheeks bay: hind part of the neck of a fine grey: chin black: breaſt dirty fleſh-color: back, and coverts of wings, deep brown: tail ſhort; inner webs white. WEIGHT two ounces.

PLACE.Is a ſpecies that ſeldom is ſeen far north. Newly arrived in Schonen, where it does much damage to cherry-orchards. Lives on the kernels of fruits, and even on walnuts and almonds, which it eaſily breaks with its ſtrong bill. Is migratory: appears only accidentally in England. Known only in the weſt and ſouth of the Ruſſian empire, where fruits grow, wild or cultivated. Diſappears in other parts, as far as beyond lake Baikal; where they come from the ſouth in great plenty, and feed on the pyrus baccata, a tree pe⯑culiar to that country. They build their neſt, like that of the Turtle, with dry ſticks faſtened with ſlender roots; and lay five blueiſh eggs, ſpotted with brown.

221. WHITE-CROWNED.

• Emberiza Leucophrys, Forſter.—Phil. Tranſ. lxii. 403, 426.—Latham, ii. 200.

B. With a red bill: white crown: ſides of the head black: be⯑neath the eyes a black line joining the former: ſpace between both white: front, ſides of the neck, and breaſt, cinereous: back and coverts of the wings of a ruſty brown, ſpotted with black, croſſed with two lines of white: ſcapulars edged with white: primaries brown: tail long, and of the ſame color: legs fleſh-colored. LENGTH ſeven inches and a half: EXTENT nine: WEIGHT three-quarters of an ounce.

Inhabits the country round Hudſon's Bay. PLACE. Viſits Severn river in June. Feeds on graſs ſeeds, grubs, inſects, &c. Makes its neſt at the bottom of willow-trees: lays four or five eggs, of a duſky color. Appears near Albany Fort in May: breeds there, and retires in September. Its flight ſhort and ſilent; but when it perches, ſings very melodiouſly.

222. SNOW.

• Br. Zool. i. N^o 122.—Tawny B. N^o 121.—Edw. 126.
• Emberiza nivalis, Lin. Syſt. 308.—Latham, ii. 16.
• Sno-ſparf, Faun. Suec. N^o 227. tab. i.—Sneekok, vinter fugl. Cimbris.— Snee fugl. Fialſter Norvegis, Brunnich, N^o 245.
• L'Ortolan de Neige, De Buffon, iv. 329.—Pl. Enl. 497.—LEV. MUS.— BL. MUS.

B. With a ſhort yellow bill, tipt with black: crown tawny: neck of the ſame color: breaſt and belly of a dull yellow, declining into white towards the vent: back and ſcapulars black, edged with reddiſh brown: the coverts of the tail white on their lower, yellowiſh on their upper parts: on the wings is a large bed of white: the other parts black and reddiſh brown: tail a little [356] forked; three outmoſt feathers white; the third black, tipt with white; the reſt wholly black: legs black: hind claw long, but not ſo ſtrait as that of the Lark. WEIGHT one ounce five drams: LENGTH ſix inches and a half: EXTENT ten.

PLACE. HUDSON'S BAY.The earlieſt of the migratory birds of Hudſon's Bay. Appeared in 1771, at Severn ſettlement, on April 11th; ſtayed about a month or five weeks; then proceeded farther north to breed^*. Return in September; ſtay till November, when the ſevere froſts drive them ſouthward. Live in flocks: feed on graſs ſeeds, and are con⯑verſant about dunghills: are eaſily caught, under a ſmall net baited with oatmeal, and are very delicate meat. I am not certain of the winter retreat of theſe birds out of Hudſon's Bay; but having ſeen one of this ſpecies among thoſe ſent to Mrs. Blackburn from New York, I imagine that they ſpread over the more ſouthern parts of North America in the rigorous ſeaſon, as they do over Europe in the ſame period.

CHANGE OF COLOR.Theſe birds have a ſummer and a winter dreſs. The firſt we have deſcribed. Againſt the rigorous ſeaſon they become white on their head, neck, and whole under ſide: great part of their wings, and the rump, aſſumes the ſame color: the back, and middle fea⯑thers of the tail, are black. But Linnaeus, who was very well ac⯑quainted with this ſpecies, ſays, that they vary according to age and ſeaſon. Mr. Graham ſent to the Royal Society two ſpecimens; one in its ſummer feathers, which exactly anſwered to our TAWNY BUNTING, N^o 121; the other, to our SNOW BUNTING, N^o 122, in its winter feathers. On this evidence, I beg the readers of the Britiſh iſles to conſider the above as one and the ſame ſpecies.

GREENLAND. Hudſon's Bay is not the fartheſt of their northern migrations. They inhabit not only Greenland ^†, but even the dreadful climate of Spitzbergen, where vegetation is nearly extinct, and ſcarcely any but cryptogamious plants are found. It therefore excites wonder, how [357] birds, which are graminivorous in every other than theſe froſt-bound regions, ſubſiſt: yet are there found in great flocks, both on the land and ice of Spitzbergen ^*. They annually paſs to this country by way of Norway: for in the ſpring, flocks innumerable appear, eſpecially on the Norwegian iſles: continue only three weeks, and then at once diſappear^†. As they do not breed in Hudſon's Bay, it is certain that many retreat to this laſt of lands, and totally uninhabited, to perform in full ſecurity the duties of love, incubation, and nutrition. That they breed in Spitzbergen is very probable; but we are aſſured that they do ſo in Greenland. They arrive there in April, and make their neſts in the fiſſures of the rocks, on the mountains, in May: the outſide of their neſt is graſs; the middle of feathers; and the lining the down of the Arctic Fox. They lay five eggs, white, ſpotted with brown: they ſing finely near their neſt.

They are caught by the boys in autumn, when they collect near the ſhores in great flocks in order to migrate; and are eaten dried^‡.

In Europe they inhabit, during ſummer, the moſt naked Lapland Alps; and deſcend, in rigorous ſeaſons, into Sweden, and fill the roads and fields; on which account the Dalecarlians call them Illwarsfogel, or bad-weather birds. The Uplanders, Hardvarsfogel, expreſſive of the ſame. The Laplanders ſtyle them Alaipg. Olaus Magnus ſpeaks of them under the name of Aviculae nivales ^§, but mixes much fable in his narrative: he perches them alſo on trees; whereas they always ſit upon the ground.

Leems ^‖ remarks, I know not with what foundation, that they fatten on the flowing of the tides, in Finmark, and grow lean on the ebb. The Laplanders take them in great numbers in hair ſpringes, for the tables, their fleſh being very delicate.

They ſeem to make the countries within the whole arctic circle [358] their ſummer reſidence; from whence they overflow the more ſouthern countries in amazing multitudes, at the ſetting in of winter in the frigid zone. In the winter of 1778-9, they came in ſuch multitudes into Birſa, one of the Orkney iſlands, as to cover the whole barony; yet, of all the numbers, hardly two agreed in colors.

NORTH OF BRITAIN. Lapland, and perhaps Iceland, furniſhes the north of Britain with the ſwarms that frequent thoſe parts during winter, as low as the Cheviot hills, in lat. 55. 32. Their reſting-places, the Feroe iſles, Schetland, and the Orknies. The highlands of Scotland, in particular, abound with them. Their flights are immenſe; and they mingle ſo cloſely together, in form of a ball, that the fowlers make great havock among them. They arrive lean, ſoon become very fat, and are delicious food. They either arrive in the highlands very early, or a few breed there; for I had one ſhot for me at Invercauld, the 4th of Auguſt. But there is a certainty of their migration, for multitudes of them often fall, wearied with their paſſage, on the veſſels that are ſailing through the Pentland Frith ^*.

In their ſummer dreſs they are ſometimes ſeen in the ſouth of England ^†, the climate not having ſeverity ſufficient to affect the colors; yet now and then a milk-white one appears, which is uſually miſtaken for a white Lark.

RUSSIA. SIBIRIA. Ruſſia and Sibiria receive them, in their ſevere ſeaſon, annually, in amazing flocks, overflowing almoſt all Ruſſia. They frequent the villages, and yield a moſt luxurious repaſt. They vary there in⯑finitely in their winter colors; are pure white, ſpeckled, and even quite brown^‡. This ſeems to be the influence of difference of age more than of ſeaſon.

GERMANY. Germany has alſo its ſhare of them. In Auſtria they are caught, and fed with millet, and afford the epicure a treat equal to that of the Ortolan ^§.

223. BLACK.

• Fringilla Hudſonias, Forſter.—Ph. Tranſ. lxii.—Latham, ii. 666.
• Snow-bird, Cateſby, i. 36.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

B. With a white ſhort bill: blue eye: head, neck, wings, body, and tail, of a footy blackneſs, edged with ruſt: breaſt, belly, and vent, of a pure white: exterior ſides of the primaries edged with white; of the ſecondaries, with pale brown: exterior webs of the outmoſt feathers of the tail white: of the ſpecimen deſcribed in the Tranſactions, the two outmoſt are wholly white, and the third marked with a white ſpot; the reſt duſky. LENGTH ſix inches and a half: EXTENT nine: WEIGHT half an ounce.

Appears near Severn ſettlement not ſooner than June: PLACE. ſtays a fortnight: frequents the plains: feeds on graſs ſeeds: retires into the arctic parts to breed. Returns to Hudſon's Bay in autumn, in its paſſage to the ſouth. Migrates into New York, where it continues the whole winter. Appears in the ſouthern provinces, as low as Carolina, but chiefly in ſnow, or when the weather is harder than ordinary^*. Arrive in millions, in very rigorous ſeaſons, and fly about the houſes and barns to pick up the corn. Frequent the gar⯑dens, and the ſmall hills, to feed on the ſcattered ſeeds of graſs. Are called by the Swedes, Snovogel, or Snow-bird; by the Americans, Chuck-bird ^†. They do not change their colors in any ſeaſon of the year. Are eſteemed very delicate meat.

224. TOWHEE.

• Towhee-bird, Cateſby, i. 34.—Latham, ii. 199.
• Fringilla Erythrophthalma, Lin. Syſt.—Briſſon, iii. 169.
• Le Pinſon noir, aux yeux rouges, De Buffon, iv. 141.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

B. With the head, coverts of the wings, whole upper ſide of the body, and breaſt, black: middle of the belly white: ſides orange: quil feathers black, edged with white: tail long, and [360] black; exterior edge of the outmoſt feathers white; and a large white ſpot on the end of the three firſt; middle feathers entirely black.

FEMALE of a ruſty brown: belly white, bounded by dirty yellow: irides in both ſexes red. LENGTH eight inches and a half.

PLACE.Inhabits New York and Carolina. Has a pretty note.

225. RICE.

• Maia Fernandez, 56. C. ccxix.—Wil. Orn. 386.—Raii Syn. Av.
• Rice-bird, Hortulanus Carolinenſis, Cateſby, i. 14.—Edw. 291.
• Emberiza oryzivora, Lin. Syſt. 311.—Latham, ii. 288, 289.
• L'Ortolan de la Caroline, Briſſon, iii. 282.
• L'Agripenne, ou l'Ortolan de Riz, De Buffon, iv. 337.—Pl. Enl. 388.—LEV. MUS. —BL. MUS.

B. With the head, and whole under ſide of the body, black: hind part of the neck in ſome pale yellow; in others, white: coverts of the wings, and primaries, black; the laſt edged with white: part of the ſcapulars, leſſer coverts of the wings, and rump, white: back black, edged with dull yellow: tail of the ſame colors, and each feather ſharply pointed: legs red. LENGTH ſeven inches and a quarter.

Head, upper part of the neck, and back, of the FEMALE, yellowiſh brown, ſpotted with black: under part of a dull yellow: ſides thinly ſtreaked with black. The bird deſcribed by le Comte de Buffon, under the title of l'Agripenne de la Louiſiane ^*, ſeems to be no other than a female of this ſpecies, varied by having ſome of the ſecondary feathers wholly white.

PLACE.Theſe birds inhabit in vaſt numbers the iſland of Cuba, where they commit great ravages among the early crops of rice, which precede thoſe of Carolina. As ſoon as the crops of that province are to their palate, they quit Cuba, and paſs over the ſea, in nu⯑merous flights, directly north; and are very often heard in their paſſage by ſailors frequenting that courſe. Their appearance is in [361] September, while the rice is yet milky; and commit ſuch devaſtations, that forty acres of that grain have been totally ruined by them in a ſmall time.

They arrive very lean; but ſoon grow ſo fat, as to fly with diffi⯑culty; and, when ſhot, often burſt with the fall. They continue in Carolina not much above three weeks, and retire by the time the rice begins to harden. They are eſteemed to be the moſt delicate birds of the country. I am informed, that the male birds have a fine note.

It is very ſingular, that, among the myriads which pay their autumnal viſit, there never is found a ſingle cock-bird. Mr. Cateſby verified the fact by diſſecting numbers, under a ſuppoſition, that there might have been the young of both ſexes, which had not ar⯑rived at the full colors; but found them all to be females, which are properly the RICE-BIRDS. Both ſexes make a tranſient viſit to Carolina in the ſpring. It is ſaid, that a few ſtragglers continue in that country the whole year.

RICE, the periodical food of theſe birds, is a grain of India ^*: it probably arrived in Europe (where it has been much cultivated) by way of Bactria, Suſia, Babylon, and the lower Syria ^†. The time in which it reached Italy is uncertain: for the Oryza of Pliny is a very different plant from the common Rice; but the laſt has been ſown with great ſucceſs about Verona for ages paſt; and was imported from thence, and from Egypt ^‡, into England; until, by a mere accident, it was introduced into Carolina. It was firſt planted there about 1688, by Sir Nathaniel Johnſon, then governor of the province; but the ſeed being ſmall and bad, the culture made little progreſs.

Chance brought here, in 1696, a veſſel from Madagaſcar; the maſter of which preſented a Mr. Woodward with about half a buſhel, of an excellent kind^§; and from this ſmall beginning ſprung an [362] immenſe ſource of wealth to the ſouthern provinces of America; and to Europe relief from want in times of dearth. Within little more than half a century, a hundred and twenty thouſand barrels of Rice have been in one year exported from South Carolina; and eighteen thouſand ^* from Georgia: and all from the remnant of a ſea ſtore, left in the bottom of a ſack!—Ought I not to retract the word chance, and aſcribe to PROVIDENCE ſo mighty an event from ſo ſmall a cauſe?

226. PAINTED.

• Painted Finch, Cateſby, i. 44.—Lawſon, 144.
• Emberiza ciris, Lin. Syſt. 313.—Edw. 130, 173.
• Le Verdier de la Louiſiane, dit vulgairement le Pape, Briſſon, iii. 200. App. 74. —Pl. Enl. 159.—De Buffon, iv. 176.—Latham, ii. 206.—LEV. MUS.— BL. MUS.

B. With the head, and hind part of the head, of an exquiſite deep blue: orbits ſcarlet: back, greater coverts, and ſecon⯑daries, green: primaries duſky: the upper orders of leſſer coverts of a fine blue; the lower, orange: rump, and whole under ſide of the body, of a rich ſcarlet; the ſides declining into yellow: tail duſky, edged with green.

This beautiful ſpecies is ſome years in arriving at the height of its colors. At firſt is of a plain brown, like a hen Sparrow; in the next ſtage, becomes blue; in the third, attains the perfection of its gay teints.

The FEMALE is brown, and has over its plumage a tinge of green.

[363]Inhabits Carolina in the ſummer-time; but migrates in winter per⯑haps as far as Vera Cruz, in Spaniſh America, PLACE. where the Spaniards call it Maripoſa pintada, or the Painted Butterfly. It chuſes a tree for neſtling equal to its own elegance of form and color; affecting the orange for that purpoſe.

227. LOUISIANE.

• Hortulanus Ludoviſianus, Briſſon, iii. 278.—De Buffon, iv. 325.—Pl. Enl. 158.
• Emberiza Ludovicia, Lin. Syſt. 310.—Latham, ii. 177.

B. With the crown reddiſh, ſurrounded with a black mark, in form of a horſe-ſhoe: another black line beneath each eye: the whole upper part of the body of a ruſty brown, ſpotted with black: lower part of the back, leſſer coverts of the wings, and rump, black: breaſt and belly reddiſh; towards the vent growing more faint: tail and primaries black.

Inhabits Louiſiana. Nearly allied to the European ſpecies:PLACE. per⯑haps a female, or young bird.

228. BLACK-THROATED.

B. With a large and thick bill: fore part of the head of a yel⯑lowiſh green: hind part and cheeks cinereous: above each eye a line of rich yellow: on the corner of the mouth another: on the throat a black ſpot: breaſt and belly of a fine yellow: back, ſca⯑pulars, and ſecondaries, black, edged with reddiſh brown: leſſer coverts of a bright bay: primaries and tail of a duſky brown: vent and thighs white: legs duſky.

Inhabits New York. LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.—Latham, ii. 197.PLACE.

229. UNALASCHA.

B. With a yellow line from the bill, reaching over each eye: crown duſky, divided lengthways with a white line: back black, edged with pale brown: tail and primaries duſky, edged with white: throat and breaſt white, ſpotted with black: belly white.

Inhabits Unalaſcha. Latham, ii. 202. N^o 47.PLACE.

230. BLACK-CROWNED.

B. With a deep black crown, and a rich yellow ſpot on the fore part: feathers on the back black, edged with ruſt-color: wings of the ſame color, croſſed with a double line of white: rump olive brown: throat and breaſt cinereous: belly whitiſh: tail long, and of a deep brown: legs yellowiſh.

PLACE.Inhabits Natka Sound. Latham, ii. 202.

231. RUSTY.

B. With head, neck, breaſt, and ſides, ruſt-colored: belly white: wings ferruginous, with two white, marks on the pri⯑maries: tail of the ſame color: the two outmoſt feathers of the tail tipt with white.

PLACE. New York. In Mrs. Blackburn's collection. Perhaps the ſame with Mr. Latham's ſpecies, ii. 197^*: if ſo, it is common to Ruſſia and America. Latham, ii. 202.

232. UNALASCHA.

B. With head, upper part of the neck, back, wings, and tail, brown, tinged with red: breaſt and ſides dirty white, clouded: middle of the belly plain dirty white.

PLACE.Inhabits the weſtern ſide of North America.

233. CINEREOUS.

• Le Bruant de Canada? Briſſon, iii. 296.
• Le Cul-rouſſet, De Buffon, iv. 368.—Latham, ii. 204.—LEV. MUS.

B. With a ſhort bill: head, neck, back, breaſt, and coverts of the wings and tail, of a pale reddiſh brown, edged with aſh-color: on the neck and breaſt: the aſh-color predominates: belly white: primaries duſky, edged with white: tail pale brown, with the ends ſharp-pointed.

PLACE.Inhabits Canada.

233. A VAR.

B. With a yellow bill: head, back, and wings, ruſt-colored; each feather deeply and elegantly edged with pale grey; ſome of the greater coverts edged with paler ruſt; the primaries and []

[365] tertials with white: throat, breaſt, and ſides, white, fully ſpotted with ruſt: middle of the belly white: middle feathers of the tail brown; exterior feathers white; each feather truncated obliquely.

Inhabits New York. BL. MUS.PLACE.

234. BLUE.

• Le Bruant bleu de Canada, Briſſon, iii. 298.
• L'Azuroux, De Buffon, iv. 369.—Latham, ii. 205.

B. With the crown of a dirty red: the upper part of the neck and body, ſcapulars, and leſſer coverts of the wings, of the ſame color, varied with blue: the lower part of the neck, breaſt, and belly, of a lighter red, mixed with blue: primaries and tail brown; with the exterior edges of a cinereous blue.

Inhabits Canada. Breeds in New England; PLACE. but does not winter there.

235. INDIGO.

• Tanagra cyanea, Lin. Syſt. 315.—Latham, ii. 205.
• Blue Linnet, Cateſby, i. 45.
• Le Tangara bleu de la Caroline, Briſſon, iii. 13.
• Le Miniſtre, De Buffon, iv. 86.—BL. MUS.—LEV. MUS.

B. With a duſky bill: plumage of a rich ſky-blue color; lighteſt about the belly and breaſt: acroſs the coverts of the wings is a row of black ſpots: primaries and tail duſky, edged with blue.

FEMALE brown above; of a dirty white beneath. In SIZE leſs than the Engliſh Goldfinch.

Inhabits (according to Cateſby) the interior parts of Carolina, PLACE. a hundred and fifty miles from the ſea. Has the note of a Linnet. It is found as low as Mexico, where the Spaniards call it Azul Lexos, or the far-fetched bird: and the Americans call it the Indigo bird. Notwithſtanding Cateſby, it appears in the province of New York, in May. Makes its neſt of dead yellow graſs, lined with the down of ſome plant; and places it between the fork of an upright branch.

• A. GOLDEN BUNTING. Emberiza Aureola, Pallas Itin. ii. 711.—Latham, ii. 201.

B. With the crown, hind part of the neck, and back, of a deep bay: ſides of the head, throat, and ſpace round the noſtrils, black: under part of the neck, breaſt, and belly, of a moſt beautiful citron-color: the middle of the neck croſſed by a bar of bay: vent white: wings duſky, marked with a great bed of white: tail a lit⯑tle forked; two outmoſt feathers on each ſide croſſed obliquely with white: legs pale aſh-colored.

PLACE.Found only in Sibiria. Moſt frequent in the eaſt part; where it extends even to Kamtſchatka. Is converſant in the iſlands, in ri⯑vers overgrown with reeds and willows. Has the note of the Reed Sparrow.

• B. COMMON B. Br. Zool. i. N^o 118.
• Kornlarka, Faun. Suec. N^o 228.
• Knotter Norvigis, Brunnich, N^o 247.
• Le Proyer, De Buffon, iv. 355.—Pl. Enl. 30. 1.—Latham, ii. 171.—LEV. MUS.

B. With the head, and upper part of the body, light brown; lower part yellowiſh white: all parts, except the belly, ſpotted with black: tail ſubfurcated, duſky edged with white.

PLACE.Inhabits Europe as high as Sondmor ^*. Migrates into the ſouth of Ruſſia. Unknown in Sibiria.

• C. YELLOW B. Br. Zool. i. N^o 119.
• Groning. Goldſpink. Faun. Suec. N^o 230.
• Le Bruant de France, De Buffon, iv. 340.—Pl. Enl. 30. 2.—Latham, ii. 170.— LEV. MUS.

B. With the crown of a fine light yellow: chin, throat, and belly, yellow: breaſt marked with orange red: rump ruſt-colored: tail brown; two outmoſt feathers marked, near the end, obliquely with white.

Found as high as Sondmor ^*, in the Ruſſian empire. In Ruſſia, PLACE. and the weſt of Sibiria: but none in the wilds of the eaſt.

• D. ORTOLAN, Wil. Orn. 270.—Raii Syn. Av. 94.
• Emberiza Hortulana, Lin. Syſt. 309.—Faun. Suec. N^o 229.
• L'Ortolan, De Buffon, iv. 305.—Pl. Enl. 247. 1.—Latham, ii. 166.—LEV. MUS.

B. With a cinereous crown: yellow throat: back pale brown, ſpotted with black: rump daſhed with yellow: belly ruſt-colored: tail duſky; inner ends of the outmoſt feathers marked with a great ſpot of white.

Theſe are a ſouthern ſpecies; but ſometimes wander into Sweden, PLACE. in March. Breed, and quit the country in autumn^†. Are com⯑mon in Ruſſia and Sibiria, but not further than the Oby. Arrive in France with the Swallows^‡. In Italy, about Padua, in May, and retire in September ^§. I cannot trace their winter reſidence. They come rather lean. Make an artleſs neſt: lay four or five greyiſh eggs: and uſually lay twice in the ſummer. Theſe birds ſing pret⯑tily, and in the night^‖: but, by epicures, are valued more as a delicious morſel, than for their ſong. They are taken and placed in a chamber lightened by lanthorns; ſo that, not knowing the viciſſi⯑tudes of day and night, they are not agitated by the change. Are [368] fed with oats and millet; and grow ſo fat, that they would certainly die, if not killed in a critical minute. They are a mere lump of fat; of a moſt exquiſite taſte; but apt ſoon to ſatiate.

Theſe birds receive both their Greek and their Latin name from their food, the millet. Ariſtotle calls them Cynchromi; and the Latins, Miliariae ^*. The latter kept and fattened them in their ornithones, or fowl-yards, as the Italians do at preſent; which the antients conſtructed with the utmoſt magnificence, as well as con⯑veniency^†.

• E. REED B. Br. Zool. i. N^o 120.
• Saf. Sparf. Faun. Suec. N^o 231.
• Ror-Spurv. Brunnich, N^o 251.
• L'Ortolan de roſeaux, De Buffon, iv. 315.—Pl. Enl. 247. 2.—Latham, ii. 173.— LEV. MUS.

B. With black head and throat: cheeks and head encircled with white: body above ruſty, ſpotted with black; beneath white. FEMALE has a ruſt-colored head, ſpotted with black: wants the white ring.

PLACE.Is found as far north as Denmark: and is rare in Sweden. Com⯑mon in the ſouth of Ruſſia and Sibiria. Its ſong nocturnal, and ſweet. Makes a neſt pendulous, between four reeds.

236. SUMMER.

• Summer Red-bird, Cateſby, i. 56.—Edw. 239.
• Muſcicapa rubra, Lin. Syſt. 326.—Briſſon, ii. 432.
• Tangara du Miſſiſipi, De Buffon, iv. 252.—Pl. Enl. 741.—Latham, ii. [...]20.

T. Wholly red, except the wings; the ends of which are brown: bill yellow: legs reddiſh. FEMALE brown, with a tinge of yellow.

Inhabits the woods on the Miſſiſipi. Sings agreeably. Collects,PLACE. againſt winter, a vaſt magazine of maize, which it carefully con⯑ceals with dry leaves, leaving only the hole by way of entrance; and is ſo jealous of it, as never to quit its neighborhood, except to drink^*.

237. CANADA.

• Scarlet Sparrow, Edw. 343.
• Tanagra rubra, Lin. Syſt. 314.—Latham, ii. 217. N^o 3. A.
• Tangara de Canada, De Buffon, iv. 250.—Pl. Enl. 156.

T. With a whitiſh bill: head, neck, and whole body, of a bril⯑liant ſcarlet; the bottoms of the feathers black: primaries duſky; lower part of their inner webs white: tail and legs black; tips of the firſt white; but that circumſtance is ſometimes wanted. The ſuppoſed FEMALE is of a green color, light and yellowiſh be⯑neath. SIZE of a Sparrow.

Inhabits from New York to the Braſils. PLACE. In New York it appears in May, and retires in Auguſt. Is a very ſhy bird, and lives in the deepeſt woods.

238. OLIVE.

T. With the head, whole upper part of the body, and coverts of the wings, of an olive green, fading into cinereous towards the rump: wings and tail brown, edged with white: throat and breaſt of a fine yellow: belly white: legs brown. Wings and tail [370] of the FEMALE duſky, edged with olive: under ſide of the body of a very pale yellow.

PLACE.Inhabits New York: and as far ſouth as Cayenne ^*. BL. MUS.— Latham, ii. 218.

239. GREY.

• Le Gris-olive, De Buffon, 277.—Pl. Enl. 714.—Latham, ii. 236.

T. With a black bill: forehead, and ſpace above the eyes, grey: back of an olive grey: wings and tail duſky, edged with grey: under part of the body an uniform grey.

PLACE.Inhabits Guiana and Louiſiana.

240. BISHOP.

• Latham, ii. 226.
• Tanagra epiſcopus, Lin. Syſt. 316.
• L'Eveque, Briſſon, iii.
• Le Bluet, De Buffon, iv. 265.—Pl. Enl. 176.—LEV. MUS.

T. With a black bill: whole plumage of a blueiſh grey; in ſome places greeniſh: on the coverts of the wings the blue predominates: legs aſh-colored. Head, neck, and breaſt, of the FEMALE of a blueiſh green: back, and coverts of the wings, brown; the laſt croſſed obliquely with a greyiſh ſtroke: primaries and tail black.

PLACE.Inhabits Louiſiana ^†; and as low as Cayenne. Haunts the ſkirts of foreſts, and feeds on the ſmaller fruits. Is ſometimes gre⯑garious, but uſually found in pairs. Rooſts on the palm-trees. Has a very ſharp and diſagreeable note.

241. COWPEN.

• Cowpen-bird, Cateſby, i. 34.—Latham, ii. 269.
• Le Pinçon de Virginie, Briſſon, iii. 165.
• Le Brunet, De Buffon, iv. 138.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

F. With the head and neck of a duſky brown: back, wings, and body, of a fine black, gloſſed with green and blue: tail the ſame: legs black. Crown and upper part of the FEMALE deep brown: throat white: breaſt and belly light cinereous brown: wings and tail duſky, edged with brown. Bigger than the Engliſh Bulfinch.

Arrives in New York in May: lays five eggs in June: PLACE. and mi⯑grates ſouthward in Auguſt. Appears in flights in winter, in Virginia and Carolina, and aſſociates with the Redwing Orioles, and Purple Grakles. It delights much to feed about the pens of cattle; which gave occaſion to the name.

242. GOLDEN.

• American Goldfinch, Cateſby, i. 43.—Edw. 274.—Latham, ii. 289.
• Fringilla Triſtis, Lin. Syſt. 320.
• Le Chardonneret jaune, De Buffon, iv. 212.—Pl. Enl. 202.—BL. MUS.

F. With a fleſh-colored bill: fore part of the head black: reſt of the head, neck, and whole body, of a moſt beautiful gold color; whitening towards the vent: wings black, with two lines of white: tail black: inner webs of the exterior feathers white: legs brown. FEMALE wants the black mark on the head: whole upper part of an olive green; lower part of a pale yellow: in other marks the ſexes agree: on coverts of wings two bars of yellow.

243. NEW-YORK SISKIN.

• Le Tarin de la Nouvelle York, De Buffon, iv. 231.—Pl. Enl. 292.—Latham, ii. 291.

F. With a black crown: neck encircled with yellow: breaſt and rump of the ſame color; the laſt fading into white: back olive brown: wings and tail black, edged with white: belly and vent whitiſh. The crown of the FEMALE wants the black: its colors alſo in general are leſs brilliant than thoſe of the male. Superior in ſize to the European kind; but ſeems only a variety.

PLACE.Inhabits New York.

244. ORANGE.

• Bahama Finch, Cateſby, i. 42.—Latham, ii. 276.
• Fringilla Zena, Lin. Syſt. 320.—Briſſon, iii. 368.—De Buffon, iv. 140?

F. With a yellow throat: head and neck black: above and be⯑neath each eye a long white line: breaſt orange-colored: belly white: back greeniſh: coverts of the wings black; loweſt order white: primaries and tail duſky, edged with white: legs lead-color. Head of the FEMALE aſh-color:FEMALE. back of a dull green: belly of a dull yellow.

PLACE.Inhabits the Bahama iſles.

245. RED-BREASTED.

F. With a white bill: cheeks, throat, and under ſide of the neck and breaſt, of a rich crimſon: belly white: crown, upper part of the neck, back, wings, and tail, black: coverts croſſed with two lines of white: legs black.

Eight of theſe were driven, in a ſtorm, on Sandy Hook, in April 1779. Latham, ii. 272.

246. TREE.

• Br. Zool. i. N^o 128.
• Mountain Sparrow, fern. Edw. 269.—Latham, ii. 252, 265.
• Moineau de Canada, Briſſon, iii. 102.—Pl. Enl. 223.
• Le Soulciet, De Buffon, iii. 500.—BL. MUS.—LEV. MUS.

F. With the end of the bill duſky; baſe of the lower mandible yellow: cheeks, and under ſide of the neck, pale aſh-color: from the baſe of the bill, on each ſide, is a red line paſſing above the throat: crown, hind part of the neck, and feathers on the ridge of the wings, bay: back ferruginous, ſpotted with black: coverts of the wings black, edged with ruſt-color, and croſſed with two bars of white: belly and breaſt of a dirty white: tail duſky, edged with aſh-color. LENGTH ſix inches and a half: EXTENT ten.

Inhabits Hudſon's Bay during ſummer.PLACE. Comes to Severn ſettlement in May. Advances farther north to breed; and returns in autumn, in its way ſouthward. Found alſo in Penſylvania. Suppoſed, by Mr. Edwards, to be the female of the Tree, or Mountain Sparrow, Br. Zool. i. N^o 128; but as I have had opportunity of ſeeing ſpe⯑cimens of this bird from Hudſon's Bay, Newfoundland, and New York ^*, all of which agreed in marks and colors, I have no doubt but that it is a diſtinct ſpecies.

247. BAHAMA.

• Bahama Sparrow, Cateſby, i. 37.—Latham, ii. 300.
• Fringilla bicolor, Lin. Syſt. 324.
• Le Verdier de Bahama, Briſſon, iii. 202.—LEV. MUS.

F. With the head, neck, and breaſt, black: the remaining parts of a dirty green color. SIZE of a Canary-bird.

Inhabits the woods of the Bahama iſlands.PLACE. Sits perched on a buſh, and ſings, repeating one ſet tune.

248. WHITE-THROATED.

• Edwards, 304.—Latham, ii. 272.—BL. MUS.

F. With a broad bar croſſing from the bill, over each eye, to⯑wards the hind part of the head; orange-colored near the bill; [374] white beyond the eyes; and bounded above and below with a duſky line: crown divided lengthways by a white ſtroke: throat white: hind part of the neck, back, and coverts of the wings, prettily ſpotted with black, aſh-color, and ferruginous: primaries and tail duſky, edged with white: ridge of the wing pale yellow: breaſt and belly of a browniſh white: legs yellowiſh.

PLACE.Inhabits Penſylvania. Mr. Blackburne ſaw a ſmall flock of them in the province of New York, in January. I have likewiſe deſcribed them from Newfoundland, where they are found during ſummer: one, which I ſuppoſe to be the female, had the yellow ſpot at the baſe of the bill very obſcure, nor had it the white ſpot on the chin.

249. YELLOW-THROATED.

F. With head, and upper part of body, cinereous: primaries duſky, edged with pale brown: chin white: on the throat a pale yellow ſpot: belly of a dirty white: legs and bill of a blueiſh grey.

PLACEInhabits the province of New York,

250. STRIPED.

• Latham, ii. 275.

F. With a lead-colored bill: forehead, and ſpace between the beak and eyes, yellow; on the crown are three black ſtripes on a white ground: behind each eye is a black ſpot: cheeks and chin whitiſh: hind part of the neck and back brown, ſpotted with duſky: coverts of the wings uniform brown: tail of the ſame color, and ſubcuneiform: primaries duſky: breaſt light grey: belly ſtill paler.

PLACE.Shot in New York in May. In the cabinet of Major Davies, of the Artillery: a gentleman to whom this Work is under great obligations.

251. FERRUGI⯑NOUS.

• Little Sparrow, Edw. 354.—Latham, ii. 272.—BL. MUS.

F. With the head and back cinereous, edged with ruſt-color: coverts of the wings and tail of a bright ferruginous: inner webs of the primaries, and the tail, duſky; the exterior ferrugi⯑nous: the cheeks, breaſt, and belly, white, marked with large bright ſpots of ferruginous: legs yellowiſh. SIZE of a Houſe Sparrow.

Inhabits Newfoundland, and as low as Penſylvania. PLACE. Called in New York, the Shepherd, from its note ſhep, ſhep: ſtays there only the winter. Fond of ſcraping the ground.

A bird of a plain duſky ruſt-color above, and white beneath, ſpotted like the former, ſhot at Unalaſcha, ſeems a variety.

252. FASCIATED.

F. With the crown, hind part of the neck, and back, ruſt-colored, ſpotted with black; the ſpots on the back large: coverts of the wings of a plain ferruginous: primaries duſky, edged with dirty white: whole under ſide white, with black ſtreaks pointing downwards: tail brown, croſſed by numerous duſky bars.

Inhabits New York. BL. MUS.—Latham, ii. 273.PLACE.

253. GRASS.

F. With the head, upper part of the neck, and back, cinereous, ruſt-colored, and black: cheeks brown: leſſer coverts of the wings bright bay: the orders below black, edged with white: pri⯑maries duſky, edged with white: lower part of the neck and ſides white, ſpotted with ſmall white ſtreaks: belly pure white: tail duſky.

Inhabits New York. Lays five eggs in May, in the graſs.PLACE. Called the Grey Graſs-bird. Continues the whole winter. BL. MUS.—Latham, ii. 273.

254. WINTER.

F. With the head, neck, and back, of a light brown, ſpotted with black: under part of the neck, breaſt, and ſides, white, with ſmall brown ſpots: belly white, and unſpotted: primaries brown, edged with white; as are the coverts.

PLACE.Inhabits New York. Seen and killed there, out of a ſmall flock, in January. BL. MUS.—Latham, ii. 274.

255. BLACK-FACED.

• Le Moineau de la Caroline, De Buffon, iii. 496.—Pl. Enl. 181. fig. 2.— Latham, ii. 253.

F. With the fore part of the head and chin black: hind part, neck, and rump, crimſon: back, tail, and wings, black, edged with ruſt-color: breaſt croſſed with a black band: belly browniſh.

PLACEInhabits Carolina, according to the Count De Buffon, who ſup⯑poſes it to be the female of a creſted Finch, of a very different aſpect^*.

256. NORTON.

F. With the head, upper part of the neck, and ſecondaries, black, edged with bright bay: rump bright bay, edged with aſh: leſſer coverts of the wings bright bay; middle order black, croſſed with a white line; primaries duſky: throat buff-colored; bounded on each ſide by a duſky line: belly and ſides white: ſides and under part of the neck ſpotted with ruſt-color: tail duſky, edged with dirty white: along the middle of the outmoſt feather is a pure white line, ending at the tip.

PLACE.Diſcovered in Norton Sound.—Latham, ii. 274.

257. CRIMSON-HEAD.

F. With a crimſon head and breaſt; the firſt faintly marked with duſky ſpots: ſpace behind each eye duſky: back, coverts of the wings, primaries, and tail, black, edged with crimſon: belly white, tinged with red.

[377]Inhabits New York. Arrives there in April. PLACE. Is very frequent among the Red Cedars, and ſhifts moſt nimbly around the ſtems. BL. MUS.—A bird of this ſpecies, or nearly related, is deſcribed by Doctor Pallas, under the name of Fringilla roſea ^*; which, he ſays, frequents lake Baikal, and the country to the north of that water.IN ASIA.

258. PURPLE.

• Purple Finch, Cateſby, i. 41.—Latham, ii. 275.
• Le Bouvreuil violet de la Caroline, Briſſon, iii. 324.

F. With a purple head and body, with ſome duſky mixture, eſpecially the inner webs of the primaries, and the tail: belly white. FEMALE brown, with the breaſt ſpotted like a Thruſh.

Appears in Carolina, in November. Feeds on juniper-berries.PLACE. In February, deſtroys the ſwelling buds of fruit trees.

259. LAPLAND.

• Fringilla Lapponica, Lin. Syſt. 317.—Faun. Suec. N^o 235.
• Fringilla calcarata, Pallas Travels, ii. App. 710. tab. E.
• Le Grand Montain, De Buffon, iv. 134.—Latham, ii. 263.

F. With a yellow bill, with a duſky point: crown black: from the baſe of the bill is a white line, paſſing under each eye, deſcending down the ſides of the neck, bending towards the breaſt: throat, and fore part of the breaſt, black: its ſides and belly white: hind part of the neck and back brown, mixed with ruſt-color: tail forked; that, and the wings, duſky, edged with ruſt-color; ſome of the exterior feathers of the tail marked, near their ends, with a white ſpot: legs dark brown: hind claw long, like a Lark's, and almoſt ſtrait. LENGTH five inches: EXTENT ſeven: WEIGHT half an ounce.

A bird of a hardy conſtitution.PLACE. Inhabits Hudſon's Bay during winter. Appears in November, and lives among the juniper buſhes. Is called by the natives, Tecurmaſhiſh.

[378]It alſo inhabits Greenland, but continues there only in the ſummer. Makes an artleſs neſt of moſs and graſs, lined with a few feathers; and lays in June five or ſix eggs, of a clay-color, clouded: departs early^*. Is found in Lapland, in the Feroe iſles, the northern parts of Sibiria, and near the Urallian chain, where it breeds. Arrives in flocks, from the ſouth, and frequent the fields at the firſt flowering of the Draba verna, or Whitlow-graſs. Has nearly the note of a Linnet; but its flight is higher, and more laſting. It runs on the ground like a Lark: and feeds on ſeeds.

260. CINEREOUS.

F. With the head, upper part of the body, wings, and tail, deep cinereous brown, edged with obſcure ruſt-color: at the corner of the upper mandible is a light grey line; another bounds the cheeks beneath; and a duſky line bounds that: the throat is of a light grey: under ſide of the neck pale cinereous, marked with great duſky black ſpots: middle of the belly whitiſh: bill long: that and the legs duſky.

PLACE.Inhabits Unalaſcha. Latham, ii. 274.

261. GREATER REDPOLL.

• Greater Red-headed Linnet, Br. Zool. i. N^o 131.—Latham, ii. 304.
• Hampling, Faun. Suec. N^o 240.
• La Linotte, De Buffon, iv. 58.—Pl. Enl. 485.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

F. With a blood-red ſpot on the forehead: breaſt tinged with roſe-color. In the European ſpecies, a ruſt-color prevales in all the upper part of the body; in this the greateſt portion is white. LENGTH five inches and a half: EXTENT nine.

PLACE.Is found in the northern parts of North America. Is ſeen only in the ſouth and weſt of Ruſſia: yet is met with in Scandinavia, as high as Drontheim. None in Sibiria.

262. LESSER REDPOLL.

• Br. Zool. i. N^o 132.—Ph. Tranſ. lxii. 405.
• Graſiſka, Faun. Suec. N^o 241.
• Le Sizerin, De Buffon, iv. 216.—Pl. Enl. 151. 2.—Latham, ii. 305.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

F. With a red ſpot on the forehead: breaſt of the ſame color: back duſky, edged with ruſty brown; coverts brown, with two tranſverſe bars of white.

Inhabits Hudſon's Bay, and probably other parts of America: PLACE. alſo Greenland, where it arrives in April, and quits the country in autumn. Is found in Sweden. Is ſeen in prodigious flocks all over Ruſſia and Sibiria, particularly in the ſpring, flying about the vil⯑lages. Mr. Steller alſo ſaw it in Kamtſchatka, and the iſlands.

• A. ARCTIC F. Fringilla flaviroſtris, Lin. Syſt. 322.
• Riſka, Faun. Suec. N^o 239.—Latham, ii. 260.

F. With a yellow bill: body black and aſh-color, lighteſt in front: wings and tail black: tips of the feathers on the breaſt gloſſed with crimſon. FEMALE of a duſky aſh.

Appears about the Jeneſei, and in the eaſtern parts of Sibiria, PLACE. even in the ſevereſt of winters: and returns to the north even before the Snow Bunting^*. Is not ſeen in Ruſſia, but inhabits Sweden.

• B. LULEAN F. Fringilla Lulenſis, Lin. Syſt. 318.—Faun. Suec. N^o 234.—Latham, ii. 287.
• Le Chardonneret à quatre raies, De Buffon, iv. 210.

F. With body and tail duſky cinereous: chin white: breaſt and ſhoulders ferruginous: belly whitiſh: primaries duſky: on part of the wings two black lines, one ruſty, and a fourth white.

PLACE.Inhabits about Lulea, in Weſt Bothnia.

• C. TWITE, Br. Zool. i. N^o 133.
• La Linotte de Montagne, De Buffon, iv. 74.—Latham, ii. 307.

F. With a ſhort yellow bill: head cinereous, and black: above each eye a ſpot of pale brown: back ruſty, ſpotted with black: coverts of the tail rich ſcarlet: tips of the greater coverts of the wings white: primaries duſky; inner ſides white: tail duſky; all but the two middle feathers edged with white. About the SIZE of the greater Red-headed Linnet.

PLACE.Is ſeen in northern Europe as high as Finmark ^*. I diſcover it only in the Fauna of that country, of Sileſia ^†, and of Great Britain. It flits in great numbers, in ſpring and fall, in the neighborhood of London, to and from its breeding place.

• D. FLAMING. Fringilla flammea, Lin. Syſt. 322.—Faun. Suec. N^o —Latham, ii. 259. LEV. MUS.

F. With a pale brown bill: crown of a deep crimſon flame-color, ſlightly creſted: upper part of the body and wings brown: lower parts of a light roſe-color: legs pale brown. LENGTH four inches.

PLACE.Inhabits Norland, in Sweden.

• E. BRAMBLING, Br. Zool. i. N^o 126.
• Norquint, Faun. Suec. N^o 233.—Latham, ii. 261.
• Le Pinſon d'Ardenne, De Buffon, iv. 123.—Pl. Enl. 54. 2.

F. With head and back of a gloſſy black, edged with dull yel⯑low: breaſt, and leſſer coverts of the wings, orange: inner coverts rich yellow: primaries duſky; exterior ſides edged with yellow: tail a little forked; black, with the outmoſt webs of the outmoſt feather white.

Breeds in the woods of Nordland and Drontheim. PLACE. In hard winters deſcends into Eaſt Gothland ^*.

• F. CHAFFINCH. Br. Zool. i. N^o 125.
• Finke. Bofinke, Faun. Suec. N^o 232.—De Buffon, iv. 109.—Pl. Enl. 54.—Latham, ii. 257.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

F. With the front black: crown blueiſh-grey: cheeks, throat, and breaſt, reddiſh: upper part of the back tawny; lower, green: wings and tail black, marked with white. FEMALE of duller co⯑lors: breaſt of a dirty white.

Is found as high as Drontheim. PLACE. Both ſexes continue in England the whole year. By admirable and unuſual inſtinct, in Sweden the females, to a bird, collect in vaſt flocks at the latter end of September, deſert their mates, and, paſſing through Schonen, Denmark, Holſtein, and Holland, viſit ſeveral parts of Europe. They reach Holland about a fortnight after Michaelmas, and at that time afford great amuſement to the gentry at their country houſes, in taking them while they ſit at tea in their pavilions. They ſpread nets among their plantations, and ſtrew the ground with hemp-ſeed, by way of bait. The birds arrive, and perch by thouſands in the trees: then alight on the ground, hungry, and inattentive to the danger. The nets are cloſed by the pulling of a cord by the perſons in the pavilions; and [382] multitudes are thus taken. Thoſe which eſcape, continue their route to Flanders, France, and Italy. The males continue in Sweden, and enliven its rigorous winter with their chearful twitter. Towards ſpring, they receive additional ſpirits; perch on every tree, and ani⯑mate with their notes every ſpray, expecting the arrival of ſpring, and of their mates. The laſt return invariably the beginning of April, in ſuch numbers as almoſt to darken the ſkies; join their conſorts, perform their nuptials, retire to the woods, increaſe and multiply^*.

France has its reſident Chaffinches, as well as England: many alſo winter in Italy: many come there in April, and migrate in October ^†; perhaps into Minorca, where it arrives in October, and continues in that iſland the whole winter^‡.

• G. SPARROW, Br. Zool. i. N^o 127.—Latham, ii. 248.
• Fatting. Graſparf, Faun. Suec. N^o 242.
• Le Moineau, De Buffon, iii. 474.—Pl. Enl. 6. 1. 55. 1.

PLACE.INHABITS Europe in plenty as high as Drontheim ^§; infeſts the corn, in the Orknies, by thouſands: is native among the rocks be⯑yond lake Baikal; but it is ſaid, that they were unknown in the greateſt part of Sibiria before the Ruſſians attracted them by the cul⯑tivation of corn. By a wonderful inſtinct, theſe and many other birds diſcover the effects of rural oeconomy, which draws various ſpecies, unknown before, from diſtant parts, to ſhare with mankind the ſe⯑veral ſorts of grain or ſeeds which are grateful to them. Partridges keep pace with the ſpreading of corn over many parts of the earth, and appear where they were never ſeen before: and RICE-BIRDS quickly diſcovered the cultivation of rice in South Carolina, and come annually ſome hundreds of miles to feed on it.

• H. GOLDFINCH, Br. Zool. i. N^o 124.
• Stiglitza, Faun. Suec. N^o 236.
• Le Chardoneret, De Buffon, iv. 187.—Pl. Enl. 4.—Latham, ii. 281.—LEV. MUS. BL. MUS.

F. With the baſe of the bill encircled with rich ſcarlet: cheeks white: crown black: primaries duſky, marked with a rich yellow ſpot: tail black; tips white: feathers round the bill of the FEMALE brown: other colors leſs brilliant.

This elegant bird is found as high as Sondmor ^*:PLACE. whether it goes farther north, is rather doubtful^†. In Italy, appears in April: breeds; and retires in October and November. Is common in Ruſſia, and the greateſt part of Sibiria. None beyond the Lena, and lake Baikal.

• I. SISKIN, Br. Zool. i. N^o 129.
• Le Tarin, De Buffon, iv. 221.—Pl. Enl. 485.
• Siſka, Grouſiſka, Faun. Suec. N^o 237.—Latham, ii. 289.

F. With a black crown: body yellowiſh; green above: breaſt the ſame: wings green, with a yellow ſpot in the middle: tail black; yellow at the baſe: head and back of the FEMALE greeniſh aſh, ſpotted with brown.

Found as high as Sweden, and perhaps Norway ^‡. In Sweden, PLACE. during ſummer, lives in woods, and among junipers: in winter, conſorts with Red-headed Linnets, and feeds on the buds of alders. Plenty in the ſouth and weſt of Ruſſia, but none towards the Urallian chain, nor in Sibiria.

263. TYRANT.

• Tyrant, Cateſby, i. 55.—Briſſon, ii. 391.
• Lanius Tyrannus, Lin. Syſt. 136.—Latham, i. 186.
• Le Tyran de la Caroline, De Buffon, iv. 577.—Pl. Enl. 676.—LEV. MUS.— BL. MUS.

FL. With a black bill and head; the crown divided lengthways by a ſtripe of ſcarlet; in ſome, yellow: back aſh-color: wings duſky, edged with white: tail black, tipt with white: under ſide of the body white: legs black. SIZE of a Redwing Thruſh.

PLACE.This ſpecies appears in New York in April: lays five white eggs, ſpotted with ruſt-color: builds in low buſhes: makes its neſt with wool, and ſome moſs, and lines it with ſmall fibres of roots: leaves the country in Auguſt: obſerves the ſame time of migration in the ſouthern provinces. Mr. Cateſby gives ſo very good an account of its manners, and ſingular ſpirit, that I beg leave to expreſs it in his own words:—‘The courage of this little bird is ſingular. He purſues and puts to flight all kinds of birds that come near his ſtation, from the ſmalleſt to the largeſt, none eſcaping his fury; nor did I ever ſee any that dared to oppoſe him while flying, for he does not offer to attack them when ſitting. I have ſeen one of them fix on the back of an Eagle, and perſecute him ſo, that he has turned on his back into various poſtures in the air, in order to get rid of him; and at laſt was forced to alight on the top of the next tree, from whence he dared not to move, till the little Tyrant was tired, or thought fit to leave him. This is the conſtant practice of the cock, while the hen is brooding: he ſits on the top of a buſh, or ſmall tree, not far from her neſt; near which, if any ſmall birds approach, he drives them away; but the great ones, as Crows, Hawks, and Eagles, he won't ſuffer to come within a quarter of a mile of him without attacking them. [385] They have only a chattering note, which they utter with great vehemence all the time they are fighting.’

‘When their young are flown, they are as peaceable as other birds. It has a tender bill; and feeds on inſects only. They are tame and harmleſs birds. They build their neſt in an open manner, on low trees and ſhrubs, and uſually on the ſaſſafras-tree.’

264. LOUISIANA TYRANT.

• Le Tyran de la Louiſiane, De Buffon, iv. 583.—Latham, ii. 358.

FL. With a long flat beak, hooked at the end: head and back cinereous brown: throat clear ſlate-colour: belly yellowiſh: primaries bright bay: on the greater coverts ſome lines of white: tail long, of a cinereous brown. Rather inferior in ſize to the laſt.

Inhabits Louiſiana.

265. FORK-TAIL.

• Muſcicapa Tyrannus, Lin. Syſt. 325.—Latham ii. 355.
• Le Tyran a queue fourchue, Briſſon, ii. 395.
• Le Savana, De Buffon, iv. 557.—Pl. Enl. 571.—LEV. MUS.

FL. With head and cheeks black: feathers on the crown yellow at their bottoms: upper part of the body aſh-colored; lower white: tail greatly forked; the two outmoſt feathers on each ſide five inches longer than the others; color black: the lower half of the exterior feather white.

Inhabits Canada, and as low as Surinam. PLACE.

266. CHATTER⯑ING.

• Yellow-breaſted Chat, Cateſby, i. 50.—Latham, ii. 350.
• Le Merle verde de la Caroline, Briſſon, ii. 315.—De Buffon, iii. 396.—Pl. Enl. 627.—BL. MUS.

FL. With the crown, upper part of neck and back, and tail, of a ci⯑nereous green: each eye encircled with yellow: from the throat to the thighs of a fine yellow: belly white: tail duſky, edged with white: legs black. SIZE of a Sky-Lark.

[386] PLACE.Inhabits the interior parts of Carolina, two or three hundred miles from the ſea. Is ſo very ſhy, as to be ſhot with the utmoſt diffi⯑culty. Lives by the banks of great rivers; and makes ſo loud a chattering, as to reverberate from rock to rock. Flies with its legs hanging down. Its muſical note is good. Often flies up per⯑pendicular, and lights by jerks.

267. CRESTED.

• Creſted Fly-catcher, Cateſby, i. 52.—Latham, ii. 357.
• Muſcicapa crinita, Lin. Syſt. 325.
• Le Gobe-Mouche hupè de Virginie, Briſſon, ii. 412.
• Le Moucherolle de Virginie a huppè verte, De Buffon, iv. 565.—Pl. Enl. 569. —BL. MUS.

FL. With an upright creſt: head and back olive: the coverts of the ſame color, croſſed with two white lines: primaries duſky; the four firſt edged, on their outmoſt ſides, with ferruginous: tail duſky; two middle feathers plain; the inner webs of the others orange: neck and breaſt of a lead-color: belly and thighs yellow: legs black. I have ſeen one of a cinereous color on the upper parts, and white belly: perhaps a young bird, or a hen. WEIGHT one ounce.

SIZE.LENGTH eight inches. Sent from New York, with the name of the Large Wild Phoeby Bird, or Bee-eater.

PLACE.Breeds in New York and Carolina. Its note extremely brawling, as if at enmity with all other birds. Makes its neſt of ſnake-ſkins and hair, in holes of trees. Retires in Auguſt.

268. LESSER-CRESTED.

FL. With a ſmall backward creſt: head, neck, and back, of a dirty light cinereous green: breaſt and belly whitiſh, tinged with yellow: wings and tail duſky; coverts croſſed with two bars of white; ſecondaries edged with white: legs black.

PLACE.Inhabits Nova Scotia. Captain Davies.

269. BLACK-HEADED.

• Black-cap Fly-catcher, Cateſby, i. 53.—Latham, ii. 353.
• Le Gobe-Mouche brun de la Caroline, Briſſon, ii. 367.
• Le Gobe-Mouche noirâtre de la Caroline, De Buffon, iv. 541.

FL. With a black crown: back brown, wings and tail duſky, edged with white: whole under ſide white, tinged with yellowiſh green: legs black. Head of the hen of not ſo full a black as that of the cock.

Breeds in Carolina. Is ſuppoſed to migrate in the winter.PLACE.

270. CINEREOUS.

• Little brown Fly-catcher, Cateſby, i. 54. fig. 1.
• Le Gobe-Mouche cendré de la Caroline, Briſſon, ii. 368.
• Muſcicapa virens, Lin. Syſt. 327.
• Le Gobe-Mouche brun de la Caroline, De Buffon, iv. 543.—Latham, ii. 350. —BL. MUS.

FL. With the upper mandible black; the lower yellow: eyes red: head and back of a deep aſh-color: over each eye a faint white line: wings and tail brown: ſecondaries edged with white: whole under ſide of the body dirty white, tinged with yellow: legs black. WEIGHT nine pennyweights.

Inhabits Carolina, in the ſummer only.PLACE.

271. RED-EYED.

• Red-eyed Fly-catcher, Cateſby, i. 54. fig. 2.—Edw. 253.
• Muſcicapa Olivacea, Lin. Syſt. 327.—Brown Jam. 476.
• Le Gobe-Mouche de la Jamaique, Briſſon, ii. 410.
• Le Gobe-Mouche olive de la Caroline, De Buffon, iv. 539.—Latham, li. 351, 352.—LEV. MUS.

FL. With red irides: crown, and whole upper part of the body, wings, and tail, of a cinereous brown: over each eye a white line: edges of the primaries and tail whitiſh: under ſide of the body white, daſhed with olive: legs black. WEIGHT ten penny⯑weights and a half.

[388] PLACE.Inhabits Carolina, and as high as New York; and migrates at approach of winter: probably into Jamaica; the ſame kind being found there, where, from its note, it is called Whip Tom Kelly. Has great affinity with the preceding: perhaps they differ only in ſex.NEST. Makes a pendulous neſt, uſually in apple-trees, and hangs it between the horizontal fork of ſome bough, be⯑neath the leaves. It is moſt curiouſly formed with cotton and wool, lined with hair and dead graſs; and wonderfully bound to the branches by a certain thread, like moſs, twiſted round them, and likewiſe all about the outſide of the neſt. Lays five eggs, white, thinly ſpotted with deep ruſt-color.

272. CAT.

• Cat-bird, Cateſby, i. 66.—Lawſon, 143.—Latham, ii. 353.
• Le Gobe-Mouche brun de Virginie, Briſſon, ii. 365.
• Muſcicapa Carolinenſis, Lin. Syſt. 328.
• Le Moucherolle de Virginie, De Buffon, iv. 562.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

FL. With a black crown: upper part of the body, wings, and tail, blueiſh grey: the tail cuneiform, marked with numerous duſky bars: under ſide of the body of a pale grey: vent ferruginous: legs brown. Larger than a LARK.

PLACE.Inhabits New York and Carolina. Mews like a kitten; from which aroſe its name. Lives among buſhes and thickets. Feeds on inſects. Makes the outſide of its neſt with leaves and matting ruſhes; the inſide with fibres of roots. Lays a blue egg. Has a great ſpirit, and will attack a Crow, or any large bird. Mr. Latham ſaw one which was brought from Kamtſchatka, which differed from this only in having no ruſt-color on the vent.

273. CANADA.

• Muſcicapa Canadenſis, Lin. Syſt. 324.—Latham, ii. 354.
• Gobe-Mouche cendrè de Canada, Briſſon, ii. 406. tab. xxxix.—De Buffon, iv. 538. —Cateſby, i. 60.

FL. With a cinereous head, ſpotted with black; a yellow ſpot between the bill and the eyes; and beneath each eye a black one: [389] the upper part of the body cinereous; the lower, yellow, marked on the under ſide of the neck with ſmall black ſpots: the tail of a cinere⯑ous brown, with the exterior webs aſh-colored.

Inhabits Canada. PLACE.

274. GREEN.

FL. With a yellow ſpot on each ſide of the bill: head a cinereous green: back and coverts of the wings of a pale green; croſs the laſt are two bars of white: primaries and tail duſky, edged with green: throat of a pale aſh-color: middle of the belly white: ſides of a fine yellow.

Sent from New York by Mr. Blackburne, PLACE. under the name of the ſmall Green Hanging Bird. It comes there in May, breeds, and etires in Auguſt: and is a ſcarce ſpecies. BL. MUS.

275. DUSKY.

FL. With a duſky head: back of a dull cinereous olive: quil feathers and ſecondaries duſky; the laſt edged with white: breaſt of a pale aſh-color: belly of a whitiſh yellow: tail duſky; exterior web of the exterior feather white: legs black.

Sent from the ſame place,PLACE. under the title of The Small or Com⯑mon Phoeby Bird, or Bee-eater. Appears the latter end of March, or beginning of April; lays five white ſmall eggs: diſappears in Auguſt. Eats Bees. BL. MUS.

276. GOLDEN-THROAT.

FL. With the crown, upper part of the neck, and body, of a dirty olive: throat and ridge of the wing of a very rich yellow: breaſt and belly white, tinged with yellow: primaries and tail of a bright olive green.

Inhabits New York. BL. MUS.PLACE.

277. STRIPED.

• Striped Fly-catcher, Forſter, Ph. Tr. lxii. 406.
• Muſcicapa ſtriata, the ſame, 429.—Latham, ii. 349.—Miller's Plates, N^o 15.

FL. With a black crown; white cheeks: hind part of the head varied with black and white: throat of a yellowiſh white, ſtriped with brown: bread white, ſtriped on the ſides with black: belly white: back of a cinereous green, marked with black: wings duſky, mixed with white: tail duſky, with the three outmoſt fea⯑thers marked with a white ſpot: legs yellow.

Head of the FEMALE of a yellowiſh green, with ſhort ſtreaks of black: a ſhort yellow line paſſes from the bill over each eye: throat, cheeks, and breaſt, of a yellowiſh white, ſtriped on the ſides with black: in other reſpects like the MALE, but greener. LENGTH five inches; Extent ſeven.

PLACE.Arrives at Severn ſettlement, Hudſon's Bay, in the ſummer. Feeds on graſs-ſeeds.

• A. DUN FL. Faun. Ruſſ.—Latham, ii. 351.

FL. Duſky above; aſh-colored beneath: throat and vent ſpot⯑ted with white.

PLACE.Found about lake Baikal, and in the eaſtern part of Sibiria: and obſerved by Steller in Kamtſchatka.

• [...]. PIED FL. Br. Zool. i. N^o 135,
• Muſcicapa Atricapilla, Faun. Suec. N^o 256, tab. 1^*.
• Le Gobe-Mouche noir a Collier, De Buffon, iv. 520.—Pl. Enl. 565.
• Motacilla Leucomela, Muller, N^o 268.—Latham, ii. 324.—LEV. MUS.—BL. MUS.

FL. With white front: bill, head, back, and legs, black: co⯑verts of tail ſpotted with white: coverts of wings duſky, croſſed with a white bar: primaries duſky: exterior ſides of ſecondaries white; interior black: breaſt and belly white: middle feathers of tail black; exterior black, marked with white: head of the FEMALE wholly brown, as is the upper part of the body: white in the wings obſcure: breaſt and belly dirty white.

Found as far north as Sondmor. PLACE. Inhabits that dioceſe the whole year; and, during winter, frequently takes refuge in the very houſes^†. Feeds on the buds of birch. Is met with in Ruſſia only between the Kama and the Samara.