THE HISTORIAN's VADE-MECUM.

• ABBOTS, The, of Reading, Glaſtenbury, and St. John's, Colcheſter, hanged and quartered for denying the King's ſupremacy, Nov. 1539.
• Abbotſbury abbey, Dorſetſhire, built, 1026.
• Aberconway caſtle, Carnarvonſhire, built, 1284.
• Abercorn, Scots earldom of, created 1606. (name Hamilton.)
• Aberdeen, Scots earldom of, created 1682. (name Gordon.)
• Aberdeen, Univerſity of, founded, 1477; King's College founded, 1500; Marechal College founded, by George Earl of Marechal, 1593.
• Abergavenny, barony of, created 1295. (name Nevil.)
• Aberyſtwith caſtle, built in Henry the Firſt's reign; burnt, 1142.
• Abingdon abbey, built by Ethelwold, biſhop of Sher⯑born, 958.
• Abingdom, Berks, incorporated in the reign of Philip and Mary.
• Abingdon, Earldom of, created 1682. (name Bertie.)
• [2]Aborigines, or people of Latium, a kingdom of Italy, founded 1330 before Chriſt. See Latium.
• Aboyne, Scots earldom, created 1660. (name Gor⯑don.).
• Abraham called, which began the 430 years of ſo⯑journing, 1921; entertained three angels, 1897; offered up his ſon Iſaac, then 25 years old, 1871; died 1821 before Chriſt, aged 175.
• Abſalom rebelled againſt his father David, but defeat⯑ed and killed by Joab, 1023 before Chriſt.
• Abſtinents, a ſect, who abſtained from wine, fleſh, and marriage, and taught that the Holy Ghoſt was created, aroſe under Tatien, 170.
• Academies, The principal in Europe, were founded as follow:
  • Berlin, Royal Society, founded by Frederic I. King of Pruſſia, 1700. A literary ſociety was incor⯑porated with it, 1744.
  • Bologna, Italy, for phyſic, mathematics, 1690; arts and ſciences, 1714.
  • Breſt, miltary, 1682.
  • Caen, Normandy, of belles lettres, 1705.
  • Copenhagen, of polite arts, 1753.
  • Cortona, Etruſcan, for antiquities, 1726.
  • Dublin, of arts, 1750.
  • Erfurt, Thuringia, of ſciences, 1755.
  • Florence, of belles lettres, by Latini, 1272, De la Cruſca, 1582.
  • Germany, naturae curioſi, 1652.
  • Haerlem, Holland, of ſciences, 1760.
  • Liſbon, royal hiſtorical, by John V. 1722.
  • London, royal, of arts, Dec. 10, 1768. See Society.
  • Lyons, of ſciences and belles lettres, 1700; the royal ſocieties of phyſic, mathematics, and arts, were united to it, 1758.
  • Madrid, for painting, ſculpture, and architecture, 1753.
  • Mantua, of the Vigilanti, for ſciences, 1704.
  • Marſeilles, for belles lettres, hiſtory, and criticiſm, 1726.
  • Milan, for ſciences, 1719.
  • Niſmes, royal, 1682.
  • Padua, of the Ricovrati, for poetry, about 1610.
• [3]Academies.
  • Paris, of the Sorbonne, for divinity, by Robert Sor⯑bonne, 1256; of St. Luke, for painting 1391, (ſee Rome below); of Verona, at firſt for muſic, 1543; for French, eloquence, and poetry, by Louis XIII. 1635; royal, of inſcriptions and belles lettres, by Louis XIV. 1663; of painting and ſculpture, by ditto, 1664; of architecture, by ditto, 1671; royal, of ſurgery, 1731; of agri⯑culture, 1761.
  • Parma, of the Innominati, 1550; of Cremona, 1560, which was renewed under the name of Deſuniti, 1607.
  • Perouſa, of the Inſenſati, 1561; of Filirgiti, or lovers of induſtry, 1574. From this academy, the city of Forli has ſent forth many eminent men; it was much improved, 1652.
  • Peterſburgh, of ſciences, by Peter I. 1724.
  • Pome, of the Umoriſti, for Italian comic poetry, 1611; of the Fantaſcici, 1625; of the Infecondi, 1653; the French ſchool, for painting, by Louis XIV. 1665; it was united with St. Luke's, at Paris, 1675, from whence pupils are occaſionally ſent to it. Engliſh, erected May 6, 1752.
  • Stockholm, royal, of ſciences, 1750; of belles lettres, 1753.
  • Toulon, military, 1682.
  • Warſaw, Poland, of languages, hiſtory, and chro⯑nology, 1753.
  • See Society.
• Acapulco ſhip, a Spaniſh galleon, worth 313,000 l. taken in the South Seas by Anſon, and brought home, June 14, 1744.
• Accidents, Dreadful.
  • The amphitheatre at Fidena fell in and killed 50,000 people, 26. The ruins are now ſeen at Caſtel Giubileo.
  • At Bedford, on the day of the aſſizes, 18 perſons were killed, and many hurt, by the fall of a ſtair⯑caſe, 1438.
  • At the aſſizes at Oxford, the high ſheriff and 300 perſons caught the gaol diſtemper and died, 1577.
• [4]Accidents.
  • The town of Pleurs in Italy was buried by a ſlice of the Alps falling, and all the inhabitants, near 2200, periſhed, 1618. A town in the ſame neigh⯑bourhood was buried in the like manner in the 13th century.
  • A magazine of powder blew up at Gravelins, in Flanders, and killed upwards of 3000 people, May 29, 1654.
  • A fire happened in a barn at Burwell, Cambridge⯑ſhire, at a puppet-ſhew, when 150 perſons loſt their lives, 1724.
  • The roof of the church at Fearn, in Scotland, fell in during ſervice and killed 60 perſons, Oct 19, 1742.
  • The Lord Mayor, one alderman, two judges, the greateſt part of the jury, and a number of ſpec⯑tators, caught the gaol diſtemper at the Old Bailey, London, and died, May 1750.
  • At the fireworks exhibited at Paris, in honour of the Dauphin's marriage, the paſſages being ſtop⯑ped up occaſioned ſuch a crowd, that the people, ſeized with a panic, trampled upon one another till they lay in heaps; a ſcaffold erected over the river alſo broke down, and hundreds were drown⯑ed: near 1000 perſons loſt their lives, April 21, 1770.
  • A grocer having ſtowed ſome gunpowder under a room at Cheſter, where a puppet-ſhow was ex⯑hibited, the powder took fire by accident, while the room was full; 40 perſons were killed, and near 70 wounded, Nov. 5, 1772.
  • The London Eaſt Indiaman run down by the Ruſ⯑ſel man of war, when ſhe ſunk, and 110 perſons periſhed, Dec. 28, 1778.
  • See Amſterdam, Cadiz, Veſpers.
• Achaia, formerly Greece and Epirus, now belonging to the Turks, peopled by Achaeus 1080 before Chriſt.
• Acra, or Ptolemais, the ſeat of the kings of Jeruſa⯑lem, taken by the Cruſaders, 1191.
• Acts of the apoſtles written in 63.
• [5]Adamites, The, were a ſect eſtabliſhed by Prodicus, 130, who taught, that original ſin being waſhed away by baptiſm, man ought to go naked, as a proof of innocence; his diſciples, therefore, of both ſexes, prayed naked, and gave themſelves up to the groſſeſt brutality. The Adamites, or Multipliers, were another ſect that roſe under Tanchelin at Ant⯑werp, 1124: he taught his followers to go naked, like Adam and Eve, and from the words ‘encreaſe and multiply,’ condemned virginity, and recom⯑mended the free uſe of the ſex.
• Admiral, Lord high, held by commiſſion, ſince Nov. 1709.
• Admiralty court, inſtituted 1347; incorporated 1772.
• Adria, the famous city that gave its name to the gulph, is now a pitiful half-drowned village.
• Adrian, the emperor, viſited Britain 117, and built a ſtrong rampart 80 miles long, between Tyne and the Frith of Solway, 138.
• Adultery puniſhed in the Heptarchy, by whipping the offender naked through the ſtreets, if the huſband deſired it; by cutting off the noſe and ears, 1031. An act paſſed for making this and inceſt capital for the firſt offence, and fornication capital for the ſecond, May 14, 1650.
• Advent firſt appointed to be obſerved by Pope Felix III. 487.
• Aediles firſt created at Rome 971 before Chriſt. See Rome.
• Affirmation, Quaker's, accepted by act of parliament as an oath, it being one of their principles not to ſwear, Feb. 13, 1702.
• African company firſt charter granted, 1673; com⯑pleted, 1695. See Slave-trade.
• Aganoclites, fanatics, that never prayed but while dancing, aroſe 701.
• Agaric, The ſtyptic power of, diſcovered by Broſſard, a Frenchman, 1750.
• Agathocles, king of Sicily, maſſacred the wives and children of his ſoldiers for having put two of his ſons to death, 307 before Chriſt.
• [6]Age of the world. The 1ſt is reckoned from the cre⯑ation to the flood, or from the time of Adam to that of Noah; the 2d, from Noah to Abraham; the 3d, from Abraham to Moſes; the 4th, from Moſes to Solomon; the 5th, from Solomon to Cyrus; the 6th, from Cyrus to Chriſt. See Era, Epoch, Time.
• Agrarian law, introduced at Rome 486 before Chriſt.
• Agriculture, invented by Triptolemy, about 1600 before Chriſt. Macrobius ſays, it was taught the Aborigines by Saturn. See Saturn.
• Aileſbury, Earldom of, created 1776. (name Brude⯑nell.)
• Aineguilla, in New Spain, mines diſcovered there, 1770.
• Air-guns invented, 1656.
• Air-pump, invented by Othoguerike, a German, 1672.
• Aix-la-Chapelle built by Charlemagne, 795.
• Albemarle, Earldom of, created 1696. (name Keppel.)
• Albigines were a ſect of reformers, about Albigeois in Languedoc, in the 12th century, that oppoſed the diſcipline and ceremonies of the church of Rome.
• Alcantara, Bridge of, over the Tagus, built by the emperor Trajan about 98.
• Aldborough of Upper Ormond, Iriſh earldom, created 1777. (name Stratford.)
• Aldermen firſt appointed, 882.
• Alderney. See Jerſey.
• Alexander III. Pope, compelled Henry II. king of England, and the king of France, to hold his ſtir⯑rups while he mounted his horſe, 1182. He inſti⯑tuted the ceremony of marrying the ſea at Venice.
• Alexandria in Egypt, built by Alexander in 17 days; the walls were ſix miles in circuit, 335; taken by Caeſar, 46 before Chriſt; taken by Diocletian, 296; by the Perſians, 615; by the Saracens, 640.
• Alf helm murdered, by order of Edric, 1009.
• Alfred, fourth ſon of Ethelwolf, born 849 at Wan⯑tage, Berks; ſucceeded his brother, Ethelred I. on the throne of England, 872; took London from [7]the Danes, beſieged Rocheſter, and drove them to their ſhips, 882; he divided England into counties and hundreds, built the univerſity of Oxford, took a ſurvey of England, and formed a body of laws, which, though now loſt, is generally eſteemed the origin of Common Law. He was thrice married: by his firſt queen he had two ſons and a daughter, by his ſecond, two ſons and five daughters, and by his third, two ſons and two daughters. He died 900, and was ſucceeded by his ſecond ſon, Edward the Elder. See Knighthood.
• Alfred, ſon of Ethelred II. his eyes were put out, 600 of his train murdered at Guildford by earl God⯑win's vaſſals, and he led to a monaſtery at Ely, 1036, where he died ſoon after.
• Algebra firſt known in Europe, 1494; letters in Algebraic calculation, made uſe of by Fran. Vieta, 1590.
• Algiers was formerly the country Numidia, as united under Maſſiniſſa and Jugurtha. It beame a Roman province 44 before Chriſt; afterwards it became in⯑dependent, till the inhabitants invited Barbaroſſa, the pirate, to aſſiſt them againſt the Spaniards who, how⯑ever, ſeized it, 1516. Some time after it became the property of the Turks. See Jugurtha.
• Allen, Iriſh viſcount, Title of, created 1717. (name Allen.)
• Allington caſtle, Kent, built about 1154.
• All-Saints, Feſtival of, inſtituted, 835.
• All-Souls, Feſtival of, eſtabliſhed, 998.
• All-Souls college, Oxford, founded by Chichely, archbiſhop of Canterbury, 1437. (40 fellows.) See Codrington.
• Allum brought to perfection, 1609, and here eſta⯑bliſhed.
• Alnewick abbey, Northumberland, founded 1147.
• Alphabet, The Ionic, conſiſting of 24 letters, adopted by the Athenians 399 before Chriſt. Before this, the Attic alphabet, conſiſting of 16 letters, was in uſe.
• Alps. See Accidents.
• Alresford, Hampſhire, totally deſtroyed by fire, 1660; twice ſince.
• [8]Altamont, Iriſh earldom of, created 1771. (name Browne.)
• Altars, inſtituted by Pope Sixtus I. about 117; firſt chriſtian one erected in Britain, 634; firſt conſe⯑crated by pope Sylveſter, 1334.
• Amazons, The, made an irruption into Attica, about 1209 before Chriſt; a queen of, viſited Alexander the Great and cohabited with him 13 days, in hopes of having iſſue by him, but ſhe died ſoon after her return home, about 330 before Chriſt.
• Ambaſſadors firſt protected here by law, March 1709.
• Amberley caſtle, Suſſex, built, 1374.
• Amberſbury nunnery, Wilts, built 976.
• America firſt diſcovered by Columbus, 1492; South America completely, by Veſp. Americanus, a Flo⯑rentine, 1497; North America, by John Cabot, a Venetian, 1497; ſettled in James the Firſt's reign; pacquet-boats firſt eſtabliſhed there between Old and New Spain, with the liberty of trading, 1764; free trade opened between Old and New Spain, by the Streights of Magellan, 1774; ſeveral viceroys ap⯑pointed in Spaniſh America, 1776; thirteen colonies united and declared themſelves independent of the Engliſh crown, July 4, 1776.
• Amherſt of Holmeſdale, Barony of, created 1776. (name Amherſt.)
• Amicable Society, Serjeants Inn, chartered, 1706.
• Amphitheatre at Rome, planned by Auguſtus, and built by Veſpaſian.
• Amſterdam opera houſe burnt, 7 perſons loſt, 1772.
• Anabaptiſt meeting-houſe, The firſt, eſtabliſhed in London, 1640.
• Anabaptiſts firſt appeared under Storck and Muntzer in Germany, 1525; appeared in England, 1549. They reject infant baptiſm, and baptize by immer⯑ſion at years of diſcretion. See Independents, Muncer. Four Dutchmen burnt for hereſy 1538; ſome impriſoned for a plot againſt Oliver Cromwell, 1657; an inſurrection of them under Venner, Jan. 6, 1661.
• Analy, Iriſh barony, created 1766. (name Gore.)
• [9]Ananias, and his wife Sapphira, ſtruck dead, 33.
• Anathema, The firſt, brought into the church, 387.
• Anatomy reſtored by Jacobus Carpenſis, 1550; of plants made known by Grew, 1680.
• Ancaſter, Dukedom of, created 1715. (name Bertie.)
• Anchorets, Order of, inſtituted, 1255.
• Anchors of ſhips invented, 578.
• Andronicus Livius, the Latin comic poet, his firſt piece was repreſented 240 before Chriſt. This is the epoch of Latin poetry.
• Angleſey, the Mona of the Romans, reduced by Ju⯑lius Agricola, 76.
• Angria the pirate, and his family, ſeized, 1750. He had built a fort on the coaſt of Malabar.
• Ann, daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn, by a daughter of the duke of Norfolk, a arried to Henry VIII. Nov. 1532; crowned, June 1, 1533; tried by order of the king on a charge of inceſt with her brother, and, though not guilty, convicted and be⯑headed, May 14, 1536, aged 29.
• Ann of Cleves, Henry VIIIth's fourth wife, died at Chelſea, July 15, 1557.
• Ann, queen, ſecond daughter of James II. by Anne Hyde, born Feb. 6, 1665; married to the prince of Denmark, 1683; loſt her ſon George duke of Glouceſter by a fever, July 29, 1700, aged 11; ſuc⯑ceeded her brother-in-law, William III. on the throne, March 8, 1702; ſettled the firſt fruits and tenths on the poor clergy, 1704; crowned, April 23 following; died, Auguſt 1, 1714, of a fever and lethargy, aged 49, and was ſucceeded by her ſecond couſin, George I. elector of Hanover.
• Annandale, Scots marquiſate of, created 1701. (name Johnſton.)
• Annunciation of the Virgin Mary, five years before the vulgar date of the Chriſtian aera. Day firſt ob⯑ſerved, 350.
• Anointing, firſt uſed at the coronation of Alfred, 872. Edgar was the firſt anointed king in Scotland, 1097.
• Anthems firſt introduced, 386.
• Antigallican privateer's prize detained at Cadiz, 1757.
• Antigua ſettled by the Engliſh, 1666; an attempt was made to ſettle it 34 years before.
• [10]Antinomians, The, teach that the law is of no uſe under the goſpel diſpenſation, and ſay, that good works do not further, nor evil works hinder, ſal⯑vation; that a child of God cannot ſin, &c.
• Antioch, in Syria, built by Seleucus after the battle of Ipſus, 300 before Chriſt; 100,000 people of, killed by the Jews in one day, 145 before Chriſt.
• Antiochus, ſon of the illuſtrious Antiochus, maſſacred 80,000 of the people of Jeruſalem for revolting, 170; put Eleazer and the ſeven brothers, known by the name of the Maccabees, to death, 168; died in the greateſt torments, 164 before Chriſt.
• Antiochus, ſon of Seleucus, fell ſick, the cauſe of which his phyſician diſcovered to be a violent paſſion for his mother-in-law, on which Seleucus reſigned his wife and part of his kingdom to his ſon, 204 before Chriſt.
• Antrim, Iriſh ealdom of, created 1620. (name Mac⯑donnel.)
• Antwerp, a riſing of the Proteſtants there, 1571.
• Apocalypſe excluded from the ſacred canon, by the churches to which it is addreſſed, in the council of Laodicea, about 360; received again by that of Trent, 1545.
• Apocrypha, Hiſtory of, ends 135 before Chriſt.
• Apollo, Temple of, founded, 434 before Chriſt.
• Apothecaries exempted from civil offices, 1712.
• Apparitors firſt inſtituted, about 1234.
• Appeals firſt made from England to the Pope, 1138; forbidden, 1532.
• Appian way from Rome to Capua, made by Appius, 312 before Chriſt.
• App [...]e-trees, Two kinds of, brought from Syria and Africa into Italy, 9 before Chriſt.
• Apricots and Artichokes brought into England, 1578.
• Aqaitaine annexed to the crown of France, 1370; title of Duke of, claimed by the crown of England ever ſince it was conquered by Henry V. 1418.
• Arabians made no figure in hiſtory till 622; when they took the name of Saracens; which ſee.
• Arbuthnot, Scots viſcount, title of, created 1641. (name Arbuthnot.)
• [11]Archangel, The paſſage to, diſcovered by the Engliſh, 1553, but not traded to till about 1569.
• Archdeacon, The firſt appointed in England, was by Lanfranc, Abp. of Canterbury, about 1075.
• Archer of Umberſlade, Barony of, created 1747. (name Archer.)
• Archery introduced by the Saxons, in the time of Vortigern; dropt immediately after the conqueſt, but revived by the Cruſaders, they having felt the ef⯑fects of it from the Saracens, who, probably, derived it from the Parthians. See Bow, Yew-trees. 'Tis ſingular, that all the ſtatutes for the encouragement of archery, are ſince the invention of gunpowder and fire-arms.
• Ardchattan priory, Scotland, founded 1230.
• Arden, Iriſh barony, created 1770. (name Perceval)
• Areopagus, The famous ſenate of, eſtabliſhed at Athens in the reign of Cecrops, 1509 before Chriſt. See Athens, Cecrops.
• Argonautic expedition. See Ilium.
• Argos, The kingdom of, began under Inachus, 1856 before Chriſt, i. e. 1080 years before the firſt Olympiad.
• Argyle, Marquis of, beheaded in Scotland, for re⯑belling againſt England, May 27, 1661.
• Argyle, Earl of, invaded Scotland with about 2500 men, May, 1685; defeated and executed at Edin⯑burgh June 30 following.
• Argyle, Scots dukedom of, created 1701. (name Campbell.)
• Arians aroſe from their leader Arius, who died 336. They diſbelieve the Trinity, deny the divinity of Chriſt, and reject the Athanaſian creed. The doc⯑trine of, the ruling religion in the weſt, 493; ex⯑ploded in Spain, 589.
• Ariſtodemus, king of the Meſſenians, killed his own daughter to ſave his country, about 715 before Chriſt, and about ſix years after killed himſelf upon her grave.
• Arithmetic, firſt brought into Europe from Arabia, 991; decimal, invented by Regiomontanus.
• Armada, the Spaniſh; 130 ſhips, with 50,000 men, [12]deſtined to invade England, arrived in the channel, July, 1588, but was broken by a ſtorm.
• Armagh, founded by St. Patrick, 472; conſtituted an Archbiſhoprick, together with Dublin, Caſhel, and Tuam, by Cardinal Papyro, 1142.
• Armenia, part of the Median empire till 224 before Chriſt; now ſubject to the Turks and Perſians.
• Arminianiſm, taught by Vorſtius, the diſciple of Ar⯑minius, 1611. The Arminians or Remonſtrants teach, that difference in ſentiment neither hinders nor procures ſalvation. They contend for univerſal redemption; declaring ſalvation poſſible to all, on a compliance with that condition on which the whole of ſalvation depends. They in general eſpouſe the doctrines of the church of England.
• Arms. See Muſquets, Guns, Swords.
• Arms, French, firſt quartered with the Engliſh, 1358.
• Arms, coats of, came into vogue in the reign of Richard I. and hereditary in families about 1192. They took their riſe from the knights painting their banners with different figures, to diſtinguiſh them in the cruſades. See Heraldry.
• Army, firſt ſtanding one in modern times, eſtabliſhed by Charles VII. of France, 1445. Introduced here by Charles I. 1638; declared illegal, together with royal guards, 1679. See Troops, Yeomen.
• Arran, Iriſh earldom of, created 1762. (name Gore.)
• Arras, taken by the French from the Spaniards, Aug. 1654.
• Array, Firſt commiſſion of, to raiſe a militia, iſſued, 1422.
• Arfacidae, aſſaſſins, near Tyre, cut off by the Tartars, 1257.
• Arthur, Henry the Seventh's eldeſt ſon, born Sept. 20, 1486; married to Gatharine, the king of Spain's fourth daughter, Nov. 12, 1501; died April 2, 1502.
• Artichokes. See Apricots.
• Articles of religion, 42 publiſhed by the clergy with⯑out conſent of parliament, 1552; the 42 reduced to 39, Jan. 1563; received the authority of par⯑liament, 1571; royal declaration prefixed to them, [13]firſt publiſhed, 1628; 104 drawn up by archbiſhop Uſher for Ireland, 1615; eſtabliſhed and received, 1634.
• Artificers and manufacturers prohibited from leaving England, 1736.
• Artillery firſt brought into the field by Bart. Coglione. See Guns.
• Artillery Company inſtituted for weekly military exer⯑ciſes, 1610.
• Arundel of Wardour, barony of, created 1605. (name Arundel.)
• Arundel caſtle, Suſſex, built by the Saxons; town chartered by queen Elizabeth.
• Arundel, Earldom of, held by preſcription; of courſe the oldeſt in the realm.
• Arundelian tables, containing the chronology of an⯑cient hiſtory, from 1582 to 355 before Chriſt, ſaid to have been ſculptured 264 before Chriſt; found in the iſle of Paros, about 1610; purchaſed by Lord Arundel, and given to the univerſity of Oxford.
• Aſcenſion day eſtabliſhed about 68.
• Aſcue, Ann, burnt for hereſy (denying the real pre⯑ſence) 1546. She was firſt racked at the Tower, in the preſence of the Lord Chancellor, who, throwing off his gown, drew the rack himſelf ſo ſeverely, that he almoſt tore her body aſunder.
• Aſhbrook, Iriſh viſcount, title of, created 1751. (name Flower.)
• Aſhburnham, Earldom of, created 1730. (name Aſh⯑burnham.)
• Aſhby-de-la-Zouch caſtle, Leiceſter, built long before 1399; demoliſhed 1648.
• Aſhdown church built, 1020.
• Aſh-Wedneſday, Faſt of, inſtituted by pope Felix III. 487.
• Aſparagus firſt introduced into England, 1602.
• Aſſaſſination plot, for killing king William in his way from Richmond, diſcovered, Feb. 1696.
• Aſſaſſinations were countenanced in France and Scot⯑land, during the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries, [14]and not aboliſhed till near the cloſe of the 17th. See Rem. Occur. anno 1407, 1414, and Murder.
• Aſſize, Judges of. See Circuits.
• Aſſurance-office, charter granted to the London and the Royal, 1716. See Inſurance.
• Aſſyria, Kingdom of, began under Ninus, called Aſſur, 2084 before Chriſt, laſted about 1264 years, ended with Sardanapalus. Out of its ruins were formed the Aſſyrians of Babylon, thoſe of Nineveh, and the kingdom of the Medes. Conquered by the Turks, 1637.
• Aſton, Scots barony of, created 1628. (name Aſton.)
• Aſtronomy, firſt ſtudied by the Moors, and brought into Europe, 1201; modern, taken up by Coper⯑nicus. Books of aſtronomy and geometry all deſtroy⯑ed, as infected with magic, 5 Edward VI. 1552.
• Athelſtan made king of Kent, by his father Ethel⯑wolf, 848; died about 853.
• Athelſtan, the natural ſon and ſucceſſor of Edward the Elder, crowned king of England at Kingſton, 925; but oppoſed by one of Edward's ſons, by his ſecond queen; invaded Scotland, and brought Con⯑ſtantine to ſubjection, 936; reduced the Welch, 939; and Exeter and Scilly, 940; died at Gloceſter, 941, and was ſucceeded by his brother, Edmund I. ſon of Edward, by his laſt queen.
• Athens, one of the twelve cities in Attica, founded by the Cecrops, 1571; kingdom of, ended in Codrus, on which they were governed by Archons, Medon being the firſt, 1070; governed by annual archons, of which Creons was the firſt, 684; city taken by Xerxes, 480; fell into the hands of the Romans 87 before Chriſt The Venetians got poſſeſſion of it, 1204; the Turks, 1687.
• Athlone, Iriſh earldom of, created 1691. (name Ginkell.)
• Athole, Scots dukedom of, created 1703. (name Murray.)
• Attila, with his Huns, of which he was king, 434; ravaged the Roman empire, 447; died 454.
• Attraction, the idea of, firſt given by Kepler, 1605.
• [15]Aubern, Wilts, burnt (72 houſes), Sept. 12, 1760.
• Auction, A duty on goods ſold by, laid on, 1777.
• Audley of Heleigh, Barony of, created 1296. (name Thickneſſe.)
• Audley, Lord, beheaded for ſodomy, and aſſiſting his footman to raviſh his lady, 1631.
• Augmentation office eſtabliſhed, 1704.
• Auguſtin, St. ſent by pope Gregory to convert the Britons, landed in the iſle of Thanet, 597; ſoon after made the firſt archbiſhop of Canterbury; died 604.
• Auguſtine's, St. monaſtery, Canterbury, founded 605.
• Auguſtine friars firſt appeared in England, about 1250; eſtabliſhed by pope Alexander IV. 1256; their church granted to German Lutherans, 1551.
• Auguſtines; their order completed, 1256.
• Aurelian, Roman emperor, murdered by Mucanor his general, 275.
• Aurora frigate loſt in her paſſage to India, 1771. The crew periſhed.
• Aurora Borealis, firſt ſeen, 1715; Electricity of, diſ⯑covered by Wideburg at Jena, 1769.
• Auſtria was the Belgic Gaul of the Romans; con⯑quered afterwards by the Avarians, in about 600.
• Auſtrian family, preſent one, began in Germany, 1273.
• Avignon. See Pope.
• Aylesford, Earldom of, created 1714. (name Finch.)
• Aylmer of Balrath, Iriſh barony of, created 1718. (name Aylmer.)
• Aylnmouth caſtle, Northumberland, built by Ida, firſt king of Northumberland.
• Aylſbury, Berks, incorporated, 1554.
• Ayſgarth bridge, Yorkſhire, built 1539.
• Azores, The iſlands of, firſt ſeen, 1449.

• BABEL, Tower of, began to be built 2247 before Chriſt, which continued building 40 years; when God confounded the builders language, and diſ⯑perſed [16]them into different nations. Thence aroſe the difference of languages, the diſperſion of the people, and the forming of empires. From Japhet, the eldeſt ſon of Noah, ſprung the inhabitants of the north of Europe and Aſia, as well as thoſe of the weſt. From Shem, came the people of the eaſt, as alſo thoſe of Iſrael; and from Ham, deſcended the Canaanites, Philiſtines, Egyptians, and the an⯑cient poſſeſſors of Africa. See Nimrod.
• Babington, and 13 others, hanged for conſpiring to aſſaſſinate queen Elizabeth, 1586.
• Babylon, Kingdom of, founded by Nimrod 2640; re⯑volted from Darius, but was recovered two years after, by a ſtratagem of Zopyrus, 512 before Chriſt. See Cyrus.
• Baden, Congreſs at, 1714.
• Baeotian war commenced 3 [...]9, ended 366 before Chriſt.
• Bagdad built by the Caliph Almanſur, 762.
• Bagot, of Bagot's Bromley, Barony of, created 1780. (name Bagot.)
• Bahama Iſlands not known to the Engliſh till 1667; ſeized from pirates and ſettled, 1718.
• Baize, The manufactory of, brought over from Flan⯑ders and ſettled at Colcheſter, with peculiar parlia⯑mentary privileges, 12 Charles II. 1660.
• Balambangan ceded to the Engliſh, 1762.
• Balbeck built in 14; deſtroyed by an earthquake, Dec. 5, 1759.
• Balcarras, Scots earldom of, created 1651. (name Lindſay.)
• Baliol College, Oxford, founded by John Baliol, 1262. (12 fellows.)
• Ballenden, Scots barony, created 1661. (name Bal⯑lenden.)
• Balmerino. See Kilmarnock.
• Balſhazzar ſaw the hand writing on the wall, 538 be⯑fore Chriſt.
• Bamborough caſtle, Northumberland, built by Ina, 559.
• Banbury, Oxfordſhire, chartered by queen Mary; anew by James I.
• Band, Lawyers, firſt introduced by Judge Finch, under James I. The clergyman's came into uſe only with [17]the Puritans, on the fall of epiſcopacy, under Cromwell.
• Banff, Scots barony of, created 1642. (name Ogilvie.)
• Bangor, of Caſtleward, Iriſh viſc. created 1780. (name Ward.)
• Bangor biſhoprick founded, and cathedral built, about 516; deanery erected about 116 [...].
• Bank ſtock, three per cent. ann. created 1726; three per cent. conſol. ditto. 1731; three per cent. red. ditto, 1746; three per cent. ann. payable at the South-Sea houſe, 1751; three and a half per cent. ann. ditto, 1758; long ann. ditto, 1761; four per cent. conſ. ditto, 1762.
• Banks firſt eſtabliſhed by the Lombard Jews in Italy. The name is derived from Banco, bench, benches being erected in the market-place for the exchange of money, &c. The firſt public bank was at Ve⯑nice, about 1550; bank of England eſtabliſhed, 1693; their notes, at 20 per cent. diſcount, 1696; houſe built, 1732. Old Scotch bank created, 1695; royal ditto, 1727. See Paper Credit.
• Banqueting-houſe, Whitehall, now the chapel, built 1607.
• Banquo, a Scotch general, invited by Macbeth to a banquet, and there murdered by him, 1050. See Macbeth.
• Banns. See Marriage.
• Bantam, Eight ambaſſadors of, arrived in England, 1682.
• Baptiſm practiſed in the Chriſtian church, by immer⯑ſion, till about 100; ſponſors firſt inſtituted in a time of perſecution, 130. See Godfathers.
• Barbadoes, firſt Engliſh ſettlement in the Weſt Indies, 1625; almoſt totally deſtroyed by a hurricane, Oct. 10, 11, 1780.
• Barbary merchants. See Turkey company.
• Barbers, the firſt profeſſion brought to Rome from Sicily, 299 before Chriſt; barbers and ſurgeons in London made one company, 1540; ſeparated again, 1744. Their poll, by way of ſign, is a corruption from a head or poll exhibited at their doors. See Rem. Occur. 1422.
• [18]Barcelona is ſaid to have been built by Hamilcar; (ſee Hamilcar), reduced by Louis XIV. of France, 1714.
• Bards, Welch, whoſe province was to celebrate the praiſes of heroes in ſongs, at entertainments; were reformed and regulated by Gryffyth ap Conan, king of Wales, 1078. See Minſtrels, Tale-tellers, Harpers.
• Barebone parliament, ſo called from the name of a principal member of that parliament, made up by Cromwell.
• Bark, Jeſuits, its virtues diſcovered by ſome Indians, 1500; brought to France by cardinal Lugo, a Jeſuit, 1650.
• Barling abbey, Lincolnſhire, built 1132.
• Barnabites, Foundation of, in France, by a bull of Clement VII. 1533.
• Barnewall, of Kingſton, Iriſh viſcount, title of, created 1646. (name Barnewall.)
• Barnſtable, Archdeaconry of, erected before 1143.
• Barnwell caſtle, Northamptonſhire, built 1132.
• Barometers, invented by Toricelli, a Florentine, 1626.
• Baron, Title of, called by the Saxons, Thane, firſt given in England by patent, to Richard II. 1388.
• Baronets firſt created, 1611; ditto of Scotland, May 28, 1625; the revival of their ribbon, 1775.
• Barons attended parliament in complete armour in Henry III.'s reign.
• Barricades, Day of, in French hiſtory is, when the Duke of Guiſe's entrance was oppoſed by Henry III. 1558. See Guiſe.
• Barrington of Ardglaſs, Iriſh viſcount, title of, created 1720. (name Barrington.)
• Barriſters firſt appointed by Edward I. in parliament, 1291. See Inns of Court.
• Barrymore, Iriſh earldom of, created 1627. (name Barry.)
• Bartholomew monaſtery, near Smithfield, built, 1100.
• Bartholomew, St. Iſland of, taken from the French, 1746; reſtored to them, 1763; retaken, 1781.
• Bartholomew fair, London, reſtrained, 1750; aboliſhed, 1755.
• Barton, a Scotchman, having obtained a letter of marque againſt the Scots, turned pirate, and com⯑mitted [19]depredations on the Engliſh; but lord Sur⯑rey's ſons ſailed out, fought him, and ſlew him, 1513.
• Baſingwerk monaſtery, of the Ciſtertian order, Flint⯑ſhire, founded about 1131.
• Batchelors at 25 taxed, 1695; 12 l. 10s. for a duke; a common perſon, 1s.
• Bateman, Iriſh viſcount, Title of, created 1725. (name Bateman)
• Bathurſt of Batleſden, earldom of, created 1772. (name Bathurſt.)
• Bath, once a Roman colony; ſprings of, diſcovered 871 before Chriſt; its biſhopric founded, 905; archdeaconry erected, 1106; deanry ditto, 1135; being diſſolved, it was added to Wells, 1545, (See Wells); city chartered by queen Elizabeth, burnt, 1116; again, 1137.
• Bath, W. Pulteney, Earl of, ſtruck out of the liſt of privy counſellors, July 1, 1731; died 1764, aged 80.
• Bath, Order of the, inſtituted at the coronation of Henry IV. re-eſtabliſhed, 1725.
• Battering ram, teſtudo, and other military inſtruments, invented by Artemones, 441 before Chriſt.
• Batterſey-bridge built, 1772.
• Battle, Trial by. See Combat.
• Battle abbey, Suſſex, founded where Harold was ſlain by William I. 1066.
• BATTLES before CHRIST.
  • Battle of Actium, in Epirus, an engagement at ſea; which rendered Auguſtus maſter of the Roman empire, Sept. 2, 31. See Olympiads.
  • —Arbela, when Alexander conquered Perſia, 331.
  • —Cannae, when Hannibal defeated the Romans, killed 40,000, of whom 2,700 were knights, and took 3,0 0 priſoners, 216.
  • —Chaeronea, 338.
  • —Eurymedon, 470.
  • —Ipſus, in which Ptolemy, Seleucus, Lyſimachus, and Caſſander, were united againſt Antigonus, 301.
  • —Irſus, when Darius was beaten, and loſt 100,000 men, 333.
  • —Leuctra, when the Thebans beat the Lacedemonians, and got the dominion of Greece, 373.
  • [20]Battle of Mantinea, when Epaminondas was ſlain, 363.
  • —Marathon, when the Athenians conquered the Bar⯑barians, 490.
  • —Pharſalia, when Julius Caeſar defeated Pompey, 47.
  • —Philippi, when Brutus and Caſſius were defeated by Octavius Caeſar, and M. Antony, which termi⯑nated the R [...]an republic, 41.
  • —River Granicus, when Alexander beat the Perſians, 334.
  • —Salamis, which delivered Greece from the incurſion of the Medes, 480.
• BATTLES after CHRIST.
  • Battle of Agincourt, between the French and Eng⯑liſh, when Henry V. conquered; 10,000 of the French were killed, and 14,000 taken priſoners. The Engliſh loft only 40, October 25, 1415. The French had four times as many men as the Eng⯑liſh. Seven princes and 8000 French gentlemen fell in the conflict: the Duke of Orleans was taken priſoner, and confined in England till 1440, when he was ranſomed for 120,000 crowns.
  • —Alban's, St. the firſt battle between the houſes of York and Lancaſter, in which the former was ſuperior, and, without loſing any men, ſlew above 5000 of their enemies, May 22, 1455. The king of England was wounded and taken.
  • —Alban's, St. between the Yorkiſts, under the earl of Warwick, and the Lancaſtrians under queen Mar⯑garet, when the queen conquered, and 2500 of the Yorkiſts were ſlain, Feb. 2, 1461.
  • —Albany, America, Near, when Gen. Burgoyne and 3500 men, ſurrendered priſoners to the American General Gates, Oct. 15, 1777.
  • —Alcazar, where Sebaſtian, king of Portugal, was killed, 1577.
  • —Alderton-moor, Yorkſhire, when the royaliſts rout⯑ed the parliament forces, June 29, 1643.
  • —Almanza, in Spain, when the confederates were defeated by the French and Spaniards, April 25, 1707.
  • —Alnwick, when the earl of Northumberland, by [21]wounding the king of Scots in the eye, acquired the name of Piercy, 1092; again; 1174.
  • Battle of Anjou, where the duke of Clarence, and 1500 Engliſh, were ſlain by the earl of Buchan, 1421.
  • —Argentaria, in Alſace, between the Alemanni, Ger⯑man barbarians, and the Romans under the em⯑peror Gratian, when the former were beaten, with the loſs of 35,000 men out of 40,000, May 378.
  • —Arques, near Dieppe, Sept. 22, 1598.
  • —Aſcalon, Judea, when Richard I. defeated Saladin's army of 300,000 men, 1191.
  • —Aſhdown, between Canute and Edmund, when Edmund conquered, 1016.
  • —Aughrim, in Ireland, between the French and Engliſh, when the enemy loſt 7000, the Engliſh only 600 killed, and 960 wounded, July 12, 1691.
  • —Banbury, between the rebels and royaliſts, when the firſt were victorious, July 26, 1469.
  • —Bannockburn, between 30,000 Scots and 200,000 Engliſh, when the Engliſh were routed, with the loſs of 50,000 ſlain and 30,000 priſoners, June 25, 1314.
  • —Barham-moor, between the royaliſts and parliament, when the former were beaten, March 29, 1643.
  • —Barnet, between the earl of Warwick and Edward IV. when the earl was ſlain, and his army defeat⯑ed: about 3000 of the vanquiſhed fell, and 1500 of the conquerors, April 14, 1471.
  • —Near Barnet, Eaſter-day, between the houſes of York and Lancaſter, 1468.
  • —Beaugé, between the French under the Dauphin, and the Engliſh, when the Engliſh were defeated, duke of Clarence was killed, April 3, and the 1421. See Clarence.
  • —Belgrade, between the Germans and the Turks, when the latter were beaten, with the loſs of 40,000 men, 1456; between the Hungarians and the Turks, when prince Eugene defeated the Turks, July 16, 1717.
  • —Benburg, in Ireland, 1646.
  • —Bergen, between the French and Engliſh, under prince Ferdinand, when the former were de⯑feated [22]with the loſs of about 2000 men, April 13, 1759.
  • Battle of Berwick, when the Scots were defeated, Nov. 1378.
  • —Blackheath, between the rebels and royaliſts, when the firſt were beaten, June 22, 1497. See Flammoc.
  • —Blackwater in Ireland, 1597.
  • —Blenheim, between the Engliſh and the French, when the latter were defeated, with the loſs of near 2 [...],000 killed, and 13,000 priſoners; the victor [...]ſt only 5000, and 8000 wounded and take [...]riſoners, Auguſt 3, 1704.
  • —Bioreheath, between the earl of Sarum and lord Audley, when Sarum conquered, Sept. 23, 1459.
  • —Boſton, in America, between the rebels and the royaliſts, when the former were routed, June 1 [...], 1775.
  • —Boſworth, between Richard III. and the earl of Richmond, when Richard III. fell, Aug. 22, 1485. Richard loſt 1200 men out of 13,000, Richmond 100 out of 5000.
  • —Bothwell-bridge, between the royaliſts under the duke of Monmouth, and rebel Scots, when the latter were routed, 700 of whom were killed, and 1200 taken priſoners, June 22, 1679.
  • —Bovines, near Liſle, between the king of France, with 50,000 men, and the emperor Otho, allied with England, with near 200,000 men, when France was victorious, July 25, 1214.
  • —Boyne, between king William and king James, when the latter was defeated, with the loſs of 1500 men: king William loſt about 500, July 1, 1690.
  • —Bradockdown, between the parliament forces and royaliſts, when the former were defeated, 1643.
  • —Breeches, in Italy, 1735.
  • —Bunker's-hill. See Boſton.
  • —Camden, S. Carolina, between 2000 royaliſts, un⯑der Earl Cornwallis, and 6000 rebels, under Gen. Gates, when the latter were beaten, with the loſs of about 300 royaliſts; 1000 rebels killed and 1500 taken priſoners, Aug. 16, 1780.
  • [23]Battle of Ceriſoles in Piedmont, between the French and Imperialiſts, when the latter were beaten, and 10,000 ſlain, April 11, 1544.
  • —Chalgravefield, Bucks, when Hampden was ſlain, June 1643.
  • —Cherington, between the royaliſts and the parlia⯑ment forces, when the latter, under Sir William Waller, were victorious, ſpring, 1644.
  • —Cheſterfield, when Baliol king of Scots was taken priſoner, with all the records, regalia, &c. and brought to London, 1296.
  • —Chryſopolis, between Conſtantine and Licinius, when the latter was defeated, with the ſlaughter of 25,000 men, 323.
  • —Cibalis, between Conſtantine and Licinius, when the latter was defeated with the loſs of 20,000 men, Oct. 8, 314.
  • —Courtras, France, between the French under the Comte d'Artois, and the Flemings, rebels, when 20,000 French loſt their lives, 1302; again, Oct. 20, 1586.
  • —Crecy, between England and France, when the latter was defeated with the loſs of near 36,000 men. Many of the principal nobility of France were ſlain in this action, as were the kings of Bohemia and Majorca: the Bohemian motto was Ich dien, I ſerve; which the prince of Wales, who was inſtrumental in this victory, immediately adopted in memorial of it. Very few Engliſh were loſt, Auguſt 26, 1346.
  • —Crevant, in Burgundy, between France and Eng⯑land, when the latter was victorious; 3000 Scots in the ſervice of France were ſlain, June, 1423.
  • —Cropredy-bridge, between the royaliſts and the par⯑liament forces, under Sir William Waller, when the latter were defeated, autumn, 1644.
  • —Culloden, under the duke of Cumberland, between the royaliſts and rebels, when the latter were de⯑feated; this put an end to the rebellion; April 16, 1746.
  • —Danes-moor, near Banbury, between the royaliſts and rebels, where the former were defeated, and [24]5000 Welch were ſlain; and for which the earl of Pembroke and his brothers were beheaded, July 26, 1469.
  • Battle of Donavert, when Marlborough defeated the French and Bavarians, July 2, 1704.
  • —St. Denis, in France, where Montmorency routed the Calviniſts, 1567; another in 1678.
  • —Dettingen, between England, under George II. and France, when the former was ſucceſsful; the French loſt, killed, wounded, and priſoners, about 5000 men; the Engliſh, &c. about 3000. June 26, 1743.
  • —Dumblain, between the royaliſts, under the duke of Argyle, and the rebels under the earl of Mar, November 12, 1715.
  • —Dunbar, between Edward I. and the Scots, when the former ſubdued Scotland; the Scots loſt 20,000 men, April 27, 1296.
  • —Dunbar, between Cromwell and the Scots, when the former was victorious, and killed 3000, and took 9000 men, though the Scots were double the number, Sept. 3, 1650.
  • —Dunes, between England and Spain, when the Spaniards were totally defeated, Aug. 1658.
  • —Dreux, in France, 1562.
  • —Durham, between England and Scotland, when the Engliſh were headed by queen Philippa, and David, king of Scots, was taken priſoner, and loſt 20,000 men, Oct. 17, 1346. David was releaſed, after 10 years captivity, for 100,000 marks.
  • —Echeren, Near, between the confederates and French, June 16, 1703.
  • —Edgehill, between the royaliſts and the parliament forces, when 5000 were ſlain on both ſides, Oct. 23, 1642.
  • —Erne-river, between the Engliſh and Scots, when the latter loſt above 12,000 men, the former ſcarcely 30, Auguſt 11, 1332.
  • —Eveſham, between the royaliſts, under prince Ed⯑ward, and the rebel barons under the earl of Lei⯑ceſter, [25]when the former were victorious, and the earl was ſlain, Auguſt 4, 1265.
  • Battle of Falkirk, when 40,000 Scots were ſlain, July 22, 1298; again, between the rebels under the pretender, and the I [...]yaliſts under general Haw⯑ley, when the latter were defeated, Jan. 17, 1746.
  • —Fife, when Cromwell beat the Scots, and took 1200 priſoners, July 1651.
  • —Floudon, between the Engliſh and the Scots, when the latter were defeated, and the king of Scots, and moſt of the Scots nobility were ſlain, Sept. 9, 1513.
  • —Fontenoy, between the Engliſh under the duke of Cumberland, and the French, when the former were defeated, with the loſs of about 12,000 men on each ſide, April 30, 1745.
  • —Glaſgow, 1568.
  • —Glenlivat, Scotland, between the king's party and the popiſh rebels, when the former were defeated, Oct. 3, 1594.
  • —Glenſheil, in Scotland, June 10, 1719.
  • —Gravelines, 1558.
  • —Graebenſtein, between the allied army, under prince Ferdinand, and the French, when the latter were defeated, with the loſs of 2550 men, including 162 officers; the allies loſt only 300 men, June 24, 1762.
  • —Greville, when the Engliſh loſt 900 men, and were defeated, April 1423.
  • —Guilford, America, between the royaliſts under Lord Cornwallis, and the rebels, when the latter were defeated, March 15, 1781.
  • —Guoſtalla, where the king of Sardinia defeated the Imperialiſts; 15000 were killed, Aug. 19, 1734.
  • —Hadrianople, between the emperors Conſtantine and Licinius, when the former, with 12 horſemen, beat 150,000 men, July 3, 323; at ditto, between the Goths and Romans, under the emperor Va⯑lens, when the latter were beaten, and Valens killed, Aug. 9, 378.
  • —Halidon-hill, near Berwick, between the Engliſh, under Edward III. and the Scots under Douglas the []regent, when the latter were defeated with the loſs of near 30,000 men, whereas the Engliſh loſt only one knight, one eſquire, and thirteen private men, July 19, 1333.
  • Battle, near Hambildon, 1. 02.
  • —Harlaw, in Scotland, 1410.
  • —Haſtings, between the Normans, under William the Conqueror, and the Engliſh under Harold, when Harold was ſlain, and the kingdom of Eng⯑land became the reward of the conqueror, Oct. 14, 1066. William had three horſes killed under him, and loſt near 15,000 men; the Engliſh loſt more.
  • —Herrings, when the French were defeated, Feb. 12, 1429.
  • —Hexham, between the houſes of York and Lan⯑caſter, when the latter were defeated, May 13, 1464.
  • —Hockſtet, when the duke of Bavaria was defeated, Sept. 20, 1703.
  • —Homeldon, on the borders of England, between the Scots, under Douglas, and the Engliſh under the Percys, when the former were totally rout⯑ed, 1402.
  • —Hopton-heath, near Stafford, between the royaliſts and parliament, when the latter conquered, March 19, 1643.
  • —Horncaſtle, between the parliament forces and roy⯑aliſts, when the former were victorious, 1643.
  • —Immae, near Antioch, between Elagabalus and the emperor Macrinus, when the latter conquered, and became emperor, June 7, 218.
  • —Iſlip-bridge, near Oxford, where Cromwell defeat⯑ed the royaliſts, April 24, 1645.
  • —Jarnac, in France, where the duke of Anjou defeat⯑ed the Calviniſts, March 13, 1569.
  • —Killicranky, Scotland, when king James's adherents were defeated, May 26, 1689.
  • —Kilruſh, in Ireland, 1642.
  • —Knocknoneſs, in Ireland, Nov. 1647.
  • —Knocktow, Ireland, 1491.
  • —Laffield, between the confederate army, under the [27]duke of Cumberland, and the French, under marſhal Saxe, when the latter conquered; the French loſt 10,000, the confederates only 6000, July 20, 1747.
  • Battle of Landen, where William was defeated by the French, with great ſlaughter, July 19, 1693.
  • —Langſide, Scotland, between Mary queen of Scots and the regent, when the latter was victorious, and Mary's fate determined, May 13, 1568.
  • —Lanſdown, between the parliament forces and the royaliſts, the latter beaten, July 5, 1643.
  • —Largs, in Scotland, the Norwegians finally defeat⯑ed, 1263.
  • —Leipſic, when the king of Sweden defeated the Im⯑perialiſts under Count Tilly, who loſt 9000 men, the Swedes only 3500, 1631.
  • —Lens, Flanders, between the French under Condé, and the Spaniards, when the latter were routed, with the loſs of 3000 killed, and 6000 priſon⯑ers, Aug. 20, 1648.
  • —Lewes, between the barons under the earl of Lei⯑ceſter, and the royaliſts under the king, when the former were victorious, and the king was taken priſoner, May 14, 1264.
  • —Lincoln, in which Stephen was taken priſoner, Feb. 2, 1141; again, when the Dauphin of France, who was invited to the crown by the barons, was defeated by the royaliſts, May 19, 1217.
  • —Liorens, between the Spaniards and French, in which the former ſuſtained a conſiderable loſs, 1645.
  • —Liſcarrol, in Ireland, 1642.
  • —Long Iſland, America, between the king's forces and the rebels, when the former were victorious, at the expence of 55 killed, and 245 wounded; the rebels had 2200 killed and wounded, and 1100 taken priſoners, Auguſt 27, 1776.
  • —Lutzen, in which Guſtavus, king of Sweden, was killed, and when the Swedes beat the Imperialiſts, who loſt 10,000 men, Nov. 6, 1633.
  • —Luzara, in Italy, between the Imperialiſts and the French and Spaniards, Auguſt 15, 1702.
  • —Lyons, between the emperor Severus, and Niger [28]and Albinus, when the two latter were ſlain, and Severus placed on the throne, 193; 150,000 Ro⯑mans were engaged in this battle.
  • Battle of Maidſtone, where the rovaliſts were defeated by the parliament's forces, May 31, 1648.
  • —Malplaquet, between the allied army, under the duke of Marlborough, and the French, under Bouſſlers, when the former were victorious, but at the loſs of 20,000 men, Sept. 11, 1709.
  • —Margentheim, between the duke of Bavaria and Mareſchal Turenne, 1645.
  • —Marignan, between the French under Francis I. and the Swifs, when the latter were beaten, with the loſs of 10,000 men, 1313.
  • —Marſton-moor, between the parliament's forces, under Cromwell, and the royaliſts, under prince Rupert, when the former were victorious, July 2, 1644.
  • —Minden, between the allies, under prince Ferdinand, and the French, under Contades, when the latter were defeated, with the loſs of 7000 men; the allies loſt only 2000, Auguſt 1, 1759.
  • —Mohatz in Hungary, when 300,000 Turks defeated the Hungarians, killed their king, and deſtroyed 20,000 men, Auguſt 29, 1326.
  • —Moncontour, in France, Oct. 3, 1569.
  • —Mortimer's-croſs, between the Yorkiſts, under Ed⯑ward duke of York, and the Lancaſtrians, under the earl of Pembroke, when the latter were de⯑feated, with the loſs of near 4000 men, 1461.
  • —Muldorf, in Bavaria, between the two rival empe⯑rors of Germany, Lewis V. and Frederic III. when Frederic was defeated and taken priſoner; 80,000 horſe, and a proportionable number of foot, fell on both ſides, Sept. 25, 1322.
  • —Mulhauſen, between the Imperialiſts, under Charles V. and the Proteſtants, under the Elector of Saxo⯑ny, when the latter was beaten, taken priſoner, and loſt 1200 men, the Imperialiſts only 50, 1547.
  • —Murſa, in Hungary, between Conſtantius and Max⯑entius, when the former was beaten, with the loſs of 24,000 men; Conſtantius loſt 30,000, Sept. 28, 351.
  • —Muſſeborough, Near, between the Engliſh and [29]Scots, when the latter were defeated, with the loſs of 13,000 ſlain; the Engliſh loſt only 60, Dec. 10, 1547.
  • Battle of Narva, by Charles XII. of Sweden, over the Muſcovites, Dec. 11, 1700.
  • —Naſeby, when Charles I. was defeated by the par⯑liament's forces under general Fairfax, and loſt all his papers, artillery, arms, and 5000 men, June 14, 1645.
  • —Newark, when the royaliſts conquered the parlia⯑ment, and ſeized 3000 arms, March 22, 1644.
  • —Newbury, between the parliament's forces and the royaliſts, Sept 20, 1643. The former conquered.
  • —Newbury, between the parliament's forces and the royaliſts, when the latter were worſted, Oct. 27, 1644.
  • —Newcaſtle, where Charles I.'s army was defeated by the Scots, 1640.
  • —Newport, when the Engliſh and Dutch defeated the Spaniards, and flew 9000 men, 1600.
  • —Newtown Butlers, in Ireland, 1689.
  • —Nicopolis, between the Tor [...] and the Germans with theſe, [...], with the loſs of 30,000 men; the Turks loſt 60,000, 1420.
  • —Niſbet, when 10,000 Scots were ſlain, 1402.
  • —Normandy, when the Engliſh were defeated, and loſt 1500 men, April 1430.
  • —Northampton, between York and Lancaſter, when the king was defeated by the duke of York, and made priſoner, with the loſs of 10,000 men, July 19, 1460.
  • —Otterburn, between the Engliſh, under Hotſpur, and the Scots, under the earl of Douglas, when ſlain, the former was taken priſoner, and the latter July 31, 1388. This battle was called Chevy-chace.
  • —Oudenard, between the allies, under the duke of marlborough, and the French, under the duke of Burgundy, when the latter were routed, with the loſs of 12,000 men, the allies loſt only about [...]000, June 30, 1708.
  • —Ourigues, Spain, when five Saracen princes were de⯑feated by Alphonſus I. earl of Portugal, who took [30]Liſbon, and was proclaimed the firſt king of Portu⯑gal, 1139. Thence the preſent arms of Portugal, viz. five moors heads.
  • Battle of Parma, between France and Germany, when the Imperial commander Merci was killed, with 10,000 men, June 29, 1734.
  • —Patay, under Joan of Arc, when the Engliſh were defeated, April, 1429.
  • —Pavia in Italy, between the Imperialiſts, and the French under Francis I. when the French were beaten (10,000 men killed on both ſides), and Francis taken priſoner, Feb. 24, 1525.
  • —Penalva, in Spain, between the Spaniards and allies, 1710.
  • —Pentland-hill, Scotland, where 500 preſbyterians were ſlain, Nov. 27, 1666.
  • —Perth, between the royaliſts under the earl of Mon⯑troſe, and the Covenanters, under lord Elcho, when the former obtained a complete victory, 1645.
  • —Peterwarden, between the Hungarians and the Turks, when the Turks were defeated, Auguſt 5, 1714.
  • —Philips-Norton, between the king's troops, who were defeated, and the duke of Monmouth, June 21, 1685.
  • —Pinkey, near Edinburgh, between England, under the protector, and the Scots, when the latter were defeated, with the loſs of 10,000 men, the Engliſh loſt only 200, Sept 10, 1547.
  • —Plains of Abraham at Quebec, when it was taken by Wolfe, Sept. 13, 1759.
  • —Poictiers, between the Engliſh, under the prince of Wales, with 8000 men, and the French, under king John, with 80,000, when the latter were routed, and the king taken priſoner, Sept. 19, 1356. The French loſt 6000 men, the Engliſh ſcarce any.
  • —Pontorſon, when the Engliſh defeated the French, 1427.
  • —Prague, when the Elector Palatine was defeated, and obliged to fly to Holland for ſhelter, 1620.
  • —Preſton, between the parliament's forces and the royal⯑iſts, when the latter were routed, Aug. 17, 1648.
  • [31]Battle of Preſton-pans, between the royaliſts under Sir John Cope, and the rebels, under the Pretend⯑er, when the latter were victorious, Sept. 21, 1745.
  • —Pultawa, when Charles XII. was totally defeated by the Czar, June 27, 1709.
  • —Quebec, Near, April 28, 1760.
  • —Quintin, St. when the duke of Savoy, governor of the Low Countries, defeated France, under Montmorency, Auguſt 10, 1557.
  • —Raab, in Hungary, where the French defeated the Turks, 1664.
  • —Ramilies, between the allies under the duke of Marlborough, and the French, when the latter were defeated, with the loſs of 14,000 men; the allies loſt only 3000, Whitſunday, 1706.
  • —Rathmines, in Ireland, 1649.
  • —Roſbach, November 5, 1757.
  • —Roſbach, between the French, under Charles V. and the rebellious Flemings, under Barnevelle, when the Flemings were quelled, with the loſs of 40,000 men; the French did not loſe 50, 1382.
  • —Roſs, in Ireland, March, 1643.
  • —Round-away-down, between the parliament and the royaliſts, July 13, and Sept. 8, 1643. The roy⯑aliſts conquered.
  • —Routon-heath, where Charles I. was defeated, Sept. 26, 1645.
  • —Salcado, between the Caſtilians and Moors, when 45,000 of the latter were ſlain, and only 20 Caſti⯑lians, 1340.
  • —Saragoſſa, between the allies and the Spaniards, when king Philip was defeated, Aug. 20, 1710.
  • —Sedan, in France, where the earl of Soiſſons de⯑feated the French army under Marſhal Chatillon, but was ſlain, June, 1641.
  • —Sedgemoor, when the duke of Monmouth was to⯑tally defeated by the king's troops, July 6, 1685.
  • —Selby, when the royaliſts met with a great defeat from the parliament's forces, April 11, 1644.
  • —Sfravenſtat, when the Poles totally defeated the Ruſſians, Feb. 12, 1706.
  • —Shatton, Cornwall, between the royaliſts and par⯑liament, [23]when the latter were defeated, May 16, 16 3.
  • Battle of Shrewſbury, when the nobles were defeated, and young Hotſpur ſlain, July 21, 1403.
  • —Solway Mo [...]s, where the Scots were defeated, Nov. 24, 1542.
  • —Spurs, or Guinegate, between the Engliſh, under Henry VIII. and the French, when the latter were beaten, Auguſt 16, 1513. The Gens-d'armes of France having made more uſe of their ſpurs than their ſwords, it was called the battle of ſpurs.
  • —Stamford, when Harold defeated the Danes, 1066; again, between the ro [...]s and rebels, when the latter were defeated, with the loſs of 10,000 men, March, 1470.
  • —Standard, The, at Northallerton, Aug. 22, 1138.
  • —Steinkirk, where king William was defeated with great loſs, July 24, 1692.
  • —Stoke, near Newark, where Lambert Simnel, the impoſtor, was taken priſoner, and 4000 of his party ſlain, June 6, 1487.
  • —Straſburg, between the German Barbarians, and the Romans under Julian, when the former were beaten, with the loſs of 6000 men, Auguſt, 357.
  • —Tangier, between the Engliſh and Moors, which laſted 11 days, Nov. 1679.
  • —Taunton, between the royaliſts and parliamentary forces, when the former loſt 1900 priſoners, and 2000 horſes, June 10, 1645.
  • —Tewkſbury, when Henry's queen was defeated, his ſon taken priſoner, and 3000 men ſlain, by Ed⯑ward. The queen was ſent to the Tower, but after⯑wards ranſomed by her father, and the prince mur⯑dered in the preſence of Edward, May 4, 1471.
  • —Tirlemont, when Marlborough defeated the French, July 18, 1705.
  • —Torgau, November 3, 1760.
  • —Touton, between the Yorkiſts, under Edward IV. and the Lancaſtrians, under the duke of Somerſet, when the latter were defeated, Sunday, March 29, 1461; 36,776 fell on both ſides.
  • [33]Battle of Turin, where the French were totally defeat⯑ed by prince Eugene, Sept. 7, 1706.
  • —Tyber, Banks of the, between Conſtantine and Maxentius, when the latter was defeated, 312. See Conſtantine, Maxentius.
  • —Verneuil, between the French and Engliſh, when the latter conquered, with the loſs of 1600 men. The French loſt 4000, Aug. 27, 1424.
  • —Villa Vicioſa, when the allies defeated Philip of Spain, Dec. 12, 1710.
  • —Wakefield, between the Yorkiſts, under the duke of York, and the Lancaſtriàns, under queen Mar⯑garet, when the former were defeated with the loſs of the duke of York, and near 3000 men, Dec. 24, 1460. See Saliſbury.
  • —Wakefield, between the royaliſts and parliamentary forces, when 1500 men and 27 colours were taken, and the royaliſts defeated, May 21, 1643.
  • —Warburg, when prince Ferdinand defeated the French, 1760.
  • —Wigan, Lancaſhire, where the earl of Derby, for the king, was defeated by Lilburn, Aug. 25, 1651.
  • —Winnedale, between the allies, under Webb, and the French, when the latter were defeated, with the loſs of 6000 men; the allies loſt only 912, Sept. 28, 1708.
  • —Worceſter, between the royaliſts, under Charles II. and the parliamentary forces, under Cromwell, when the former were defeated, Sept. 3, 1651.
  • —Zeuta, Hungary, between the Germans, under prince Eugene, and the Turks, when the latter were beaten, with the loſs of the Grand Vizir, 27 Baſſas, and 20,000 men ſlain; the Germans did not loſe 2000, Sept. 11, 1697.
  • See Xantippus.
• Baſtwick, Dr. John, his ears cut off in the pillory, with Prynne and Burton, for a libel againſt the biſhops, 1637.
• Bavaria became an electorate, 1258; ſurrendered to the Imperialiſts Nov. 10, 1704.
• Bayonets firſt uſed by the French, 1693.
• Beards were never more worn in England than in the 10th century; after the conqueſt they grew out of [34]faſhion; in the reigns of Edward VI. and Mary, they were much in faſhion again. See Rem. Occur. anno 1521.
• Beaufort, Dukedom of, created 1682. (name Somerſet.)
• Beaulieu, Barony of, created 1762. (name Montagu.)
• Beaumaris, Angleſey, chartered by Edward I. caſtle built, 1295.
• Becket, Thomas, born 1117, made chancellor to Henry II. 1155; made archbiſhop of Canterbury, 1162; quarrelled with the king, 1163; impeached for contempt at court, 1164; retired to France that year; reconciled to the king, July 22, 1170; murdered in the church at Canterbury, Dec. 29, 1171; canonized by Alexander the Third, 1172; his bones enſhrined in gold ſet with jewels, 1220; afterwards taken up, burnt, and thrown into the air in Henry VIIIth's time.
• Bective, Iriſh earldom of, created 1766. (name Taylor.)
• Bedford, Dukedom of, created, 1694. (name Ruſ⯑ſel.)
• Bedford priory built, 1000; bridge built, 1224.
• Beechift priory, Derbyſhire, founded, 1183.
• Beeſton caſtle, Cheſhire, built between 1180 and 1232.
• Beer, none in England, till about 1524, though a drink called ale ſeems to have been ſold as early as 728; an exciſe on it firſt granted, 1644.
• Begging friars eſtabliſhed at Paris, 1587.
• Beguines, nuns, who may marry, their order eſta⯑bliſhed, 1208.
• Beheading noblemen firſt uſed in England, 1074.
• Belfaſt-bridge built, 1682.
• Belgae, The, were ſettled where Switzerland and Franche Comté are now ſituated. See England.
• Belgrade taken by the Turks, 1690; by the Impe⯑rialiſts, 1717.
• Behlaven, Scots barony of, created 1647. (name Hamilton.)
• Bellamont, Iriſh earldom of, created 1767. (name Coote.)
• Belleiſle taken from the French, June 7, 1761.
• Belles Lettres, or polite learning, revived in Europe by [35] Brunetto Latini, who founded the academy at Flo⯑rence for that purpoſe, 1272.
• Belliſle, Iriſh viſcount, Title of, created 1468. (name Gore.)
• Bellmen firſt appointed in London, 1556. They were to ring their bells at night, and cry, ‘Take care of your fire and candle, be charitable to the poor, and pray for the dead.’
• Bells invented by Paulinus, biſhop of Nola, in Cam⯑pania, about 400; firſt introduced into churches, as a defence againſt thunder and lightning, about 900; firſt hung up in England at Croyland abbey, Lincolnſhire, 945; uſed to be baptized in churches, 1030.
• Belmore of Caſtlecoole, Iriſh barony, created, 1780, (name Corry.)
• Belvedere, Iriſh earldom of, created 1756. (name Rochfort.)
• Bencoolen taken and ſettled, 1682.
• Benefices. See Patronage.
• Bennet-college, Cambridge, founded by Henry of Monmouth, duke of Lancaſter, 1351. (12 fellows.)
• Bergen-op-Zoom, taken by the French, Sept. 16, 1747.
• Berkeley, Earldom of, created 1679. (name Berkeley.)
• Berkeley of Stratton, Barony of, created 1658. (name Berkeley.)
• Berkeley caſtle, Glouceſterſhire, began to be built by Henry I. 1108; finiſhed by Henry II.
• Berkley, judge, arreſted on his ſeat in the court of King's Bench, and ſent to priſon for giving his opinion in favour of ſhip-money, Feb. 10, 1640; fined 10,000 l. 1643.
• Berkhamſted, Hertfordſhire, incorporated, 1618.
• Berlin, a carriage of that name, invented, 1509.
• Bermuda iſlands diſcovered, 1609; ſettled, 1612; al⯑moſt deſtroyed by a hurricane, Oct. 11, 1780
• Bernard-caſtle, Durham, built, 1270.
• Berners, Barony of, created 1455. (name Wilſon.)
• Berry Pomeroy caſtle, Devon, built, 1070.
• Berwick, Duke of, killed before Phillipſburg, June 12, 1734.
• [36]Berwick burnt, 1173; again, by John, 1216; taken from the Scots, and annexed to England, 1333; taken by the Scots, 1354; by the Engliſh, Jan. 13, 1356; by the Scots, 1378; by the Engliſh, 1378; by the Scots, 1384; by the Engliſh, 1385; ſur⯑rendered to Cromwell, Oct. 1648; ſecured by general Monk, Oct. 29, 1659. The bridge was built by queen Elizabeth.
• Beſsborough, Iriſh earldom of, created 1739. (name Ponſonby.)
• Bethlemites, their order eſtabliſhed, 1250.
• Beverley cathedral, Yorkſhire, built, 711; town char⯑tered by queen Elizabeth.
• Beverſton caſtle, Glouceſterſhire, built, 1076.
• Bewdley, in Worceſterſhire, chartered, 1707.
• Beyham abbey, Suſſex, of the Praemonſtratenſian order, built about 1200.
• Bible, hiſtory of, ceaſes 340 years before Chriſt; ſep⯑tuagint tranſlation made by 72 interpreters, 284; tranſlated into Saxon, by order of Athelſtan; tranſlated into French before 1356; the vulgate edition was the firſt printed, 1462; Engliſh tranſla⯑tion, ſaid to be made by Treviſe of Cornwall, in Richard II.'s time, firſt allowed, and permitted in every family, 1539; read in churches, 1549; not tranſlated into Welch till 1567; the preſent one finiſhed, Sept. 1611; no Iriſh tranſlation till 1685. See Vulgate, Theodotion.
• Bigamy, Statute againſt, paſſed, 5 Edward I. 1276.
• Bildewas abbey, in Shropſhire, built 1135.
• Bill of rights paſſed, 1 William and Mary, 1689.
• Billing, Little priory, Northamptonſhire, built 1076.
• Billingſgate, built 370 before Chriſt; was the old port of London, 979; made a free fiſh-market, 1699; great fire at, Jan. 13, 1715.
• Bills of exchange invented by the Jews, to remove their property from places where they were perſe⯑cuted, about 1160; act paſſed to prevent ſending money from England any other way, 4 Richard II. 1381; act paſſed for regulating the payment of them, 1698. See Paper Credit.
• Bindon abbey, Dorſetſhire, built, 1172.
• [37]Bingham priory, Norfolk, built, 1206.
• Birds neſts, deſtroying them forbidden, Deut. xxii. 6.
• Birkhedde priory, Cheſhire, founded about 1189.
• Birth of children taxed, 1695; of a duke, 30 l. a com⯑mon perſon, 2 s.
• Biſhops, tranſlations of them firſt inſtituted by Pope Anterus, 235.
• Were appointed by the people, 400.
• Made barons, 1072.
• Their precedency ſettled, 1075.
• Deprived of the privilege of ſitting as judges in ca⯑pital offences, 1388.
• The firſt that ſuffered death in England by the ſen⯑tence of the civil power, 1405.
• Six new ones inſtituted, 1530.
• Elected by the king's Congé d'Elire, 1535.
• Held their ſees during pleaſure, 1547.
• Form of conſecration ordained, 1549.
• Seven deprived for being married, 1554.
• Several burnt for not changing their religion, 1555.
• Fifteen conſecrated at Lambeth, 1559.
• Expelled Scotland, 1639.
• Twelve impeached, and committed for proteſting againſt any law paſſed in the Houſe of Lords, during the time the populace prevented their attending parliament, 1641.
• Their whole order aboliſhed by parliament, Oct. 9, 1646.
• Nine reſtored, and eight new ones conſecrated, Oct. 25, 1660.
• Regained their ſeats in the Houſe of Peers, Nov. 30, 1661.
• Seven committed to the Tower, for not ordering the king's declaration for liberty of conſcience to be read throughout their dioceſes, 1688; they were tried and acquitted.
• Six ſuſpended for not taking the oaths to king Wil⯑liam, 1689; deprived 1690.

• See Epiſcopacy.

• Biſhop's Aukland palace, Durham, rebuilt, 1665.
• Bithynia, a kingdom of Aſia, conquered by Croeſus king of Lydia, 560; by Alexander, 332; bequeath⯑ed to the Romans 40 before Chriſt. From its ruins [38]roſe the Othman Turks, who made Pruſa the ſeat of their empire, before they poſſeſſed. Conſtan⯑tinople, 1327.
• Black act paſſed, 1722.
• Blackfriars-bridge began, 1760; opened, Nov. 19, 1766; finiſhed, 1770; coſt 152, 840 l.
• Blackrent, Ireland, eſtabliſhed, 1412.
• Blackwell-hall purchaſed by the city of London, 1397; factors incorporated, 1516.
• Blandford burnt down, June 4, 1731. (300 houſes.)
• Blaney of Monaghan, Iriſh barony of, created 1621. (name Blaney.)
• Blankets firſt made in England, 1340.
• Blantyre, Scots barony of, created 1606. (name Stewart.)
• Blantyre priory, near the Clyde, Scotland, founded before 12 [...]6.
• Bliburgh priory, in Suffolk, founded about the time of Henry I.
• Bliſter piaſters firſt made of Canthrides, by Aretaeus, 60 before Chriſt.
• Blood, a diſbanded officer of the Protector, who had been attainted, meditating revenge on the duke of Ormond, lord lieutenant of Ireland, ſeized him at night in his coach, and tied him on a horſe, with a deſign to hang him at Tyburn, had not the duke's ſervants reſcued him, Dec. 6, 1670; attempted to ſteal the crown out of the Tower, May 9, 1671. This man, when taken, was not only pardoned, but was penſioned with 500 l. a year.
• Blood, circulation of, through the lungs, firſt made public by Michael Servetus, a French phyſician, 1553. Ciſalpinus publiſhed an account of the general circulation, of which he had ſome con⯑fuſed ideas, and improved it afterwards by experi⯑ments, 1569; but it was fully confirmed by Har⯑vey, 1628.
• Blue, Pruſſian, diſcovered at Berlin, 1704.
• Boadicea, queen of the Iceni, at the head of the Bri⯑tains, attacked the Romans, burnt London, maſſa⯑cred 70,000 of its inhabitants, but ſoon after being defeated by Suetonius, poiſoned herſelf, 59.
• [39]Boats, Flat-bottomed, uſed by William I. at the Iſle of Ely.
• Bodleian library Oxford, founded 1598, by Sir Tho⯑mas Bodley, who died 1612, aged 68.
• Boggewein's voyage performed, 1721.
• Boh, a fierce Gothic general, the ſon of Odin, the mention of whoſe name ſpread a panic among his enemies. Hence the uſe of the word to frighten children. See Woden.
• Bohemia, Chriſtianity introduced there by Methodius, a Greek prelate, 890; kingdom of, began 1086; order of Croſiers founded, 1234; Elizabeth, queen of, viſited England, May 17, 1661; died there the February following, and was buried at Weſtminſter. See Hungary.
• Boleyn. See Ann.
• Bolingbroke, viſcount, title of, created 1711. (name St. John.)
• Bolton priory, in Craven, Yorkſhire, founded, 1120.
• Bolton caſtle, in Yorkſhire, where Mary queen of Scots was confined in 1568, built 1297, after 18 years labour.
• Bolton, Dukedom of, created 1689. (name Powlet.)
• Bombay, given by the Portugueze to Charles the Second with Tangiers in Africa, and 300,000 l. as a portion with the Infanta in marriage, 1662. Granted to the India Company by William III. 1688. See Tangiers.
• Bombs, invented at Venlo, 1588; mortars ſome time after.
• Bones, art of ſoftening them by a digeſter, found out by Papin, 1688.
• Bonner, biſhop of London, born about 1512; de⯑prived and committed for denying the real preſence, May 30, 1549; enlarged and reſtored on the ac⯑ceſſion of queen Mary, 1553; employed in perſe⯑cuting the Proteſtants, 1555; ſlighted by queen Elizabeth, and deſpiſed by all men, 1558; died in the Marſhalſea, Sept. 5, 1569.
• Book-keeping, Italian, introduced here by Peele, 1569, from a ſyſtem of algebra publiſhed by Burgo at Venice.
• [40]Books, the firſt ſuppoſed to be written in Job's time; 30,300 burnt by order of Leo, 761; a very large eſtate given for one on Coſmography, by king Alfred; were ſold from 10 l. to 30 l. a-piece, about 1400: the firſt printed one was the vulgate edition of the bible, 1462; the ſecond was, Cicero de Officiis, 1466. To their ſcarcity, from the ſeventh to the eleventh century, was chiefly owing the univerſal ignorance during that period; for after the Saracens had conquered Egypt, in the ſeventh century, the communication with that country was broken off, and the papyrias no longer in uſe, ſo that recourſe was had to paper, and that being very dear, books became of great value. See Literature, Paper, De⯑dications, Gotham.
• Borough Engliſh, Cuſtom of, an ancient tenure (by which younger ſons inherit family eſtates) which ſtill ſubſiſts in Kent, and ſome other places; ſuppoſed to have been univerſal in England before the con⯑queſt, and to have originated from very early times, among the Tartars, when, elder ſons emigrating, the youngeſt (being leſs capable of providing for themſelves) remained with their fathers, and were taken care of by them.
• Borthwick, Scots barony of, created before 1430. (name Borthwick.)
• Boſton, barony of, created 1761. (name Irby.)
• Boſton, New England, ſeveral killed by the 29th regiment, March 5, 1770; cuſtom-houſe removed by parliament, June, 1774.
• Botany, the ſtudy of, revived at Thuringe, by Fucks, 1565.
• Bothal caſtle, Northumberland, ſtanding in Henry the Second's reign.
• Bothwell, Earl, ſuppoſed to have murdered lord Darnly, Mary, queen of Scot's huſband, 1567, but tried and acquitted; recommended by the nobility to queen Mary, as a fit huſband, April 24, fol⯑lowing; ſeized the queen near Edinburgh, and carried her to Dunbar the ſame month, where, it is ſaid, he raviſhed her; he, however, obtained a pardon, and a divorce from his wife; married [41]to Mary, May 15, following. Soon after he re⯑tired to the Orkneys, where he ſubſiſted ſome time by piracy; then fled to Denmark, where he was thrown into priſon, loſt his ſenſes, and died miſerably, 1596.
• Botolph's priory, Colcheſter, founded about 1109.
• Bottle conjuror impoſed on the credulous at the Hay⯑market playhouſe, March 1749.
• Boulogne, France, beſieged, and taken by Henry VIII. Sept 14, 1544; ſold to France for 400,000 crowns, March 24, 1550.
• Bounties, a new principle in commerce, firſt granted on the exportation of corn, 1688.
• Bourbon family ſettled on the throne of Spain, at the peace of Utrecht, 1713.
• Bourbon iſland, ſettled by the French from Madagaſ⯑car, 1672.
• Bourke of Mayo, Iriſh viſcount, title of, created 1627. (name Bourke.)
• Bow, The, is of ſuch antiquity, that it is alluded to in God's covenant with Noah.
• Bowes caſtle, Yorkſhire, built out of the ruins of a Roman fortreſs.
• Bows and arrows introduced by William I. 1066; were in uſe with ſtone cannon balls, ſo late as 1640. See Archery, Yew-trees.
• Boxgrave priory, Suſſex, founded in Henry the Firſt's time.
• Boyle of Marſton, Barony of, created 1711. (name Boyle.)
• Boyne, Iriſh viſcount, title of, created 1717. (name Hamilton.)
• Brackenthwaite, in Cumberland, great miſchief done there by a water-ſpout, Sept. 9, 1760.
• Bradenſtoke priory, Wilts, built, 1076.
• Bradſole abbey, in Kent, founded, 1191.
• Bramber caſtle, Suſſex, built, and the church ſtanding before the conqueſt.
• Branding, or burning in the hand, was done on the left thumb originally; but queen Elizabeth ordered it to be on the cheek. William III. afterwards or⯑dered [42]it on the thumb again, becauſe the criminal became more abandened by being more expoſed.
• Brandon, Iriſh earldom, title of, created 1758. (name Agar.)
• Brandon, Dukedom of, created 1711. (name Hamil⯑ton.)
• Brazen-noſe college, Oxford, founded by the biſhop of Lincoln, &c. 1511. (20 follows.)
• Brazil, diſcovered by Pinzon, a Portugueſe, 1500; ſettled by the Portugueſe, 1549; diamond mines diſcovered, 1770.
• Bread introduced from Egypt, where it was taught by Ceres (ſee Ceres); riſt aſlize of, made, 1251; firſt made of yeaſt by the Engliſh about 1650.
• Breadalbane, Scotch earldom of, created 1671. (name Campbell.)
• Brecknock caſtle built, 1089; priory built, 1100.
• Breeches introduced here inſtead of Trunk hoſe, 1654.
• Brehan law, or fines for murder, &c. aboliſhed in Ire⯑land, 1604.
• Bremen and Verden, veſted in George II. by the emperor, 1732.
• Breſt, Marine hoſpital of, burnt, when fifty galley ſlaves and many ſick periſhed, Dec. 1, 1776.
• Bretagne annexed to France by Charles VIIIth's mar⯑rying the heireſs of that duchy, 1491.
• Bribing parliaments firſt introduced here, 1554. The emperor ſent 400,000 l. for this purpoſe; lord chief juſtice Thorpe hanged for bribery under Ed⯑ward III. bribery at elections prohibited, 1 [...]96, 8 William III. See Shoreham.
• Bricks. See Building.
• Bridewell, the palace of king John; rebuilt, 1 [...]22.
• Bridge-town, Barbadoes, burnt, 1668; again, May 14, 1766.
• Bridgewater, Dukedom of, created 1720. (name Ege [...] ⯑ton.)
• Bridgewater caſtle and bridge, Somerſetſhire, built in king John's reign.
• Bridgnorth, Shropſhire, and its caſtle, built by queen Ethelfleda, in the Heptarchy.
• [43]Bridle and bit in uſe ſo early as the time of David. See pſalm vi. v. 10.
• Brigantes. See England.
• Brigentines, an order of nuns, eſtabliſhed, 1370.
• Brighthelmſtone, burnt by the French, 1514; block⯑houſe, founded by Henry VIII. about 1539.
• Brinburn priory, Northumberland, founded in Henry the Firſt's reign.
• Briſtol, Earldom of, created 1714. (name Hervey.)
• Briſtol, the ſuburbs of Redcliffe made part of it, 1247; city chartered by the 47 Edward III. and made a diſtinct county; biſhopric taken out of Saliſbury, founded, and the deanry erected, 1542; divided into 12 wards, 1581; the city attempted to be fired, 1777.
• Britain firſt diſcovered to be an iſland, about 90; wreſted from the Roman empire by Carauſius, 289; recovered by Conſtantius, 296; Cadwaladr was the laſt king of Britain; he died at Rome, 688. See England, Julius Caeſar, Lear.
• Britiſh herring-fiſhery inſtituted, 1750. See Herrings.
• Brittany annexed to the crown of France, 1150.
• Broad pieces called in and coined into guineas, 1732.
• Brodie caſtle, Arran iſle, Scotland, founded before 1306.
• Bromholme priory, Norfolk, built, 1113.
• Bromley college, Kent, founded by Warner, biſhop of Rocheſter; erected in Charles the Second's time.
• Broſely burning-well, Shropſhire, broke out, 1711.
• Brothels formerly allowed in London, under the re⯑galation of the biſhop of Winton, as neceſſary evils, 8 Henry H. 1162; they were ſituated on the bank ſide, Southwark; ſuppreſſed, 1545; to lerated in France, 1280; Pope Sixtus erected one at Rome, and the Roman proſtitutes paid him a weekly tax, which amounted to 20,000 ducats a year, 1471.
• Broughham caſtle, Weſtmoreland, built by the Nor⯑mans.
• Browniſts, or Independents; which ſee.
• Brownlow, of Belton, Barony of, created 1776. (Cuſt.)
• [44]Bruce landed in Ireland with an army, May 25, 1315; ſoon after crowned at Dundalk; ſlain, 1318.
• Brudenell of Deane, Barony of, created 1780. (name Bru [...]enell.)
• Brunſwick, Princeſs of, married, Jan. 16, 1764.
• Bryonne, An interview at, between the kings of France and Spain, when they determined to extir⯑pate the heretics, July, 1565.
• Buccleugh, Scots dukedom of, created 1673. (name Scot.)
• Buchan, Scots earldom of, created 1469. (name Erſkine.)
• Buckfaſtre abbey, Devon, built before the conqueſt.
• Buckingham caſtle built, 918.
• Buckingham, duke of, beheaded at Sarum, for taking arms againſt Richard III. Nov. 2, 1483.
• Buckingham, Edward duke of, beheaded for aſpiring to the crown, May 13, 1521.
• Buckingham, Duke of, impeached for extorting 10,000 l. from the Eaſt-India company, 1626; paid his addreſſes to the queen of France, 1627; killed at Portſmouth by one Felton, a diſappointed officer, who did it, as he declared, to rid his country of an enemy, Aug. 3, 1628, aged 35.
• Buckingham-houſe ſettled on the queen in the room of Somerſet-houſe, May 1775.
• Buckinghamſhire, Earldom of, created 1746. (name Hobart.)
• Buckland priory, Devon, built, 1266.
• Buckle. See Shoe.
• Buckler, round ſilver one taken out of the Rhone in France, 1665.
• Buda taken from the Hungarians by the Turks, who annexed Hungary to the Ottoman empire, about 1540; retaken from the Turks by the Imperialiſts, 1686.
• Buenos Ayres founded, 1535, by Pedro de Mendoza; rebuilt, 1580. See Rio de la Plata.
• Bugden palace, Hunts, built, 1480.
• Building with ſtone brought into England by Bennet, a monk, 670; with brick, firſt introduced by the Romans into their provinces; firſt in Eng⯑land, [45]about 886; introduced here generally by the earl of Arundel, 1600, London being then almoſt built with wood, and a very ugly city: the increaſe of buildings in London, and within a mile, pro⯑hibited, 1607. See Rem. Occur. anno 1580.
• Bulgarians defeated by Baſilius, emperor of the eaſt, who made 15,000 of them priſoners, and cauſed their eyes to be put out, except one man in a hun⯑dred, to whom he left one eye, to ſerve as leaders to the reſt, July 29, 1014.
• Bulkeley of Caſhel, Iriſh viſcount, title of, created 1643. (name Bulkeley.)
• Bull, the firſt, baited at Stamford, 1209.
• Bull-ſights in Spain ſucceeded the ancient tourna⯑ments, 1560. See Tilts.
• Bungay, Suffolk, totally burnt, March 1, 1689.
• Burdet, Thomas, beheaded at Tyburn, 1477, for angrily wiſhing the horns of a favourite buck, which Edward IV. had killed while hunting in Burdet's park, were in the belly of the perſon who adviſed the king to it.
• Burgh caſtle, Staffordſhire, built by the Romans.
• Burgundy, Duke of, murdered by the Dauphin, for which he was diſinherited the crown, 1419. See Orleans, Duke of, Rem. Occur. anno 1407, 1414.
• Burgundy, The dukedom of, erected, 890.
• Burial places firſt conſecrated by Pope Calixtus I. about 210; the firſt Chriſtian one in Britain, 596. See Church-yard.
• Burials taxed, 1695; 50 l. for a duke, for a common perſon, 4s.
• Burnham priory, Bucks, built, 1266.
• Burning. See Hereſy, Branding.
• Burning of the dead in practice ſo early as 1225 before Chriſt.
• Burrough chapel, Somerſet, ſtanding in Alfred's reign.
• Burton-abbey, Staffordſhire, founded 1004.
• Bury-caſtle, Suffolk, built by Canute.
• Burying in woollen enacted, 1678.
• Bute, Scots earldom of, created 1703. (name Stewart.)
• Butley priory, Suffolk, built, 1171.
• Byland-abbey, Yorkſhire, built, 1134.
• [46]Byron of Rochdale, barony of, created 1643. (name Byron.)
• Byron, commodore, ſailed from the Downs to go round the world, June 21, 1764; returned, May 9, 1766.
• Byſham monaſtery, Berks, built, 1338.
• Byzantium founded by Byzas. See Conſtantinople.

• CABAL, a name given to the cabinet council, from the initials of their names, 1670.
• Cabinet councils firſt conſtituted, April 25, 1670. See Cabal.
• Cade, Jack, the head of a rebellious party, killed by Alexander Iden, ſheriff of Kent, 1451.
• Cadiz, formerly Gade [...], built by the Phoenician [...] 1000 before Chriſt; taken by lord Howard and the earl of Eſſex, 1596; the new bridge, during the time it was conſecrating, fell, and 200 perſons were killed, Feb. 1779.
• Cadogan of Oakley, Barony of, created 1718. ( [...] Cadogan.)
• Caerlaveroc caſtle, Scotland, rebuilt, 1638.
• Caernarvon caſtle began erecting about 1283.
• Cahier, Iriſh barony of, created 1583. (name Butler)
• Cainites, diſciples of Valentin, appeared, 189; a ſect that held Cain, Cora, the people of Sodom, and the traitor Judas, to be among the number of the bleſſed.
• Caithneſs, Scots earldom of, created 1556. (name Sinclair.)
• Calais beſieged, and taken by Edward III. Auguſt 4, 1347; ceded by treaty to England, May 8, 1360; taken by the French, Dec. 1557.
• Calcutta, In the black hole at, 123 perſons periſhed, out of 146 who were confined in that dungeon, by order of the nabob. They were ſuffocated. May 19, 1755.
• Calder priory, Cumberland, built, 1134.
• [47] [...], 1699.
• [...]. See Style.
• [...], among the Romans, ſtanding alone, was the [...] day of every month, but if pridie, i. e. the day before, be added to it, it means the laſt day of the foregoing morth. Thus pridie Calend. Septemb. is Auguſt 31. If any number be placed with it, it means that day in the former month, which arrives, ſo many days as that number ſpecifies, before the month named; thus the tenth calends of October is the 20th day of September; for, reckoning back⯑wards from October, September 20 makes the 10th day before October. In March, May, July, and October, the Calends begin at the 16th day, but in other months at the 14th, which Calends bear the name of the following month, being numbered backward from the 1ſt day of the ſaid following months. See Ideas, Nones.
• California diſcovered by Cortez, and taken poſſeſſion of by Sir Francis Drake, 1578.
• Califs, Empire of the, who were eaſtern ſovereigns, loſt in that of the Turks.
• Callico firſt imported by the Eaſt India Company, 1631; none printed here till 1676.
• Calſhot caſtle, Hampſhire, built by Henry VIII.
• Cambray, Famous league of, when almoſt all Europe took arms againſt the republic of Venice, 1 [...]08.
• Cambricks and lawns eſteemed a great luxury in dreſs, 1580.
• Cambridge, once a city called Granta, built by Ca⯑rauſius; univerſity chartered, 531; founded, 915; the town burnt by the Danes, 1010; its caſtle built, 1067; chancellor's court eſtabliſhed by queen Elizabeth; refuſed a degree to a papiſt, recommend⯑ed by the king, Feb. 1687.
• Camden, Barony of, created 1765. (name Pratt.)
• Camelford, Cornwall, chartered by queen Mary.
• Camera Obſcura, Effect of the, firſt obſerved by Baptiſt Porta, a Neapolitan, who died 1515.
• Cameron, Dr. Archibald, hanged for taking part in the rebellion of 1745, 1753.
• [48]Campania. See Naples.
• Campden, Gloceſterſhire, incorporated by James I.
• Campeachy-bay ſettled by the Engliſh logwood cut⯑ters, 1662.
• Campus Maii, or Martii, was a confederate aſſembly of the people, in the reign of Edward the Confeſſor, every May day, to defend the country againſt all enemies. This cuſtom was derived from the an⯑cient Gauls.
• Canada diſcovered, 1499; ſettled by the French, 1534; Quebec built by Sam. Champlain, 1608; conquered by the Engliſh, 1759; and ceded to them, 1763. See America.
• Canary iſlands diſcovered by a Norman, 1405; con⯑quered by the Spaniards, 1491.
• Candia, the ancient Crete, once ſubject to Greece, ſold to the Venetians, 1194, who held it till taken by the Turks, after 22 years ſiege, 1669.
• Candlelight firſt introduced into churches, 274, from a cuſtom of the firſt Chriſtians aſſembling, during the times of perſecution, at nights, in dark and ob⯑ſcure places.
• Candles of tallow, ſo great a luxury, that ſplinters of wood were burnt, 1298.
• Canicular year, The Egyptian, began, which con⯑ſiſted of 1460 years, and took its riſe from Sirius, the dog ſtar, riſing with the ſun at Heliopolis, July 20, four o'clock, 1325 before Chriſt.
• Canning, Elizabeth, amuſed the town, 1753. See Impoſtors.
• Cannon. See Guns.
• Canon law, which had its origin from the Roman canon law, in the time of Conſtantine the Great, firſt introduced into England, 1147; methodized by Gratian, an Italian monk, about 1151; pope Gregory's decretals publiſhed about 1230; the Cle⯑mentine conſtitutions authenticated, 1317; the preſent canons promulgated, 1635.
• Canonization, that of St. Uldariens, the firſt made by papal authority, 993.
• Canterbury made a biſhopric, 598; St. Auguſtine's [49]abbey built, 605; archdeaconry erected, 798; go⯑verned by a praefect, 780; a portreve, 956; pro⯑voſt, 1011; by two bailiffs, in Henry the Third's reign; by a mayor, 1448; city built, 912 before Chriſt; the cathedral burnt by the Danes, 1011; rebuilt and finiſhed, 1038; caſtle built about 1066; cathedral burnt again by accident, 1067; rebuilt, 1080; burnt again, Sept. 5, 1174; rebuilt, after ten years labour, 1184; archbiſhop's great hall, built about 1210; weſt gate of the city built about 1387; biſhopric made ſuperior to York, 1073; deanry erected, 1542. See Auguſtine.
• Canute, ſon and ſucceſſor of Swenon, king of Den⯑mark, and the firſt Daniſh king in England, in⯑vaded this country, 1015; fought ſeveral battles with Edmund II. and was choſen king by the clergy at Southampton, 1016; on the death of Edmund, he took the crown, 1017; made an alliance with Normandy, and married Emma, Ethelred's widow, 1018; made a voyage to Denmark, attacked Nor⯑way, and took poſſeſſion of that crown, 1028; made Malcolm, king of Scots, do homage to him for Cumberland, 1031; died at Shafteſbury, 1036; was buried at Winton, left three ſons, and was ſucceeded by his ſecond ſon Harold; his eldeſt ſon ſucceeded to the crown of Sweden and Norway, and his youngeſt, Hardicanute, to that of Den⯑mark.
• Cape Breton ſettled by the Engliſh, 1591.
• Cape de Verd iſles firſt ſeen by the Portugueze, 1449; taken by the Engliſh, 1661.
• Capua. See Naples.
• Capuchins, Order of, erected, 1528.
• Carbery, Iriſh barony of, created 1715. (name Evans.)
• Cardiff, Barony of, created 1776. (name Stuart.)
• Cardigan caſtle built, 1160.
• Cardinals were originally the pariſh prieſts at Rome; title began to be uſed, 308; college of, founded by pope Paſchal I. 817; did not elect the popes till 1160; wore the red hat (to re⯑mind them, that they ought to ſhed their blood, [...] required, for religion), and were declared princes of [50]the church, 1222; the cardinals ſet fire to the con⯑clave, and ſeparated, and a vacancy in the papal chair for two years, 1314; Cardinal Caraffa was hanged, by order of Plus IV. 1560; as was Cardinal Poli, under Leo X.; title of Eminence firſt given them by pope Urban VIII. about 1644. See Conclave.
• Cards. See Piquet.
• Carew caſtle, Pembrokeſhire, belonged to the princes of South Wales.
• Carew, Sir Alexander, beheaded on Tower-hill, for plotting to ſurrender Plymouth to the king, Dec. 23, 1645.
• Carhampton of Caſtlehaven, Iriſh viſcount, created 1780. (name Luttrell.)
• Caribbee iſlands diſcovered, 1595.
• Carillon, firſt made at Aloſte in Flanders, 1487.
• Cariſbrook-caſtle, founded about 532, rebuilt about 1610.
• Carliſle caſtle founded, 1092, by William II. who rebuilt the city; biſhopric founded out of York and Durham, and archdeaconry erected, 1133; priory founded, and cathedral built, by Henry I.; deanry founded, 1542.
• Carliſle, Earldom of, created 1661. (name Howard.)
• Carlow, Iriſh viſcount, Title of, created 1776. (name Dawſon.)
• Carmarthen chartered by James I.
• Carmelites pretend to great antiquity; their order confirmed, 1226.
• Carmelites bare-footed, their order began, 1540; confirmed, 1580.
• Carmes, The, eſtabliſhed in France, 1254.
• Carolina diſcovered by Ponce de Leon, a Spaniard, 1512; ſettled by the Engliſh from Virginia, 1622; claimed by Charles II. who granted a charter, 1664; ſurrendered to the crown, 1728. See Ame⯑rica, Charleſtown.
• Caroline, queen to George II. died of a mortifica⯑tion in her bowels, November 20, 1737, aged 54; Caroline, princeſs, her daughter, died, Decem⯑ber, 1757.
• [51]Carp firſt brought into England, by Leonard Maſcall, 1514.
• Carrick, Iriſh earldom of, created 1748. (name But⯑ler.)
• Carteret, Captain, ſet ſail with Wallis, to go round the world, July 26, 1766; returned, February 20, 1769.
• Carthage, founded by the Tyrians, 1259; built by queen Dido, about 869; deſtroyed 104 before Chriſt. See Tripoli.
• Carthagena, Spain, or New Carthage, built by Aſdrubal, the Carthaginian general, about 239 be⯑fore Chriſt.
• Carthaginian war with the Romans, ceaſed 160 before Chriſt. See Xantippus.
• Carthuſians, Order of, inſtituted by St. Bruno, 1086.
• Cartmel monaſtery, Lancaſhire, founded, 1188.
• Carving, in marble, invented 772 before Chriſt.
• Carysfort, Iriſh barony of, created 1752. (name Proby.)
• Caſhel. See Armagh.
• Caſſia. See Purgatives.
• Caſſilis, Scots earldom of, created 1509. (name Ken⯑nedy.)
• Caſtile, King of, murdered by his own brother, 1367, who ſeated himſelf on his throne; Henry IV. de⯑poſed, and his brother crowned, 1465.
• Caſtleacre monaſtery, Yorkſhire, founded, 1085.
• Caſtleacre priory, built, Norfolk, 1090.
• Caſtle-riſing caſtle, Norfolk, built, 1204.
• Caſtle R [...]hin, in the Iſle of Man, built about 960.
• Caſtles, 1100 built in England by the nobles, by the permiſſion of king Stephen, 1140, &c. to 1154.
• Caſtlehaven, Earl of, beheaded, for inviting people to commit rapes upon his wife, 1631.
• Caſtletown caſtle, Iſle of Man, built, 960.
• Catalans, a number of diſcharged ſoldiers ſettled in Greece and became a people, 1302.
• Cataline's conſpiracy to murder the conſuls, 66; killed 62 before Chriſt.
• Catalonia, Kingdom of, conquered by the Goths [52]under Ataulph, 414; by the Saracens, 714; taken from the Moors by Lewis, ſon of Charlemagne, 800; united to Spain, 1492. See Spain.
• Catechiſm, ſhort one, drawn up by Poynet, biſhop of Winton, and publiſhed, 1552.
• Cathcart, Scots barony of, created 1436. (name Cathcart.)
• Catherine, St. an order of nuns erected, 1373.
• Catherine, queen to Henry V. died early in 1437. See Tudor.
• Catherine, Henry the VIIIth's firſt wife, died at Kim⯑bolton, Jan. 1536, aged 60. See Arthur, Henry VIII.
• Catherine Howard, Henry the VIIIth's fourth wiſe, beheaded for adultery, with lady Rochford, her con⯑fidante, 1542.
• Catherine Par, Henry the VIIIth's fifth wife, died 1548.
• Catherine, Charles the IId's wife, died, Dec. 21, 1705.
• Catherine of Medicis, queen of Henry II. of France, born at Florence, 1519; married, 1533; died, 1589.
• Catherine-hall, Cambridge, founded by R. Wood⯑larke, 1475. (8 fellows.)
• Catherine-hill chapel, Surrey, built before 1230.
• Catherlough, Iriſh earldom of, created 1763. (name Knight.)
• Catholics, the Romiſh Chriſtians firſt ſo called, 38.
• Catholic king, The title of, firſt taken by Ferdinand of Arragon, 1492.
• Catiline conſpiracy, 62; war, 63 before Chriſt.
• Cauliflowers firſt planted in England, 1603.
• Cavan, Iriſh earldom of, created 1647. (name Lam⯑bart.)
• Ceaulin, ſucceeded his father, Kenric, as fifth king of Britain; crowned king of the Weſt Saxons, 560; abdicated his crown, and died in baniſhment, 592, leaving Ethelbert, king of Kent, his ſucceſſor in the monarchy.
• Celeſtines, an order of nuns, eſtabliſhed, 1274.
• [53]Cenſors firſt erected at Rome, 433 before Chriſt.
• Ceodwalla, king of the Weſt Saxons, ſubdued the kingdom of Suſſex, and annexed it to his domi⯑nions, 686.
• Ceolred, ſon of Ethelred, 12th king, ſucceeded his couſin, Kenred, as 14th king of Britain, 708; kill⯑ed in battle, 716; buried at Litchfield, left no child, and ſucceeded by Ethelbald.
• Cerdic, a Saxon chieftain, with his ſon Kenric, and a lange body of men, arrived in Britain, 495; de⯑feated and killed Nazanleod, a Britiſh prince, with 5000 men, 508; ſucceeded Ella as third king of Britain, 514; beſieged Bath, 520; crowned king of the Weſt Saxons at Winton, where he re [...]ed, 531; di [...]d 534, and was ſucceeded in Weſſex and the monarchy, by his eldeſt ſon, Kenric.
• Ceremonies in religious worſhip ſaid to be inſtitute [...], firſt by Enos, ſon of Seth, who died 2864 before Chriſt, aged 905.
• Ceremonies, the maſter of, Office of, firſt appointed for the more ſolemn reception of ambaſſadors, 1603. Sir Luke Lewkenor was the firſt.
• Cerinthians, who denied Chriſt's divinity, began to dogmatize, 99.
• Ceſaria burlt, after twelve years labour, by Auguſt [...]s Caeſar, 7 before Chriſt.
• Ceylon diſcovered, 1506; taken by the Dutch from the Portugueze, 1656.
• Chain, The gold, worn round the necks of judges, a very ancient ornament; it was worn by the judges in Egypt many years before Chriſt, probably to re⯑mind criminals of their danger.
• Chain-ſhot, invented by admiral De Wit, 1666.
• Chalcedon, Afia, built by the Thracians, 676 before Chriſt.
• Chambre, John à, executed for ſtirring up the people to rebel, rather than pay a tax the parliament im⯑poſed, 1488.
• Champion of England, The office of, firſt introduced, at the coronation of Richard II. 1377. It has con⯑tinued in the Dymock family ever ſince.
• [54]Chancery, Court of, eſtabliſhed, 605; preſent one, by William I. The firſt perſon qualified for chan⯑cellor, by education, was Sir Thomas More, 1530, the office before being rather that of a ſecretary of ſtate than the preſident of a court of juſtice; firſt reference to a maſter in, owing to the ignorance of the chancellor, Sir Chriſtopher Hatton, about 1588.
• Chandos, Dakedom of, created 1719. (name Brydges.)
• Chanting adopted by the church of Rome, about 620; brought into England by Auſtin the monk.
• Chantries, 2374, ſuppreſſed in England, 1548.
• Charing-croſs, London, erected as it now ſtands, 1678.
• Chariots, The cuſtom of fighting in, we find in Exo⯑dus, 1500 before Chriſt.
• Charities. Charitable corporation office eſtabliſhed, 1708.
  • For delivering married women at home, inſtituted, 1757.
  • Diſpenſary for the relief of the infant poor, ditto, 1769.
  • General ditto, for the poor, 1770.
  • Medical Society, ditto, 1773.
  • Weſtminſter diſpenſary, ditto, June 6, 1774.
  • Miſericordia, ditto, 1774.
  • Diſpenſary for inoculation, ditto, 1775.
  • Maritime ſchool, ditto, 1777.
  • See Hoſpitals, Societies.
• Charity ſchools inſtituted to prevent the ſeduction of the infant poor to popiſh ſeminaries, March 25, 1688.
• Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, king of France, by ſucceſſion, 768; crowned king of Italy, 774; ſubdued Saxony, 785; was emperor of the weſt, by conqueſt, 800; died alſo, firſt emperor of Ger⯑many, 813, aged 70. His race ended in the death of Louis V. 987. This king ordered near 5000 of the heads of the Saxons to be ſtruck off, on their ſub⯑miſſion to him, in revenge for having loſt 10,000 men in a battle againſt them juſt before, 782.
• [55]Charlemount, Iriſh earldom of, created 1764. (name Caulfield.)
• Charles V. king of Spain, 1517; elected emperor of Germany, 1519; died in a monaſtery, 1558, aged 57. See Tunis.
• Charles I. ſecond ſon and ſucceſſor of James I. born 1600; arrived at Madrid to marry the Infanta, March 7, 1623; ſucceeded his father on the throne, March 27, 1625; married Henrietta, daughter of France, about the ſame time; crowned, Feb. 2, 1626; crowned at Edinburgh, Summer, 1633: went to Scotland, Auguſt, 1641; returned, No⯑vember 25, following; went to the Houſe of Com⯑mons, and there demanded a ſurrender of five of their members (Hollis, Sir Arthur Hazlerig, Hamden, Pym, and Strode) whom he accuſed of high treaſon, for oppoſing him, 1642; appre⯑henſive of danger from the enraged multitude, he retired to York immediately after; raiſed his ſtandard firſt at Nottingham, Auguſt 25, follow⯑ing, and waged war with his parliament; quitted his broken army at Oxford, travelled in diſguiſe of a ſervant, and put himſelf into the hands of the Scotch at Newark, May 5, 1646, who confined him, and ſold him to the parliament for 400,000 l. Auguſt 8, following; the parliament kept him in cuſtody at Holmſby, from whence he was carried off by force, to the independent army at New⯑market, by one Joyce, a cornet, June 3, 1647; brought to Hampton Court ſoon after, from whence he eſcaped, and fled to the Iſle of Wight, No⯑vember following, where he was made a cloſe pri⯑ſoner in Cariſbrook caſtle, July 29, 1648; ſoon after he was ſet at liberty at Newport; ſeized again, and confined in Hurſt caſtle, December 1, follow⯑ing; removed to Windſor, December 23; to St. James's houſe, January 19, 1649; tried the next day; condemned the 27th; beheaded at White⯑hall the 30th, aged 48, and buried in St. George's chapel, Windſor. An interregnum followed this reign, till the reſtoration of Charles II. 1660. See Cromwell, Oliver.
• [56]Charles II. ſon of Charles I. born, May 29, 1630; made a general, 1645; retired to Paris, 1646; eſcaped from St. James's, April 23, 1648; on his father's death, took the title of King at the Hague; proclaimed king by the Scots, 1649; treat⯑ed with the Scots commiſſioners at Breda, March 1650; ſailed for Scotland, June 23, following; crowned at Scone, January 1, 1651; entered England with 18,000 men, Auguſt 6; gave Cromwell battle at Worceſter, and was defeated, September 3; eſcaped in a peaſant's habit, travel⯑led about in diſguiſe, took ſhip at Shoreham, and arrived in Normandy, October 22, following; had a penſion of 6000 livres a month ſettled on him by the king of Spain, 1657; applied to the Engliſh Parliament, April 14, 1060, who agreed with his terms, and reſtored him; he was proclaimed king, May 8; arrived at Dover the 26th; and at White⯑hall on his birth day, the 29th, 1660; ten of the Regicides were hanged, October 10, following; crowned, April 23, 1661; married Catherine, In⯑fanta of Portugal, May 21, 1662; got Sir John Coventry maimed, which gave riſe to the Coven⯑try act, January, 1671; ſhut up the Exchequer for want of money the ſame year; received from France a penſion of 100,000 l. a year, 1674; ac⯑cepted the city freedom, December 18, 1674; took away the charter of the city, 1683; died, Feb. 6, 1685, aged 54, of an apoplexy, and was ſucceeded by his brother, James. See Theiſts.
• Charles-town, Boſton, burnt by the royaliſts, June 17, 1775.
• Charles-town, South Carolina, taken, May 12, 1780.
• Charter-houſe built, 1371; founded by Thomas Sut⯑ton, eſq. 1611.
• Charters to incorporate towns introduced into Italy about 1100. This practice became ſoon after gene⯑ral throughout Europe.
• Chaſtity, a remarkable inſtance of it. The abbeſs of Coldingham cut off her noſe and lip, and [57]prevailed on the nuns to follow her example, 886.
• Chatham, Earldom of, created 1766. (name Pitt.)
• Chatham dock begun by queen Elizabeth; cheſt eſtabliſhed, for the relief of wounded and decayed ſeamen, 1588.
• Cheapſide croſs demoliſhed, May 2, 1643.
• Chedworth, Ba [...]y of, created 1741. (name How.)
• Chelmsford made a market town by king John.
• Chelſea college founded by James I. for theological diſputations, 1609; but converted by Charles II. to its preſent purpoſe, and completed, 1690.
• Chelſea water-works incorporated, 1722.
• Cheltenham mineral ſpring diſcovered, 1740.
• Chemiſtry and diſtilling introduced into Europe by the Spaniſh Moors, 1150; they learnt it of the Afri⯑cans, and theſe of the Egyptians.
• Cherburg forts deſtroyed by the Engliſh, Auguſt 8, 1758.
• Cherokee chiefs, ſeven brought to England, 1730; three ditto, May, 1762; three more, 1766.
• Cherries, pears, and grapes, introduced into Eng⯑land, 1550.
• Chertſey abbey founded, 664.
• Cheſs, The game of, invented, 608 before Chriſt.
• Cheſter, once a Roman colony; cathedral founded, 660; St. John's church founded, 689; caſtle built, or repaired by William the Firſt's nephew; water tower built, 1322; earldom of, annexed to the crown, 1237; erected into a principality, 1398; biſhopric and deanry founded, 1541; annexed to the province of York, 1542; act paſſed to enable the city and county to ſend members to parliament, 1543; deprived of its privileges, Sept. 17, 1659; the cuſtom of the Dutton family riding in proceſſion, with the fidlers of the county at Cheſter fair, took its riſe in the reign of Richard I.
• Cheſterfield, Earldom of, created 1628. (name Stan⯑hope.)
• Chetwynd of Dearhaven, Iriſh viſcount, title of, created 1717. (name Chetwynd.)
• [58] Chiaro-obſcuro, Art of painting in, firſt uſed, 1500.
• Chicheſter built by Ciſſa; biſhopric, founded in the Iſle of Selſey, 681; removed to Chicheſter, 1071. cathedral built, and deanry, precentorſhip, chan⯑cellorſhip, and treaſurerſhip, erected, 1115; arch⯑deaconry erected, 1120; city burnt, 1186.
• Children, the cuſtom of the Chineſe expoſing them on the river Canton, is exactly in the ſame manner as Moſes was expoſed on the banks of the Nile, and is a cuſtom of great antiquity in Egypt; for⯑bidden to be ſold by Engliſh parents to the Iriſh, 1015.
• Chilham caſtle, Kent, the ſeat of king Lucius, 182.
• Chimnies were not known 1200; tax granted, 1662; 2 s. each, 1689.
• China, Dreſden, invented by Botticher, a German, 1702.
• China, Monarchy of, commenced, 2637 before Chriſt; but its hiſtory does not extend above the Greek Olympiads.
  • The firſt dynaſty, when prince Yu reigned, 2207 before Chriſt; before this time the Chineſe chro⯑nology is imperfect.
  • By ſome, Fohi is ſuppoſed to be the founder of the empire, and its firſt ſovereign, 2247 before Chriſt.
  • Literature there revived, and the art of printing in⯑vented, 206 before Chriſt.
  • The firſt hiſtory of China was publiſhed by Semat⯑ſian, 97 before Chriſt.
  • The country conquered by the Eaſtern Tartars, when the emperor and his family killed themſelves, 1644.
  • An attempt to eſtabliſh Chriſtianity there by the Jeſuits, 1692; the miſſionaries expelled, 1724.
  • See Children.
• Chios. See Scio.
• Chipping-Sudbury, Gloceſterſhire, chartered, 1681; disfranchiſed, 1688.
• Chippingham, Wiltſhire, chartered by queen Mary.
• Chiſbury fort, Wilts, built by Ciſſa, 547.
• Chivalry, A court of, held for a trial by combat, be⯑tween [59]Lord Rea and David Ramſay, 1623, though it did not end in an actual engagement: it was always after the lie direct given; another, 1631. See Knighthood, Combats, Tilts, Juſts, Con⯑ſtable.
• Chocolate firſt brought from Mexico, by the Spaniards, 1520.
• Cholmondeley, Earldom of, created 1706. (name Cholmondeley.)
• Choruſſes invented at Athens, 508 before Chriſt.
• Chriſt. See Jeſus.
• Chriſt-college, Cambridge, founded by Henry the VIIth's mother, 1505. (15 fellows.)
• Chriſt-church college, Oxford, founded by Henry the VIII. 1532. (101 fellows.)
• Chriſtian, Name of, firſt given to the diſciples of Chriſt at Antioch, 40.
• Chriſtianity carried into Spain, 36; ſuppoſed to be firſt eſtabliſhed in Britain, 60; by public authority, 181; began in France, 496; eſtabliſhed among the Ruſſians, 989.
• Chriſtmas eſtabliſhed about 68.
• Chriſtmas-day ordered to be converted into a faſt, 1644.
• Churches, Conſecration of, inſtituted, 153; ſcrip⯑ture texts firſt printed on the walls of, by order of Pope Leo I. 461; dedication of, introduced, 483; firſt Chriſtian one built at Babingley, Norfolk, 638; the Latin and Greek churches united about 1004; fifty new ones ordered by parliament, 1710.
• Church-muſic introduced into worſhip about 350; the choral ſervice firſt introduced into England, in the cathedral of Canterbury, before 677.
• Church-ſervice changed through England, from the uſe of St. Paul to that of Sarum, being compoſed by Oſmond, ſecond biſhop of Sarum, under William I. 1415; ordered to be performed in Engliſh, 1559.
• Churchwardens and overſeers firſt appointed, 1127.
• Church-yards firſt conſecrated, about 217. See Burial.
• [60]Ciciſbei, the appointment of one, firſt introduced at Genoa.
• Cimbri, The war with, 113 before Chriſt. At a battle between the Cimbri and Teutones, and the Romans; 80,000 of the latter, with their allies, were killed, and 7 [...],000 ſlaves, 107 before Chriſt.
• Cinque ports, The, veſted in barons, 1078, for the better ſecurity of the coaſt; firſt received their pri⯑vileges, 1216. They were originally five; Win⯑chelſea and Rye have ſince been added.
• Circuits, The ſix juſticiary, eſtabliſhed, 1176.
• Circumciſion inſtituted, 1897 before Chriſt, when Abraham was 99, and Iſhmael 13 years old; the feaſt of, firſt obſerved among Chriſtians under pope Felix III. 487.
• Circus, the great one at Rome, which contained 150,000 perſons, built 605 before Chriſt.
• Cirenceſter-abbey founded, 1117.
• Ciſſa, king of Suſſex, ſucceeded his father Ella, 514; died, 590.
• Ciſtercians, or Bernardines, The order of, took its riſe, 1075.
• Cities firſt incorporated, 1201.
• Clanbraſſil, Iriſh earldom of, created 1756. (name Hamilton)
• Cla [...]ricarde, Iriſh earldom of, created 1543. (name De Burgh.)
• Clanwilliam, Iriſh earldom, created 1766. (name Meade.)
• Clarehall, Cambridge, founded by R. Badew, 1326. (17 fellows.)
• Clarence, Duke of, regent of France, ſon to Henry IV. ſlain at the battle of Beaugé, April 3, 1421.
• Clarence, Duke of, brother to Edward IV. con⯑demned for arraigning public juſtice, and put to death privately, by being drowned, at his own deſire, in a butt of Malmſey in the Tower, 1478, aged 27.
• Clarenden, Earldom of, created 1776. (name Vil⯑liers.)
• Clarendon, The parliament of, in which Henry [61]II. checked the power of the pope and clergy, 1164.
• Clarendon printing-houſe, Oxford, founded 1711.
• Clares, an order of nuns, inſtituted, 1212.
• Claudius Caeſar, with an army, landed in Britain, Auguſt 43.
• Cleaveland, Archdeaconry of, erected about 1170.
• Clement's Inn, London, eſtabliſhed, 1478. See Inns of Court.
• Clerbury caſtle, Shropſhire, built by H. Mortimore, in Henry the [...]Id's time.
• Clergy, ſtiled Clerks, the judges originally being clergymen, and their clerks and inferior officers of the ſame order; compelled to a vow of celibacy by Gregory VII. about 1073; biſhop Newton ſays, in 105; abridged of their power by the ſtatutes of Clarendon, 1164; again, 1275; ordered to take up arms, under an apprehenſion of an invaſion from France, 1368. See Gown and Caſſock, Band, Laity, Freeholders, Rem. Occur. annis 1508, 1665.
• Clergy (which in old French ſignified Science), Benefit of, an inſtitution to exempt eccleſiaſtics from ſecu⯑lar puniſhment, took place 1351; firſt ſtatute that took it away, 4 Henry VII.; generally taken away, by the 23d Henry VIII.
• Clerkenwell monaſtery, St. John's, built, 1098; de⯑ſtroyed by fire, 1381.
• Clermont, Iriſh earldom, created 1777. (name For⯑teſcue.)
• Cleve-abbey, Somerſetſhire, founded, 1198.
• Clifden of Gowran, Iriſh viſcount, created 1780. (name Agar.)
• Clifton of Leighton, Barony of, created 1608. (name Bligh.)
• Clifford, Farony of, created 1299. (name Southwell.)
• Clifford of Chudleigh, barony of, created 1672. (name Clifford.)
• Clithero caſtle, Lancaſhire, built about 1178.
• Clive of Plaſſey, Iriſh barony of, created 1762. (name Clive.)
• [62]Cloak, The, a dreſs of great antiquity; was much in faſhion in James the Firſt's reign.
• Clocks, called water-clocks, firſt uſed in Rome, 158 before Chriſt; clocks and dials ſet up in churches, 613; clocks made to ſtrike by the Arabians, about 801, and by the Italians, about 1300; a ſtriking clock in Weſtminſter, 1288; but none in England that went tolerably, till that dated 1540, maker's name N. O. now at Hampton-court palace; clocks, with pendulums, &c. invented by one Fromantil, a Dutchman, about 1662; repeating clocks and watches invented by one Barlow, 1676. Till about 1631, neither clocks nor watches were very general. See Watches.
• Clonmore, Iriſh barony, created 1776. (name How⯑ard.)
• Cloth manufacture firſt eſtabliſhed by Edward I.; cloth, coarſe, firſt made at Kendal, 1390.
• Clover brought to England by Richard Weſton of Sutton-place, Guildford.
• Clun-caſtle, Salop, built, 1140.
• Clunokvaur-abbey, Caernarvonſhire, built, 1616.
• Coaches firſt uſed in England, 1155. In the hard winter, 1757, the nobility of France, as they could not ride on horſeback, were drawn about in caſks. An act paſſed to prevent men from riding in coaches, as effeminate, 43 Elizabeth, 1601; began to ply in the ſtreets of London, 1626; glaſs ones firſt brought from Bruſſels to Paris, 1660; act for licenſing hackney coaches, paſſed, 1693. See Wheels.
• Coalheavers hanged for rioting, July, 1768.
• Coal-mines diſcovered in the neighbourhood of New⯑caſtle, about 1300.
• Coalmeter's office, Weſtminſter, erected, 1746; ditto, in London, 1767.
• Coals firſt uſed in London in the reign of Edward I. when the ſmoke was ſuppoſed to corrupt the air ſo much, that he forbad the uſe of them by procla⯑mation, 1273; firſt brought from Newcaſtle to London, 1381; the conſumption in London was 600,000 chaldrons in 1773.
• [63]Coats. See Dreſs.
• Cocceius, John of Bremen, founder of the Cocceians, who held a viſible reign of Chriſt in this world, after a general converſion of Jews and Pagans to Chriſtianity; died 1699, aged 66.
• Cockermouth-caſtle, built in William the Iſt's reign.
• Cockerſand-abbey, Lancaſhire, built, 1200.
• Cock-fighting, inſtituted after a victory over the Per⯑ſians by the Romans, 476 before Chriſt; introduced at Athens, as a leſſon of valour to youth, but it was afterwards abuſed there, as at preſent.
• Cock-lane ghoſt, Affair of, 1762. See Impoſtors.
• Cocklepark Tower, Northumberland, ſtanding in Edward the Firſt's reign.
• Codex of Juſtinian, publiſhed 529.
• Coffee, introduced into Arabia Felix, 1454; became known at Conſtantinople, and coffee-houſes opened, 1554; brought to Marſeilles, 1644; the art of roaſting and making it introduced at London by a Greek ſervant, and the firſt coffee-houſe opened in George-yard, Lombard-ſtreet, 1652; a duty of 4 d. per gallon laid on all that was made and ſold, 1660; its culture firſt encouraged in the planta⯑tions, 1732. See coffee-houſes.
• Coffee-houſes, ordered to be ſhut up by proclamation, they being thought encouragers of ſedition, No⯑vember, 1775. See Coffee.
• Coif (the ſerjeant's) was originally an iron ſkull-cap, worn by knights under their helmets: Blackſtone ſays, it was introduced before 1259, to hide the tonſure of ſuch renegado clerks, as choſe to remain as advocates in the ſecular courts, notwithſtanding their prohibition by canon.
• Coin firſt uſed in Britain, 25 before Chriſt; of gold and ſilver, in Scotland, 211; the firſt ſterling coined, 1216. Before this time rents were paid in kind, and there was little trade; money was found only in the coffers of the barons. Milling the coin introduced, 1662; copper coin firſt made current here, 1672; a re-coinage of all the light gold, [64]and ordered to paſs by weight, 1773. See Gold, Guineas, Money.
• C [...]s firſt puniſhed, 1107.
• Coining, The die at preſent uſed for, invented by [...]er, 1617; received into England, 1620. See Coin.
• Co [...]cheſter, once a Roman colony, built 125 before Chriſt; caſtle built, 921; archdeaconry crected before 1132. See Baize.
• Cold Norton priory, Oxfordſhire, built, 1160.
• Coleman, ſecretary to the duke of York, executed, 1678.
• Col [...]raine, Iriſh barony of, created 1762. (name Hanger.)
• Collars of SS. the faſhion of wearing them intro⯑duced, 14 [...]7.
• College, Stephen, the Proteſtant joiner, hanged at Oxford, Aug. 18, 1681, charged with a deſign to ſeize and impriſon the king.
• College of Phyſicians, London, incorporated by Henry VIII; ditto, at Edinburgh, 1682.
• Coloſſus of Rhodes, thrown down by an earthquake, 224 before Chriſt; it weighed 713,000lb.
• Columba, St. the firſt on record that had the gift of ſecond ſight, left Ireland to preach the goſpel to the Picts, 565.
• Columbus, Chriſtopher, the navigator, made his firſt voyage, 1492; died, 1526.
• Colvile, Scots barony of, created 1609. (name Col⯑vile.)
• Combats, Judicial, firſt appointed by the Burgundi, in Gaul, about 500; though Livy deſcribes a duel in Spain to determine a diſpute between two bro⯑thers, in the time of Scipio (See Scipio); the firſt deciſion by, in England, 1096, being brought in by William I. It is law at preſent, but has been diſcontinued ſince 1638. See Chivalry, Duelling, Rem. Occur. annis 1202, 1446.
• Combe-abbey, Warwickſhire, built, 1150.
• Combermere-abbey, Cheſhire, built, 1134.
• Comedy, the firſt acted at Athens on a ſcaffold by [65]Suſarion and Dolon, 562 before Chriſt; thoſe of Terence, firſt acted, 154 before Chriſt; the firſt regular one performed in England, 1551.
• Comets appeared in 1104, 1107, 1110, 1256, 1315, 1337, 1371, 1401, 1577, 1618, 1647, 1652, 1661, 1664, 1665, 1666, 1667, two 1680, 1682, 1744, 1769, 1770. The firſt was diſcovered and de⯑ſcribed by Nicephorus; the true orbits of comets demonſtrated by Doetſel, 1680.
• Commandments, The, given to Moſes, 1494 before Chriſt.
• Commiſſioners of ſewers firſt appointed, and for Lyndſay, 1423.
• Commode, or lady's tower, a head-dreſs introduced, 1687.
• Common law, The origin of, generally eſteemed to ariſe from Alfred's body of laws now loſt. See Alfred.
• Common-pleas, Court of, eſtabliſhed by William I. ſettled in Weſtminſter-hall, 1215. See Courts of Juſtice.
• Common-prayer, publiſhed in Engliſh, with authority of parliament, 1548.
• Companies, the twelve, firſt formed in London, in Richard the Iſt's reign; Skinners incorporated, 1327; Gunſmiths, 1327; Mercers, 1393; Ha⯑berdaſhers, 1407; Grocers, 1429; Vintners, 1437; Drapers, 1439; Ironmongers 1464; Merchant⯑Taylors, 1460; Clothworkers, 148; Fiſhmon⯑gers, 1536; Salters, 15 [...]8.
• Compaſs, Seaman's, invented by Murphy, a Dutch⯑man, 1229; firſt exhibited it Venice, 1260; im⯑proved by Giora of Napres, 1302; its declination diſcovered by Hartman, 1538.
• Conceptioniſts, an order of [...]uns, eſtabliſhed, 1488.
• Concerts, public one, in London, took their riſe from a muſical club, at the houſe of one Britton, a ſmall ceal man in Clerkenwell. Handel and Pepuſch uſed to play there.
• Conclave, for the election of popes, eſtabliſhed at the council of Lyons, 1274.
• [66]Concordia, New Holland, diſcovered by the Dutch, 1618
• Concubines allowed to the clergy, 1206; denied Chriſtian burial, 1225.
• Conference at Hampton Court, between the epiſco⯑pals and diſſenters, to effect an union, Jan. 14, 1604; at the Savoy, between the biſhops and preſbyterian miniſters, March 25, 1661.
• Confirmation took place in the time of Tertullian.
• Confeſſion, Auricular, introduced, 1204.
• Congo, Kingdom of, diſcovered by Diego Cam, 1484.
• Congregationaliſts, the ſame as independents; which ſee.
• Conjunction of the ſun and moon, and all the planets in Libra, Sept. 1186; of Saturn and Jupiter, 1394.
• Conic ſections, The firſt idea of, given by Appollo⯑nius.
• Coningſburg caſtle, Yorkſhire, flouriſhed in 489.
• Connecticut colony eſtabliſhed by charter, 1662.
• Conſcience, Courts of; the firſt appointed was that in London, 1517.
• Conſecration of biſhops, the form ordained, 1549.
• Conſervators of public liberties choſen in England from the barons, to circumſcribe the king's power, 1215. Conſervators of the peace firſt appointed to determine treſpaſſes and felonies, 1344. This was the firſt inſtitution of Juſtices.
• Conſpiracies; of the Norman barons to ſhake off the royal authority of William I. 1074.
  • Of prince Robert, and others, againſt his father, William I. 1076.
  • Of the Norman barons againſt William II. 1086.
  • Of Mortimer, and others, againſt Henry II. 1155.
  • Againſt Thomas à Becket, in which Becket fell, 1170.
  • Of young Henry, and his brothers, againſt their father, Henry II. in order to obtain his crown, 1173.
  • [67]Of the barons againſt the miniſtry of Henry III. 1233.
  • Of the barons againſt Gaveſton, the king's favour⯑ite, whom they murdered, 1312.
  • Of the barons againſt the Spenſers, the king's fa⯑vourites, whom they got baniſhed, 1321.
  • Of the queen, and others, againſt Edward II. when the king fell a ſacrifice, 1325.
  • Of the queen, &c. againſt the earl of Kent, who fell, 1329.
  • Againſt the king of Caſtile, 1367.
  • Of the barons againſt the earl of Suffolk, 1386.
  • Of the duke of Gloceſter, &c. againſt the miniſters of Richard II. who were impeached and executed, 1388.
  • Of Gloceſter againſt Richard II. 1397.
  • Of the duke of Lancaſter againſt Richard II. whom he depoſed, 1399.
  • Of the earl of Northumberland againſt Henry IV. in which Northumberland fell, 1403.
  • In France againſt the duke of Burgundy, 1415.
  • Of the duke of York againſt Henry VI. 1452.
  • Of the earl of Warwick againſt Edward IV. when Warwick fell, 1466.
  • Of the queen, &c. againſt the duke of Clarence, who fell, 1477.
  • Of the duke of Gloceſter againſt Edward V. and his brother, who were murdered, 1483.
  • Againſt Richard III. 1483.
  • Of the earl of Richmond againſt Richard III. 1485.
  • Of Simnel againſt Henry VII. 1487.
  • In favour of Warbeck againſt Henry VII. 1493.
  • Of the diſciples of Wiſhart againſt cardinal Beaton, in Scotland, whom they murdered, 1547.
  • Againſt the duke of Somerſet, who fell, 1549.
  • Of Lady Jane Grey againſt queen Mary, 1553.
  • Of queen Elizabeth againſt Mary, queen of Scots, 1559.
  • In France, againſt the duke of Guiſe and cardinal Lorrain, for which 1200 ſuffered death, 1560.
  • [68]Of Mary, queen of Scots, &c. againſt the Proteſt⯑ants, 1565.
  • Of lord Darnley, &c. againſt Rizzio, 1566.
  • Of Mary, queen of Scots, &c. againſt lord Darn⯑ley, 1567.
  • Of the Scots againſt their queen, 1567.
  • Of the duke of Norfolk againſt queen Elizabeth, 1509, [...] 1751.
  • Againſt the Huguenets, in France, 1572.
  • Di [...] conſpiraci [...] [...] Elizabeth, 1584.
  • Parry's againſt Elizabeth, for which he ſuffered, 1584.
  • Wo [...]'s againſt James VI, of Scotland, when he attempted to put the young king into the hands of Elizabeth, 1 [...]85.
  • Bab [...]'s againſt queen Elizabeth, 1586, for w [...]ch 14 were [...]anged.
  • An [...]her, againſt ditto, 1594, for which ſeveral ſuffered.
  • Gun owder againſt James [...] 1604.
  • Roger Moore's, in Ireland, 1641.
  • Royaliſts againſt Cromwell, 1648.
  • Duke of Monmouth's to aſſeſſnate Charles II. 1683.
  • One in Ireland diſcovered, June 1, 1663.
  • That of the Fanatics in the North, diſcovered, Jan. 5, 1664, for which about [...] I were executed.
  • Of Sir George Berkeley, and others, to aſſaſſinate William III. 1696.
  • Layer's againſt [...] I. 1722
    • For further particulars [...]er to the names of the parties. See Ren [...]ellio, Catili [...].
• Conſtable, Lord high, the [...] hereditary till 1521; ſince which it has been diſcontinued, except at coronations. His office was to regulate all matters of chivalry, tilts, and ſects of arms on horſeback. The name derived from Connetable, or Comte de l'Etable, an officer in Spain, ſim [...]ar to maſter of the herſe, eſtabliſhed in the 7th century.
• Conſtantinople, founded by the Argives, 658 before [69]Chriſt; beſieged and deſtroyed, 193; received its preſent name from Conſtantine the Great, who re⯑moved there the ſeat of the eaſtern empire, 324; the city was before ca [...]ed Byzantium, from Byzas the founder; ſuffered greatly by fire, peſtilence, famine, and a [...] earthquake, that overturned its wall and 17 towers, Sept. 27, 416; had firſt an emperor, 1268; taken from the Greeks by Mahomet II. who ſlew the emperor and 60,000 inhabitants, this put an end to the eaſtern empire, which began with the reign of Arcadius, 395, and continued 1055 years, 1453. The emperors of Conſtantinople are the ſucceſſors of Bajazet. See Bithynia, Ottoman Em⯑pire, Porte.
• Conſuls firſt made at Rome, 507 before Chriſt; abo⯑liſhed, 470.
• Continence. See Polygamy.
• Conventicies, act paſſed againſt them, 1661.
• Conveyance, the oldeſt we have any account of is, that of the cave of Machpelah, for a burying place, from the ſons of [...]eth to Abraham, Ge⯑neſis 23d.
• Convocation, The houſes of, have been ſuffered to do no buſineſs, ſince 1716. This was dropped to cramp the power of the clergy. Controverſy, with the lower houſe of, 1721. See Rem. Occur. anno 1665.
• Conyngham of Mount Charles, Iriſh earldom, cre⯑ated 1780. (name Conyngham.)
• Cook, captain, with Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander, ſailed July 30, 1768, to go round the world; re⯑turned, Auguſt, 1771; again, to explore the ſouthern hemiſphere, with Mr. Forſter, &c. July 13, 1772; returned July 29, 1775; killed by ſome ſavages on another voyage, 1779; ſhip returned, 1780.
• Copenhagen burnt, 1728; 77 ſtreets were deſtroyed.
• Copes inſtituted, 256.
• Copper money firſt uſed in Scotland and Ireland, 1340; in France, 1581; the firſt legal in Eng⯑land, 1609.
• [70]Copyholds. There are none in Wales, and few or no manerial rights; there are none alſo in Ireland. See Villenage.
• Copy-right. See Literary Property.
• Corah, Dathan, and Abiram, ſwallowed up by the earth, for rebelling againſt Moſes, 1489 before Chriſt
• Cordeliers, their order erected, 1206.
• Cordova, the firſt Roman colony eſtabliſhed in Spain, founded by Marcellus; the reſidence of the Moor⯑iſh princes, 759; moſque built, 800; kingdom of deſtroyed, 1014. See Marcellus, Vol. II.
• Corfe-caſtle, Dorſetſhire, built after 941, before 1066; town incorporated by Elizabeth.
• Corinth formed into a ſtate, 1184; deſtroyed by the Romans, 146 before Chriſt.
• Corinthian order. See Callimachus, Vol. 2.
• Cork, Ireland, built, 1170; its firſt charter granted, 1242.
• Cork, Iriſh earldom of, created 1620. (name Boyle.)
• Corn, firſt permiſſion to export it, 1437.
• Corniſh language, The, (ſomething like the Welch, underſtood in Bretagne) generally ſpoken in Corn⯑wall, 1698; totally loſt, 1772.
• Cornwall, Archdeaconry of, created before 1098.
• Cornwallis, earldom of, created 1753. (name Corn⯑wallis.)
• Coronation. The firſt perſon crowned by the hands of a biſhop was Leo, emperor of the Eaſt, 457; it being ſuppoſed that the biſhop thus expreſſed the ſuffrage of the Deity. Coronation oath firſt taken by Ethelred II. 979; that now uſed, 1377; altered, 1689. Firſt coronation ſermon, 1041. See Scot⯑land.
• Coroners were officers of the realm ſo early as 925.
• Coronets; viſcounts firſt received them from Henry VIII; barons from Charles II.
• Corporations invented and introduced by Numa, among the Romans.
• Corpus Chriſti college, Oxford, founded by the [71]biſhop of Winton, 1516 (20 fellows.) For that at Cambridge, ſee Bennet.
• Corſica dependent on Genoa till 1730; became free, 1733; elected Theodore king, 173 [...]; ceded to France by Genoa, 1770. Sold to Germany for about 150,000 l. 1781. See Theodore.
• Corſned, Trial by, a ſpecies of purgation; being a bit of bread, conſecrated with a form of exorciſm, which the ſuppoſed criminal was to eat, taking the ſacrament at the ſame time, and praying that it might deſtroy him if guilty. Godwin earl of Kent, abjuring the death of the king's mother, appealed to his corſned, which ſtuck in his throat and killed him. See Godwin. Hence the vulgar phraſes, ‘I'll take my ſacrament upon it,’ ‘May this morſel be my laſt,’ and the like.
• Cottonian library ſettled for public benefit, 1701.
• Council, ſolemn one at Jeruſalem, when the firſt controverſy was diſcuſſed, 48; of Antioch, 269; at Arles, when Caecilian was acquitted, 314; at Rome, when Monothelitiſm was condemned, 649. Eaſtern general ones: 1ſt, of Nice, againſt Arius, when the Nicene creed was compoſed, 325; 2d, of Conſtantinople, 381; 3d, of Epheſus, 431; 4th, of Chalcedon, 451; 5th, of Conſtantinople, 553; 6th of ditto, 600. Weſtern general: 1ſt, Late⯑ran, 1122; 2d, ditto, 1139; 3d, ditto, 1175; 4th, ditto, 1215; 5th, ditto, 1517: 1ſt of Lyons, 1255; 2d, ditto, 1274; of Vienna, 1311; of Piſa, 1409; of Conſtance, 1414; of Baſil, 1431; of Florence, 1439; of Trent, 1545.
• Count Palatine, a title firſt given to univerſity pro⯑ſeſſors, by Charles IV emperor of Germany.
• Counties firſt ſent members to parliament, 1258; before this the knights met only in their own counties.
• County-courts eſtabliſhed, 896.
• Courcy of Kinſale, Iriſh barony, created before 1583, (name De Courcy.)
• Courcy. See De Courcy.
• Courtenay, Viſcount, title of, created 1762. (name Courtenay.)
• [72]Courtown, Iriſh earldom of, created 1762. (name Stopford.)
• Courts of Juſtice, the four in England, took their riſe from a court eſtabliſhed in the palace of William the Conqueror.
• Covent-Garden begun by the earl of Bedford, 1633.
• Coventry, earldom of, created 1697. (name Co⯑ventry.)
• Coventry biſhopric founded, 656; abbey founded, 1043; lady Godiva rode naked through the town, 1057.
• Coventry act paſſed, 1670; to prevent malicious maiming or wounding, ſo called from a like attempt on Sir John Coventry. See Charles II.
• Coverham-abbey, Yorkſhire, built in the end of the 12th century.
• Cowes-caſtle, Iſle of Wight, built, 1540.
• Cowling-caſtle, Kent, built about 1401.
• Cowper, Earldom of, created 1717. (name Cowper.)
• Cranborn priory, Dorſetſhire, founded, 980.
• Cranſton, Scots barony of, created 1611. (name Cranſton)
• Craven, of Hamſtead-Marſhal, barony of, created 1665. (name Craven.)
• Crawford, Scots earldom of, created 1368. (name Crawford.)
• Crayons, art of fixing them, diſcovered by Loriot, of Paris, 1748.
• Creak priory, Norfolk, built, 1206.
• Creation of the world, Oct. 13, 4004 before Chriſt.
• Credit, public, ſo low, that debentures and govern⯑ment bills were at 50 per cent. diſcount, 1669. See Paper Credit.
• Crediton, Devon, an archbiſhopric till about 1050; burnt (460 houſes) 1743; again (39 houſes) May 1, 1773.
• Creed, the Lord's prayer, and Commandments, tranſ⯑lated into the Saxon language by order of Alfred, 761.
• Crete inhabited originally by the Idaei, Dac⯑tyli and Curetes: It was little known till the reign [73]of Minos, 1432; was a branch of the Roman em⯑pire, 62 before Chriſt; taken by the Saracens, 812; became the property of the Venetians, 1204, and from them was taken by the Turks, 1669.
• Crickaith-caſtle, Caernarvonſhire, built, 1200.
• Criſp, Edward, eſq. of Bury, cut and mangled, 1729.
• Croiſade, or holy war, between the Chriſtians and Mahometans, 1095; which in the end coſt the lives of 200,000,000 of men, without the acquiſition even of Jeruſalem to the church: it was occaſioned by Peter the Hermit, and others, ſtirring up all ranks of people to relieve the Chriſtians in the Holy Land, under a notion that the world would ſoon be at an end, and of our Lord's return upon earth. A ſecond croiſade undertaken by Louis VII. of France, 1145; a third, under Richard I. of England, 1190; a fourth, under Philip II. of France, 1204; a fifth, under Louis IX. of France, againſt Egypt, 1248; the laſt, under Louis IX. againſt Tunis, where Louis loſt his life, 1270. See Millennium, Rem. Occur. anno 1189.
• Cromwell, Oliver, born at Huntingdon, April 25, 1599; made a colonel, 1643; made Lord Lieute⯑nant, and went over to Ireland with his army, July, 1649, which he almoſt ſubdued; returned, May, 1650; made general of the army, June 21 follow⯑ing, having taken near 7000 priſoners at the battle of Worceſter; he ſold them for ſlaves to the Ameri⯑cans; made protector for life, December 12, 1653; was near being killed, by falling from a coach-box, October, 1654; elected king, but refuſed the title, May 8, 1657; died of the gout in his ſtomach at Whitehall, September 3, 1658; leaving his ſon Richard his ſucceſſor; his carcaſe hung up at Ty⯑burn, Dec. 2, 1660.
• Cromwell, Richard, proclaimed protector on the death of his father, September 3, 1658; depoſed, April 22, 1659; died in England, July 13, 1712, aged 85. See Charles II.
• Cronſtadt built by Peter I. 1704.
• [74]Crook, Japhet, his ears cut off in the pillory for forgery, 1731.
• Croſs, The ſign of, firſt uſed by Chriſtians, as a mark of diſtinction, about 110; that of our Saviour found on Mount Calvary, 326.
• Croſſed friars, their order founded, 1169.
• Crown, the firſt Roman that wore one was Tarquin I. 616 before Chriſt; firſt uſed in England, 872; the triple one, or Tiara, firſt worn by pope Urban V. 1364; before, the popes wore only one with two circles. Hormiſdas was the firſt pope that put a crown to it at all, about 553; Boniface VIII. add⯑ed the ſecond, 1303.
• Crownpoint taken by the Engliſh, 1759.
• Croxton-abbey, Staffordſhire, built, 1180.
• Croyland-abbey, Lincolnſhire, founded by Ethelbald, king of Mercia, 718; deſtroyed by the Danes, 867; rebuilt, 945.
• Cry, Iriſh, which alarmed all England, 1688. It took its riſe from this: Some Iriſh ſoldiers having broke into a countryman's houſe, a neighbour ran off for London, crying, as he went, that the Iriſh had riſen, were firing of houſes, and deſtroy⯑ing men, women, and children; this, at a time when a revolution was taking place, occaſioned ſuch an alarm, that it ſoon ſpread over the whole kingdom, and every one took up arms, dreading an invaſion of the Iriſh.
• Cuba, Iſland of, diſcovered, 1494; ſettled, 1511.
• Cucumbers. See Melons.
• Cullen, Iriſh viſcount, title of, created 1642. (name Cockaine.)
• Cummer-abbey, Merionethſhire, built, 1200.
• Cup, Sacramental, reſtored to the laity by parliament, 1547.
• Curfew bell eſtabliſhed, 1068, which, to prevent fires, obliged people to put out their fire and candle at eight in the evening, when the bell rung; abo⯑liſhed, 1100.
• Curls, Artificial, called heart-breakers, uſed by the ladies in Charles II.'s reign.
• [75]Currant-trees firſt brought into England from Zante, 1533.
• Cuſtom becomes law, where it can be traced back to 1189.
• Cuſtom-houſe, London, firſt built, 1559; preſent one, 1718.
• Cuſtoms on exports and imports firſt collected in Eng⯑land, about 979; firſt granted, 1274; farmed for many years for 20,000 l. till 1590; farmed for 390,00 l. 1666; amounted to 557,752 l. 1688; to 1,260,000 l. in 1743, and are now 2,000,000 l.
• Cutters, weavers who cut their maſters looms, hanged for rioting, December, 1769.
• Cyprus was ſubject to the Greeks, from 716 till 1191, when it was taken by Richard I. of England; taken by the Venetians, 1473, and from them by the Turks, 1571.
• Cyrene, a part of Africa, now the Deſart of Barca.

• DACRE, Barony of, created 1297. (name Barret.)
• Dacre-caſtle, Cumberland, built before 925.
• Daicles was the firſt perſon crowned at the Olympic games, 752 before Chriſt.
• Dalhouſie, Scotch earldom of, created 1633. (name Bruce.)
• Damien. See Louis XV.
• Dancing to time invented by the Curetes, who danced in their armour, 1534 before Chriſt.
• Danegelt, a land tax, firſt eſtabliſhed by Ethelred II. 1002; aboliſhed by Stephen, 1136.
• Danes, their firſt deſcent upon England, at Portland, 787; their ſecond, in Northumberland, 794, when they were repelled, and periſhed by ſhipwreck. They landed on Shepy iſland, 832; again, in Cornwall, and were defeated by Egbert, 836; again, at Charmouth, Dorſetſhire, from 35 ſhips, and ſtood their ground, 837; defeated Ethelwolf, [76]840; landed at the mouth of the Thames, from 350 veſſels, and took Canterbury and London, 851; ſubdued by Eghelwolf at Okeley, in Surrey, 853; invaded Northumberland, and ſeized York, 867; defeated Ethelred, and his brother Alfred, at Ba⯑ſing and Merton, 871: ſurprized Warham caſtle, and took Exeter, 876; took Chippenham, 877; 120 of their ſhips wrecked at Swanwich, Dorſet⯑ſhire, 877; 1205 of them killed by Odun, earl of Devon, 878; Alfred entered into treaty with them, 882; their fleet totally deſtroyed at Apuldore, by Alfred, 894; invaded Angleſey, 900; ſubmitted to Edward the Elder, 921; invaded Dorſetſhire, 982; landed again in Eſſex, 991, and were bribed to quit the kingdom; their fleet defeated, 992; freſh invaſions by them near Briſtel, and in Kent, and had 24,000l. given them to depart, 998; numbers of them maſſacred, by order of Ethelred II. November 13, 16002; continued their ravages, and defeated the Engliſh at Ipſwich, 1010; took Canterbury, and put nine out of ten of the inhabi⯑tants to death, 1011; ſettled in Scotland, 1020; expelled England, 1041; landed again at Sand⯑wich, 1047, and carried off great plunder to Flanders; joined the Northumbrians, burnt York. and ſlew 3000 Normans, 1069; invaded England again, but, bribed by William I. quitted it, 1074.
• Dangerfield, whipped, and his eye ſtruck out for a libel, 1685.
• Daniel ſent captive to Babylon, 606; interpreted Nebuchadnezzar's dream, 603; caſt into the den of lions, 538; from a viſion, predicted the Perſian empire under Alexander, 534 before Chriſt.
• Daniſh fleet wrecked at Swanwich, Dorſet, when 120 ſhips were loſt, 877.
• Dantzick taken by the Swedes in 1734; by the Pruſ⯑ſians, 1773.
• Darkneſs at Rome at noon day, 291; ditto at Lon⯑don, ſo as not to read, Jan. 12, 1769.
• Darlington-caſtle, Devon, built, 1123.
• Darlington, Earldom of, created 1754. (name Vane.)
• [77]Darnley, Lord, great grandſon of Henry VII. both 1547; married Mary, queen of Scots, 1563, and took the title of king Henry; headed the aſſaſſins of David Rizzio, 1566; murdered, by being blown up, February 10, 1567. See Mary, queen of Scots.
• Darnley, Iriſh earldom of, created 1725. (name Bligh.)
• Dantford priory, Kent, founded, 1372.
• Dartmouth burnt by the French, 1355.
• Dartmouth, Earldom of, created 1770. (name Dawſon.)
• David ſucceeded Saul on the throne of Iſrael, 1055; committed adultery with Bathſheba, 1035; re⯑proved by Nathan, 1034; married Bathſheba, 1033; died 1015 before Chriſt, aged 70.
• Dauphin of France, Lewis, poiſoned, Dec. 24, 1415; John, his brother, that ſucceeded him, poiſoned, April 16, 1416.
• Dauphiny, ceded by the Dauphin of Vienna, 1343; anneved to the crown of France, on condition the king's eldeſt ſon ſhould be ſtiled Dauphin, 1349.
• Davington nunnery, Kent, built, 1153.
• Davis's Streights diſcovered, 1585.
• Deal-caſtle, built by Henry VIII.
• Dearth, 1094; ſo great in England and France, that a quarter of wheat was ſold for almoſt 20 s. as much as 6 l. now, which was followed by a peſtilential fever that carried off multitudes of people, 1193, 1194, 1195; another, 1222; an⯑other, with a murrain, 1251; another, when wheat ſold for 40 s. a quarter, as much as 8 l. now, 1315; wheat ſold for 3 l. a buſhel, and the poor forced to eat horſe-fleſh and dogs, 1316; another great one, owing to the rains, with a murrain, 1335; two others, 1348, and 1353; again, when bread was made in many places of fern roots and ivy berries, 1438. See Rem. Occur. annis 1315, 1348, 1353.
• [78]Death, Sudden, confidered in France as a mark of in⯑famy and proof of damnation, 1280.
• Debenham, Suffolk, burnt, (38 houſes) March, 1744.
• Debts in France were recoverable by an ordinance iſſued 1134, which authoriſed the creditor to ſeize the effects of a debtor, without any warrant, and pay himſelf: but this was corrected by a law, 1351.
• De Courcy, the privilege of ſtanding covered before the kings of England, at their firſt audience, grant⯑ed to that family, by John, for John de Courcy's conſenting to combat with the champion of France, 1203.
• Decemviri, creation of, 450 before Chriſt.
• Dedications to Books, contrived, to get money, about 1600; nine or ten dedications were then cuſtomary to one book.
• Defender of the faith. See Henry VIII.
• Degrees, Academical, firſt introduced in the univer⯑ſity of Paris, from whence other European uni⯑verſities borrowed their cuſtoms, before 1215. See Doctor.
• Delawar, Earldom of, created 1761. (name Weſt.)
• Deloraine, Scots earldom of, created 1706. (name Scott.)
• Delphos, Temple of, burnt 548 before Chriſt.
• Deluge, general, threatened in the year of the world, 1536; began Sunday, December 7, in the year of the world, 1656, i. e. 2348 before Chriſt, Noah being then about 600 years old. The ark reſted upon Mount Ararat. Wedneſday, May 6, 2347 before Chriſt: the tops of the mountains appeared, Sunday, July 19. Noah removed the covering of the ark, Oct. 23; left it, Friday, Dec. 18, having been in it 377 days.
• Deluge of Ogyges, from which Attica lay waſte above 200 years, till the coming of Cecrops out of Egypt, 1796 before Chriſt; Deluge of Decuca⯑lion in Theſſaly, about 1896 before Chriſt; an inundation only, ſo called from its happening in the reign of Deucalion king of Lyconia.
• [79]Demerary and Iſſequibo in South America, taken from the Dutch by Sir George Rodney, March 14, 1781.
• De Montant of Haverden, Iriſh barony, created 1776. (Maude.)
• Denbigh-caſtle built, 1280; abbey built, 1330.
• Denbigh, Earldom of, created 1622. (name Fielding.)
• Denmark, Chriſtian, king of, viſited England, 1523; a ſucceeding king ditto, 1605; the ſame again, 1614; Chriſtian VII. ditto, Auguſt, 1768.
• Denmark, Matilda, queen of, ſiſter to George III. of England, died at Zell, May 10, 1775, aged 23.
• Denmark, Prince George of, huſband to queen Anne, viſited England, 1669; died of an aſthma and dropſy, Oct. 28, 1708, aged 55. See queen Anne.
• Denmark, the ancient kingdom of the Goths, its firſt king reigned, 714; embraced Chriſtianity, 940. and biſhops firſt appointed; united with the crown of Norway, 1412, and with Sweden, 1497; ſepa⯑rated from Sweden, when Guſtavus Vaſa was elect⯑ed king, 1528; Lutheraniſm made a rapid progreſs about the ſame time; crown of, made hereditary, and abſolute, 1660; revolution of, January 17, 1772; elephant, order of, inſtituted about 1478. See Norway, Copenhagen.
• Derby, Earldom of, created 1485. (name Stanley.)
• Derby, James, earl of, beheaded at Bolton, for op⯑poſing Cromwell, October 15, 1651.
• Derby, chartered by Charles I.
• Derwentwater, earl of, and lord Kenmuir, beheaded on Tower-hill, Feb. 24, 1716, for taking part in the rebellion of 1715.
• Deſart, Iriſh viſcount, title of, created 1780. (name Cuffe.)
• Deſmond, Thomas, earl of, beheaded in Ireland, 1463.
• Deſmond, Iriſh earldom of, created 1622. (name Fielding.)
• Deucalion. See Deluge.
• [80]De Veſei of Abbeyleix, Iriſh viſcount, created 1 [...]76. (Veſey.)
• Devizes-caſtle built, 1136.
• Devonſhire, dukedom of, created 1694. (name Ca⯑ven [...]h.)
• Dials. See Sun-dial, Clocks.
• Diamond, the firſt, cut by De Berguen, of Bruge [...], 1489.
• Diana, Temple of, at Epheſus, burnt by the Ama⯑zons, about 1182; again, by Eroſtratus, in order to perpetuate his name, 356 before Chriſt; again, by the Goths, in their third naval invaſion, about 256.
• Dice invented by Palamedes about the time of the Trojan war.
• Dictator, the firſt, at Rome, 497 before Chriſt.
• Dieppe, laid in aſhes by the Engliſh, July 14, 1694.
• Digby, Sir Everard, born 1581; hanged with other conſpirators in the powder plot, Jan. 30, 1606.
• Digby, Barony of, created 1765. (name Digby)
• Dinevor, Barony of, created 1780. (name Talbot.)
• Dionfield, Derbyſhire, chartered, 1670.
• Dioniſius, St. priory, Hants, built by Henry I. about 1124. It was a priory of black canons.
• Diſpenſations firſt granted by the pope, 1200.
• Diſpenſing power of the crown exerted by James II. 1686; re-aſſumed, to lay an embargo on corn, 1767.
• Diſſenters firſt ſeparated from the church of England, 1571; bill for relief of, paſſed the Houſe of Com⯑mons, May 8, 1772, but rejected by the Lords.
• Diſtaff, the art of ſpinning with it at the ſmall wheel, firſt taught to Engliſh woman by Bonaviſa, an Italian, 1505.
• Diſtilling. See Chemiſtry.
• Divorce, there was no ſuch thing in the republic of Rome for 250 years; the firſt was 229 before Chriſt, at which time the women were ſo debauched, that 3000 proſecutions were on the roll for adultery. A bill was preſented by the Lord Chancellor to the Houſe of Lords, to make divorces and ſeparations more eaſy, 1539, but was dropped.
• [81]Doctor, The degree of, firſt given in England, 1207; in muſic, firſt given in our univerſities, 1463.
• Doddington Indiaman wrecked, 250 leagues eaſt of the Cape, July 17, 1755; 247 periſhed.
• Dolwyddelan-caſtle, Caernarvonſhire, built, 500.
• Domingo, St. diſcovered by Columbus, 1492.
• Dominica diſcovered by Columbus, Nov. 3, 1493.
• Dominicans, their order founded by St. Dominick, a Spaniard, 1215.
• Dan, The title of, firſt taken by the kings of Spain in the middle of the 8th century.
• Donatiſts, who admitted of no church but the African, aroſe under Donatus, 311; afterwards united themſelves with the Arians, and continued above 300 years.
• Doncaſter, earldom of, created 1662. (name Scot.)
• Donegall, Iriſh earldom of, created 1647. (name Chicheſter.)
• Doneraile, Iriſh barony of, created 1776. (name Sentleger.)
• Doomeſday book, which contained a ſurvey of the kingdom, began 1080; finiſhed, 1086.
• Dorcheſter, Oxfordſhire, chartered by Charles I.; burnt Auguſt, 1613.
• Dorcheſter cathedral firſt built, 636.
• Doriſlaus, Dr. agent for the parliament at the Hague, murdered by 12 Engliſh cavaliers, royaliſts, May 3, 1649.
• Dormer of Wenge, Barony of, created 1615. (name Dormer.)
• Dorſet, Archdeaconry of, ſeparated from Sarum, 1542.
• Dorſet, Dukedom of, created 170. (name Sack⯑ville.)
• Dort, Sea broke in at, drowned 100,000 people, April 17, 1446; Synod of, began Nov. 3, 1618; ended April 19, 1619.
• Douglas, Earl, ſtabbed by James II. of Scotland, Feb. 22, 1452.
• Dover-caſtle, built by Julius Caeſar; the tower of, built, 47; old church dedicated, 156; town char⯑tered [82]by Edward the Confeſſor; priory built, 1130; pier built, 1539.
• Dover, Dukedom of, created 1708. (name Douglas.)
• Dower, or the wife's thirds, a Daniſh cuſtom, given by Suenon, the father of our Canute the Great, out of gratitude to the Daniſh ladies, who ſold their jewels to ranſom him when taken priſoner by the Vandals.
• Downe, Iriſh viſcount, title of, created 1680. (name Dawney.)
• Drachm, The Roman, was equal to about 8 d. Engliſh.
• Drake, Sir Francis, ſet ſail for his voyage round the world, 1577; died Jan. 28, 1595, aged 50.
• Draſtics. See Purgatives.
• Dreſs. Particoloured coats were worn here in Henry I.'s reign; cloth of gold and ſilver worn, 1376; none permitted to wear ſilks or furs in Scotland but perſons of rank, 1429. See Ruffs, Breeches, Perukes, Hats, Shoes, Band, Rem. Occur. annis 1376, 1467, 1558.
• Drogheda, Iriſh earldom of, created 1661. (name Moor.)
• Droitwich, Worceſterſhire, chartered by James I.
• Dronfield, Derbyſhire, chartered, 1670.
• Druids, An order of men among the Britons, ſo called for their veneration for the Oak Dryis. Their re⯑ligion ſprung from that of the Antedeluvians, with⯑out either altar or ſacrifice, and continued for a ſpace of 2000 years. They acted as prieſts and magiſtrates. One of them was occaſionally inveſt⯑eſt with the ſupreme authority. They were cruelly burnt and deſtroyed in the Iſle of Angleſey, in de⯑fence of their country's right, by Suetonius Pauli⯑nus, the Roman governor, 60.
• Drunkenneſs puniſhed with 5 s. fine, or the ſtocks, 1605.
• Dublin city, wall built, about 838; ſtormed by Der⯑mod, 1171; its firſt charter granted, 1173; caſtle built, 1220; mayor of, firſt made from a provoſt, [83]1407; its univerſity founded, 1591; ſtudents ad⯑mitted, January, 1594; mayor honoured with the title of lord, 1665; parliament houſe begun, 1729; finiſhed, 1739; coſt 40,000l. See Armagh, Hoſpital, Academies.
• Ducat, a piece of money ſo called, took its name from the dukes in Spain, having a power to coin in the 6th century.
• Ducie, Barony of, created 1763. (name Morton.)
• Dudley, Edmund, and Epſom, miniſters to Henry VII. fell a ſacrifice to popular reſentment in the reign of Henry VIII and were beheaded, Aug. 28, 1510.
• Dudley, lord Guildford, ſon of Dudley Duke of Northumberland, married lady Jane Grey, gran⯑daughter of Henry VII. by her mother's ſide, 1553; condemned and beheaded with her, after queen Mary's acceſſion, for eſpouſing his wife's claim to the crown, Feb. 12, 1554. See Grey, Northumberland.
• Dudley, Barony of, created 1307. (name Smith.)
• Dudley and Ward, Viſcount, title of, created 1763. (name Ward.)
• Dudley-caſtle, Staffordſhire, built about 700; priory founded for Cluniac monks, 1161.
• Duelling and knight-errantry took their riſe from judicial combats; forbidden in France, in civil matters, 1305; appointed in France, in order to have the judgment of God in particular caſes, as whether one gentleman had been familiar with the other's wife, 1454; puniſhed in France, 1663; in⯑troduced into England, 1587. See Chivalry, Combats.
• Duke, Title of, firſt given in England to Edward, ſon of Edward III. March 17, 1336; quite extinct, 1572.
• Dulwich-college, founded by Alleyn the player, 1619.
• Dumfries, Scots earldom of, created 1633. (name Macdoual.)
• Dunbar, built 1187 before Chriſt.
• [84]Dunblain, Scots viſcount, title of, created 1673. (name Oſborne.)
• Dundonald, Scots earldom of, created 1669. (name Cochran.)
• Dungannon, Iriſh viſcount, title of, created 1766. (name Trevor.)
• Dunkirk taken by the Engliſh, June 24, 1658; ſold to the French for 219,000l. October 17, 1662; delivered up to England, to be demoliſhed, July 7, 1712; the baſon, &c. deſtroyed under the inſpection of Engliſh engineers, 1763 and 1764.
• Dunmore, Scots earldom of, created 1686. (name Murray.)
• Dunmow priory, in Eſſex, built, 1110
• Dunnington-caſtle, Berks, built before Edward II.
• Dunoon-caſtle, Scotland, poſſeſſed by the Engliſh, 1334.
• Dunſtable priory founded, 1132.
• Dunſtaffage-caſtle, Scotland, built before 1307.
• Dunſtanborough-caſtle, Northumberland, the ſeat of one of Henry the II.'s ſons; priory founded, 1280.
• Durham biſhopric firſt founded, 635; removed from Lindisfarne to Durham 1000; monaſtery built, 1073; firſt cathedral founded, and archdeaconry erected, 995; preſent cathedral began building, 1093; finiſhed, 1242; deanry founded, 1541; made a county palatine, 1552; town incorporated, 1576; act paſſed to enable the city and county to ſend members to parliament, 1672.
• Dying woollen cloth, Art of, brought from the Low Countries by Brewer, in James II.'s reign.
• Dynaſty, or family reign of the ſhepherd kings; the 17th began, 1827; the 18th, 1724; the 19th, 1376, which laſted 194 years; the 21ſt Egyptian of the Tanites began, 1003; the 22d of the Bubaſ⯑tites began, 874; 23d, 825, 24th, 781; 25th, Ethiopian, 737; 26th, of the Saites, 693 before Chriſt. See China.
• Dyſert, Scots earldom of, created 1646. (name Tal⯑maſh.)

• EARL MARSHAL, the firſt, 1383, in the perſon of Thomas lord Mowbray, created duke of Norfolk, in 1397; given to the Howards, 1483.
• Earl, The dignity of, firſt given in England to Al⯑fred, afterwards king of England.
• Earth, proved to be flatted towards the poles, 1737.
• Earthen veſſels, the art of making them invented by Epimetheus, 1715 before Chriſt; earthen ware in⯑vented in Italy, 1310.
• Earthquake, one in Aſia that overturned 12 cities, 17.
  • One that ſwallowed up Nicomedia and ſeveral neighbouring cities, 120.
  • One in Macedonia that ſwallowed up 150 cities, 357.
  • Terrible one, with an inundation round the Medi⯑terranean; 50,000 perſons were drowned at Alexandria, July 1, 365.
  • One from the month of September to that of No⯑vember, which ſwallowed up ſeveral cities in Europe, 394.
  • One ſwallowed up ſeveral villages in the neigh⯑bourhood of Cybyra, 417.
  • One ſwallowed up ſeveral cities in Paleſtine, 419.
  • One at Conſtantinople, attended with fire, peſti⯑lence, and famine, that overthrew its walls and 17 towers, Sept. 17, 446.
  • One that almoſt deſtroyed the city of Antioch, Sept. 14, 458.
  • One at Conſtantinople, that laſted 40 days, and overturned ſeveral edifices, 480.
  • One at Antioch, that deſtroyed that and ſeveral other cities, 526.
  • Another at Antioch, that ſwallowed up 4800 in⯑habitants, 528.
  • One at Conſtantinople, 552.
  • One at Rome and Conſtantinople, that overthrew many houſes, 557.
• [86]Earthquakes.
  • One that ſhook France, Germany, and Italy, and threw down St. Paul's at Rome, April 801.
  • One throughout all England, followed by a great ſcarcity of fruit and a late harveſt, 1090.
  • One in Shropſhire, 1110.
  • One in December, 1116.
  • One in September, 1120.
  • One, juſt as king Henry was about to embark for Normandy, when flames of fire burſt out of certain riffs of the earth with great violence, Aug. 2, 1134.
  • One that ſwallowed up the city of Catania, and more than 15,000 ſouls, 1137.
  • One that overthrew the church of Lincoln, and others, 1185.
  • A dreadful one, Feb. 14, 1428.
  • One in Somerſetſhire, 1249.
  • One at St. Albans, 1250.
  • General one, that threw down St. Michael's on the hill, without Glaſtonbury, 1274.
  • The greateſt ever known in England, Nov. 14, 1328.
  • Several churches thrown down by one, May 21, 1382.
  • A very dreadful one, accompanied with thunder and lightning, Sept. 28, 1426.
  • Another, 1661.
  • The city of Catania deſtroyed by one, and an eruption of Etna, with the loſs of 60,000 inha⯑bitants, 1682.
  • In many parts of England, 1683.
  • One in 1692.
  • One felt in England, France, and Germany; 100,000 periſhed by it in Sicily, and the chief town in Jamaica was deſtroyed, Sept. 1693.
  • One at China, when near 400,000 perſons were loſt, 1699.
  • One at Rome, 1703.
  • One at China, 1718.
  • [87]One at Naples, March 20, 1732, when 2000 per⯑ſons were deſtroyed.
  • One in the beginning of this century, that lay waſte the whole country of Peru in a quarter of an hour, 300 leagues long and 90 wide.
  • One that ſwallowed Lima and Callao in Peru, Oct. 28, 1746.
  • Two in London, Feb. 8, and March 8, 1750.
  • One that deſtroyed 4000 perſons at Philippoli in Romania, Feb. 1750.
  • One that deſtroyed 2000 houſes, &c. in the iſland of Metylene, in the Archipelago, May 27, 1755.
  • One that deſtroyed Liſbon and 70,000 inhabitants, Nov. 1, 1755.
  • One in the Azores, July, 1757.
  • One in Tripoli, 1759.
  • A terrible one in Syria, Oct. 30, 1760.
  • Dreadful one at Conſtantinople, that buried 880 perſons, May 22, 1766.
  • At Martinico, Auguſt, 1767, where 1600 perſons loſt their lives.
  • At Altdorf, Switzerland, September 10, 1774;
  • At Gualtimala, that buried the city, July 6, 1774.
  • A dreadful one at Smyrna, when numbers loſt their lives, July 3, 1778.
  • See Rem. Occur. anno 1179.
• Eaſby-abbey, Yorkſhire, built, 1152.
• Eaſter eſtabliſhed about 68; the cycle or time of keeping Eaſter firſt calculated for 532 years, by Victorius, 463.
• Eaſt-India houſe erected, 1726. See Indies.
• Eaſt-Loo, Cornwall, incorporated, 1587.
• Eaſt-Retford, Nottinghamſhire, chartered anew by James I.
• Eaſter Iſland diſcovered, 1722.
• Eaſtland Company, who trade to Norway, Sweden, &c. erected, 1585.
• Ebion, the head of the Ebionites, appeared, 79. He denied the divinity of Chriſt, and the virginity of his mother.
• [88]Eclipſe, the firſt of the moon upon record, 40 min. after 8 in the evening, March 19, 720 before Chriſt. The firſt obſerver of their revolutions was Calippus of Athens, who flouriſhed 336 before Chriſt.
• Edda, The, was the religious code of the Runic mythology.
• Edels, New-Holland, Land of, diſcovered by the Dutch, 1619.
• Edgar Atheling, ſon of Edward, the only ſon of Edmund [...]. nephew to Edward the Confeſſor, and after him, only heir to the crown of England, but deprived of it by the uſurper Harold II. On the death of Harold, he reſigned the crown to Wil⯑liam I. He married a princeſs of Scotland, and died after 1120, aged 70. From this Edgar is lineally deſcended George III. See George III. William I. Henry I.
• Edgar, brother and ſucceſſor of Edwy, began his reign, 959; obliged by Dunſtan, archbiſhop of Canterbury, not to wear his crown for ſeven years, for carrying off Editha, a nun, and raviſhing her; ſtabbed Athelwold, and married his wife, Elfrida; deſtroyed the wolves, with which the country was over-run, by demanding of the Welch a yearly tribute of wolves heads, 971; obliged eight of his tributary princes in Wales to row him in a barge on the river Dee, 973; crowned at Axminſter, 973; he was a bigot to monkery, built 47 mo⯑naſteries, and left two ſons and a daughter; died 975, aged 32; buried at Glaſtonbury, and was ſucceeded by his ſon, Edward the martyr.
• Edgecumbe, Viſcount, title of, created 1781. (name Edgecombe.)
• Edinburgh-caſtle, ſuppoſed to be built by Edwin king of Northumberland, in the 9th century; city taken by the Engliſh, 1296; built, 1544; univer⯑ſity founded, 1580.
• Edmund I. brother and ſucceſſor of Athelſtan, began to reign, 941, aged 18; killed by a ruffian, whom he ſtruck at an entertainment, 948; buried at [89]Glaſtenbury, and ſucceeded by his brother, Edred, his own children being too young.
• Edmund II. ſtiled Ironſide, on account of his ſtrength, ſon of Ethelred II. married the widow of Sigefert, a Daniſh nobleman, who was put to death in 1015; ſucceeded his father on the throne, 1016, aged 27, but was oppoſed by Canute, who was crowned by the other party. After many battles, it was a [...]eed to divide the kingdom between them; but E [...]nund was ſoon after murdered at Oxford by two of his chamberlains, 1017, and Canute, king of Den⯑mark, ſucceeded, Edmund's ſon being then abroad. See Edgar Atheling, Ethelred II.
• Edred ſucceeded his brother, Edmund I. on the throne, 948; died of a Quinſey, 955; buried at Winton, and was ſucceeded by his nephew, Edwy, ſon to Edmund I.
• Edward the Elder, ſecond ſon of Alfred, ſucceeded his father on the throne, 900; he encouraged learning, founded the univerſity of Cambridge, and enlarged his dominions in Wales and Scotland by conqueſt; died at Faringdon, 925; buried at Winton, and was ſucceeded by his natural ſon Athelſtan. He left 15 children, ſons and daugh⯑ters; one daughter married Charles king of France, another Otho, emperor of Germany; another, Louis, king of Provence; another, Gormon III. king of Denmark.
• Edward the Martyr, eldeſt ſon of Edgar, by a firſt marriage, ſucceeded to his father's crown, 975, aged 15; ſtabbed by order of his ſtep-mother, El⯑frida, who oppoſed his ſucceſſion in favour of her own ſon, Ethelred, 979; buried at Shafteſbury, and was ſucceeded by his brother-in-law, Ethelred II. Elfrida's ſon.
• Edward the Confeſſor, youngeſt and 7th ſon of Ethelred II. by his ſecond wife Emma, ſucceeded his half-brother Hardicanute on the throne, 1041; married Editha, daughter of earl Godwin, 1043; ſupported Malcolm, heir to the crown of Scotland, againſt Macbeth the uſurper, 1054 (ſee Macbeth). [90]He cauſed the Saxon laws to be reviſed and amend⯑ed, and introduced the French language and cuſtoms into England. He was the firſt who touched for the king's evil, 1058; verbally nominated Wil⯑liam I. to be his ſucceſſor; died January 5, 1066, aged 65; buried in Weſtminſter-abbey, and ſuc⯑ceeded by Harold II. ſon of Godwin. See Edgar Atheling.
• Edward I. eldeſt ſon of Henry III. born June 16, 1239; married Eleanor, princeſs of Caſtile, 1255; taken priſoner by the rebel army, 1264; releaſed on ignominious terms, 1265; obtained a complete victory over the barons at Everſham, Auguſt 4, following; wounded in the holy land by an aſſaſſin, 1271; ſucceeded to his father's crown, November 16, 1272; landed in England, July 25, 1274; crowned at Weſtminſter, Auguſt 19, following; went and did homage to the king of France, for the duchy of Guienne, 1279; ſubdued Wales, 1283; went to France, ſummer, 1286; returned, Auguſt, 1289; buried his queen, 1291; ſubdued Scotland and ſent king Baliol to the Tower, 1296; married Margaret, ſiſter to the king of France, Sept. 12, 1299; died of a flux at Burgh in Cum⯑berland, July 7, 1307; was buried at Weſtminſter, and ſucceeded by his fourth ſon Edward II.
• Edward II. fourth ſon of Edward I. born at Caernar⯑von, Wales, April 25, 1284; he was the firſt prince of Wales; ſucceeded his father, July 7, 1307; went to France, and married Iſabella, the king's daughter, 1308; by mal-adminiſtration he brought on a civil war, owing to his favourites the Spenſers (ſee Spenſers); obliged by the barons to veſt the government of the kingdom in 12 perſons, March 16, 1308; went to Bulloign on a pilgrim⯑age, December 13, 1313; reſigned the dominion of Guienne to his ſon, then aged 13, 1325; de⯑throned by his queen, January 13, 1327; and was ſucceeded by his ſon, Edward III. murdered at Berkeley-caſtle, at the inſtance of Mortimer, the queen's paramour, by running a red hot iron [91]up his fundament, September 21, following, and buried in St. Peter's, Gloceſter.
• Edward III. eldeſt ſon of Edward II. born at Windſor, November 15, 1312; ſucceeded his father, Ja⯑nuary 13, 1327; crowned February 1, following; being a minor, the queen dowager and Mortimer governed 'till 1330; and by their intrigues the earl of Kent was falſely accuſed and condemned (ſee Kent); but the king afterwards confined his mother, and put Mortimer to death (ſee Mortimer); he next reduced Scotland, and took the king priſoner; married Philippa, daughter of the earl of Hainault, January 24, 1328; did homage for Guienne to the king of France at Amiens, 1337; took the title of king of France; was acknowledged ſo by the Flemings, and the old French hiſtorians allow his title to be good; quartered the arms of France, the fleurs de lys, which anciently were ſpears, and added the motto, Dieu et mon droit, 1339 (See Motto); challenged the French king to ſingle combat, 1340; choſen emperor of Germany, which he refuſed, Auguſt, 1348; fought in ſingle combat with a Frenchman at Calais, and conquered, January 1, 1349; inſtituted the order of the Garter, the ſame year; defeated the French at Poictiers, and took the king and his ſon priſoners, 1356; buried his mother, Iſabella, 1358; the king of France impriſoned in Hereford caſtle, 1359 (ſee Edward the black prince); Edward embarked with 100,000 men for Calais, Oct. 28 following; raiſed the ſiege of Paris, April 1360, when a ſtorm near Chartres deſtroyed 1000 men and 6000 horſes; king of France ranſomed for 3,000,000 of crowns, July following; the kings of France, England, Scot⯑land, and Cyprus, entertained by Sir Henry Picard, lord mayor of London, at his own houſe, Jan. 4, 1365; Edward died of a cingle at Richmond, June 21, 1377; buried at Weſtminſter, and was ſucceeded by his grandſon, Richard II. ſon to Ed⯑ward the black prince.
• Edward the black prince (ſo called from his black [92]hair and his armour), ſon of Edward III. born June 15, 1330; married his couſin, Joanna, coun⯑teſs dowager of Holland, daughter of the earl of Kent, who was beheaded, 1361; made prince of Aquitaine, 1362; brought the king of France priſoner to England, from the battle of Poictiers, 1336, who was ranſomed for 3,000,000 of crowns; but as his ſon, one of his hoſtages, would not continue in England, the king returned a priſoner, and died in London; made an expedition into Caſtile, 1367; died 1376.
• Edward IV. a deſcendant of the duke of Clarence, Edward III.'s ſecond ſon, and fifth couſin of Henry VI. who was deſcended from the duke of Lan⯑caſter, Edward III.'s third ſon, born Sept 1442; elected king when Henry VI. was depoſed, Mar. [...], 1461: crowned, June 29, following; privately married lady Elizabeth Gray, widow of Sir John Gray, of Grafton, Bucks, 1464; the valour of this prince was, unfortunately for the times, turn⯑ed againſt his own ſubjects; he was taken priſoner by the Earl of Warwick, March, 1470, but eſcaped ſoon after; expelled the kingdom, 1470, and Henry VI. reſtored to his crown, after ſix years impriſonment; Edward returned, as duke of York, March 25, 1471; beat the earl of Warwick at Barnet (ſee Battle of Barnet); was reſtored, and king Henry VI. ſent to the Tower; died April 9, 1483, at Weſtminſter, and was ſucceeded by his ſon, Edward V. This king underſtood and loved trade ſo well, that he carried it on to his own private uſe; he uſed alſo to preſide in the court of King's Bench, and has done ſo three days together. See Edward ſon of Henry VI. Battle of Tewkſ⯑bury.
• Edward, ſon of Henry VI. murdered by Clarence and Gloceſter, in preſence of Edward IV. May 21, 1471, aged 18. See Battle of Tewkſbury.
• Edward V. ſon of Edward IV. born 1470; ſucceeded his father, April 9, 1483, Richard duke of Glo⯑ceſter, protector; conveyed to the Tower, May, [93]1483; depoſed, June 20 following, and, with his brother, the duke of York, ſmothered in the To [...]er ſoon after, by order of his uncle, Richard III. who ſucceeded him. See Inundation
• Edward VI. ſon of Henry VIII. by Jane Seymour, his third queen, born October 12, 1537; ſucceeded his father, January 28, 1547, his uncle the duke of Somerſet, protector; crowned, Sunday, Feb. 20 following; ſettled the crown on lady Jane Grey, May, 1553; died of a conſumption at Green⯑wich, July 6, following, and was ſucceeded by his ſiſter, Mary. See Somerſet, Gray, lady Jane.
• Edwin, king of Northumberland, the firſt Chriſtian king, ſucceeded R [...]dwald as eighth monarch of Britain, 624; killed in battle, 633, aged 46; bu⯑ried at Whitby, Yorkſhire, and was ſucceeded by Oſwald, his nephew, king of Northumberland.
• Edwy, ſon to Edmund I. ſucceeded his uncle, Edred, 955, aged 17; reſigned part of his kingdom, Nor⯑thumberland and Mercia, to his brother, Edgar; died of grief, 959; buried at Winton, and was ſucceeded by Edgar.
• Edyſtone light-houſe, built in 1690; blown down, 1703; burnt, 1759; rebuilt, 1760; burnt again, 1770; rebuilt, 1774.
• Eſſingham, Earldom of, created 173d. (name How⯑ard.)
• Egbert, ſon of Woden, the father of the Engliſh monarchy, began his reign as king of Weſſe [...], 800; conquered Mercia, 819; and every other of the ſe⯑ven kingdoms, and became ſovereign of all England, ſouth of the Humber, and called it England, 827; drove the Danes out of Britain, 836; died 838, and was ſucceeded by his ſon, Ethelwolf.
• Egfrid, ſucceeded his father Offa, as 17th king of Britain, 798; died the ſame year, after reigning ſix months; buried at St. Alban's, and was ſuc⯑ceeded by Kenulf, 13th king of Mercia.
• Eglington, Scots earldom of, created 1503. (name Montgomery.)
• Eglington, Lord, attempting to take away a man's [94]gun for poaching in his manor, was ſhot by him, 1769.
• Egmont, Iriſh earldom of, created 1733. (name Per⯑ceval.)
• Egmont, Count, beheaded at Bruſſels, 1568, which ſo enraged the Netherlanders, ſo that nothing could appeaſe them, till they had ſhaken off the Spaniſh yoke.
• Egremont-caſtle, Cumberland, built, 1070.
• Egremont, Earldom of, created 1749. (name Wynd⯑ham.)
• Egypt, The kingdom of, began under Miſraim, the ſon of Ham, the ſecond ſon of Noah, 2188 before Chriſt, and laſted 1663 years; reduced to a pro⯑vince, 31; conquered by the Turks, 1517.
• Eldon, Norfolk, burnt (50 houſes) June 4, 1752.
• Eleanor, the divorced wife of Louis king of France, married Henry II. 1152; died 1204.
• Eleanor, queen of Edward I. died on her journey to Scotland, at Herby, Lincolnſhire, 1290, and was buried at Weſtminſter,
• Eleanor, queen of Henry III. died in a monaſtery at Ambreſbury, about 1292.
• Elections. See Bribery.
• Electricity, Firſt idea of, given by two globes of brimſtone, by Ottoguericke, 1467; electric ſhock diſcovered at Leyden by Cuneus, 1746; that it would fire ſpirits firſt known, 1756.
• Elegiac verſe invented by Callinus of Epheſus, who flouriſhed about 776 before Chriſt.
• Eleuſinian myſteries, firſt introduced at Athens, by Eumolpus, 1356 before Chriſt; extinguiſhed ſoon after 364.
• Elgin, Scots earldom of, created 1633. (name Bruce.)
• Elibank, Scots barony of, created 1643. (name Murray.)
• Elizabeth, queen of Henry VII. died in childbed, 1503.
• Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VIII. by his ſecond queen, Ann Bulleyn, born, September 7, 1533, and created princeſs of Wales ſoon after; declared [95]illegitimate, 1536; reſtored by parliament to her right of ſucceſſion, 1544; that right ſet aſide in favour of lady Jane Grey, 1553; impriſoned in the Tower, by queen Mary, 1554; ditto at Wood⯑ſtock, 1554; releaſed at the interceſſion of king Philip, April 9, 1555; ſucceeded her half-ſiſter, Mary, on the throne, November 17, 1558; crowned at Weſtminſter, January 15, 1559; ſuccoured the Proteſtants in France, 1568; invited them to Eng⯑land, which gave birth to ſundry manufactures, 1569; excommunicated by the pope for her zeal in the proteſtant cauſe, which cauſed a riſing of the papiſts, who were ſoon ſuppreſſed; agreed to marry the duke of Anjou, brother to Charles IX. of France, but receded, 1581; a conſpiracy formed to aſſaſſinate her, by one Ballard, &c. which failed, 1586; died melancholy at Richmond, March 24, 1603; buried at Weſtminſter, and was ſucceeded by her third couſin, James VI. of Scotland. See Mary queen of Scots, Conſpiracies.
• Elizabeth, ſiſter to George III. born 1740, died 1759.
• Ell, The ancient (from ulna or arm) which is the mo⯑dern yard, eſtabliſhed by Henry I. from the length of his own arm.
• Ella, a Saxon general, invited by Hengiſt, and his ſucceſſor in the monarchy, came over from Ger⯑many, landed at Whitering in Suſſex, and eſta⯑bliſhed the kingdom of South Saxony, 477; and was thus firſt king of Suſſex; became ſecond king of Britain, 480; died, 514, and was ſucceeded in the monarchy by Cerdic.
• Elphinſton, Scots barony of, created 1509. (name Elphinſton.)
• Eli [...]neur, in Denmark, built two years after Chriſt.
• Ely, Iriſh earldom of, created 1771. (name Loftus.)
• Eſy cathedral built, 506; monaſtery deſtroyed by the Danes, 870; rebuilt, 1109; biſhopric taken out of Lincoln, and founded, 1008; archdeaconry erect⯑ed about 1125; deanry erected, 1541.
• [96]Emanuel college, Cambridge, founded by Sir Waltor Mildmay, 1584. (14 fellows.)
• Embden Eaſt India Company eſtabliſhed, 1750.
• Ember weeks eſtabliſhed by Pope Urban I. about 222.
• Emma died in priſon, 1052. See Ethelred II. Canute.
• Epſom. See Dudley.
• England, originally inhabited by the Britons, a branch of the ancient Gauls or Celtae; the weſtern part, in the time of the Romans, was inhabited by the Belgae; the northern, by the Brigantes; South Wales by the Silures, and Norfolk and Suffolk by the Iceni.
  • Invaded by Julius Caeſar, 54 before Chriſt; ſub⯑dued by Clandius 44, and completely ſo by Agri⯑cola, in 85.
  • The Romans kept poſſeſſion till 410.
  • Conquered by the Saxons, 455, who were invited over by the ancient in habitants, and who divided it into ſeven kingdoms, called the Heptarchy. See Heptarchy.
  • Ravaged by the Picts and Scots, 448. See Scots.
  • Erected into a kingdom by Egbert, by a union of all the kingdoms of the heptarchy, near 400 years after the arrival of the Saxons, 827.
  • Conquered by the Danes, 877; recovered by Al⯑fred, 880.
  • Divided into counties and hundreds, 886.
  • Invaded by the Scots, who were defeated by Athel⯑ſtan, 921.
  • Invaded by the Welch, 984; by Sweyn, king of Denmark, 1003; again by Sweyn, and almoſt ſubdued by him, 1013.
  • Invaded and defeated by the Iriſh, 1069; Iriſh landed, and were defeated, 1070.
  • Invaded by Malcolm of Scotland, who burnt ſe⯑veral churches, &c. 1071; again, 1091; again, 1093, when Malcolm and his ſon were killed at Alnwick.
• [97]England.
  • Invaded by Robert, duke of Normandy, 1101, by David of Scotland, 1136; again by the Welch, with ſucceſs, 1136; by the Scots, 1183.
  • Put under an interdict by the pope, for John's oppoſing his nomination to the ſee of Canterbury, 1206; interdict taken off, on John's ſubmiſſion, 1214.
  • All in arms, 1215.
  • Underwent a reformation in government, 1258.
  • Invaded by the French, 1416.
  • Invaded by Henry, duke of Richmond, Auguſt 7, 1485.
  • Put under an interdict on Henry VIIIth's ſhaking off the pope's ſupremacy, 1535.
  • See Egbert, Britain, Danes, Rebellion, War.
• Engliſh monarchy began in 449. See Egbert.
• Engraving on copper invented by Maſo of Florence, 1460; with the hammer invented, 1592; in mez⯑zotinto by Siegen, and perfected by the prince Robert Paletin, 1648; to repreſent waſh invented by Barabbé, a Frenchman, 1761; crayon engrav⯑ing invented at Paris by Bonnet, 1769.
• Funiſkillin, Iriſh viſcount, title of, created 1776. (name Cole.)
• Enoch, the father of Methuſelah, tranſlated to hea⯑ven, 987 of the world, aged 365; i. e. 3017 before Chriſt.
• Enos. See Ceremonies.
• Entailing eſtates introduced by ſtatute, 1307.
• Entertainment, Places of, about London, firſt li⯑cenced, 1752.
• Epheſus. See Diana.
• Epiphany, Feaſt of, introduced, 813.
• Epirus, Kingdom of, firſt known in hiſtory by the great warlike atchievements of Pyrrhus, about 950 before Chriſt; a ſecond Pytrhus was renowned for his wars againſt the Romans, 280 before Chriſt. (See Pyrrhus.) Epirus became a republic, 240, [98]but was ſubdued by the Romans 167 before Chriſt. It was finally conquered by Mahomet II. 1466, and is now part of the Ottoman empire.
• Epiſcopacy introduced before 100; aboliſhed in Scot⯑land, 1638; ditto in England, 1645; reſtored in England, 1660; ditto in Scotland, 1661, which continued to the reign of William III.
• Epſom mineral ſpring, the firſt of the purging kind in England, diſcovered, about 1630.
• Era, or fixed period, from whence certain people or nations counted their years: that of Nabonaſſar, 747 before Chriſt; Philippic, or death of Alex⯑ander, 324 before Chriſt; of contracts, or Seleu⯑cidae, 312 before Chriſt; Chriſtian, 4; of Dio⯑cleſian, or era of martyrs, 284; of Hegira, or ſlight of Mahomet, 622; Perſian, or of Yezdegird, 632; era of Chriſt began to be introduced into hiſ⯑tory, 784. See Age, Hegira, Nabonaſſar, Jeſus, Time, Seleucus.
• Ercombert, youngeſt ſon of Eadbald, by Emma, be⯑gan his reign in Kent, 640; died, 665.
• Erne, Iriſh viſcount, created 1780. (name Creigh⯑ton.)
• Errol, Scots enrldom of, created 1452. (name Hay.)
• Eſau, ſon of Iſaac and Rebecca, born 1836 before Chriſt, Rebecca having been barren 20 years See Jacob.
• Eſher Place, Surrey, built, 1414.
• Eſkdale chapel, Penance at, performed on Aſcenſion Eve annually, in commemoration of the murder of a monk, 1159.
• Eſquire, or gentleman, The addition of, to a man's name was rare before 1413.
• Eſſe [...], Hongary, abandoned by the Turks, 1687.
• Eſſex, Arendeaconry of, erected before 1142.
• Eſſex, Devereux, Earl of, ſtruck by queen Elizabeth for his inſorent behaviour in council, 1598; ſent to Ireland, 1599, to ſubdue O'Neale's rebellion, but returning without the queen's leave, he was con⯑fined and degraded, 1600; and beheaded for ſtir⯑ring up the people to arms, Feb. 25, 1601.
• [99]Eſſex, Thomas, Cromwell, created earl of, 1540; condemned for high treaſon, without a trial, and beheaded, July 28, the ſame year.
• Eſſex, Earldom of, created 1661. (name Capel.)
• Eſſex, Earl of, and lord Ruſſel, committed to the Tower, for engaging in Monmouth's conſpiracy, where lord Eſſex cut his own throat, June 21, 1683. See Ruſſel.
• Eſtates; act paſſed for entailing them, 1307. See Tail.
• Etching invented by Carpi, and Italian, 1496; with aquafortis found out, 1535.
• Ethelbald I. king of Mercia, ſucceeded Ceolred as 15th king of Britain, 716; killed by his ſubject, near Tamworth, and buried at Repton, Derbyſhire, 757; and was ſucceeded by his nephew, Offa.
• Ethelbald II. ſon and ſucceſſor of Ethelwolf, married his mother-in-law, the princeſs of France; began to reign, in Weſſex, 857; reigned two years and a half, and died, 860; buried at Sarum, and was ſucceeded by his brother, Ethelbert II. See Ethelwolf.
• Ethelbert II. ſucceeded his father Ethelwolf in Kent, 857, and his brother, in Weſſex, 860; died, 866, and was ſucceeded, in the whole kingdom, by his brother, Ethelred. See Ethelwolf.
• Ethelbert, fifth king of Kent, ſucceeded Ceaulin as fixth king of Britain, 592; married Berta, daughter of Chilperic, king of France, 594, by whom he was prevailed on to turn Chriſtian, and permit St. Auguſtine to ſettle at Canterbury; he had a ſecond wife, who married his ſon after his death; died, 616, and was ſucceeded by Redwald, king of the Eaſt Angles.
• Ethelred, ſucceeded his brother, Wulfer, as 12th king of Britain, 674; his queen, Oſtrid, murdered by ſome Mercian nobles, 697; reſigned his crown, 704; turned monk, and died abbot of Bradney, 716: and was ſucceeded by his nephew, Kenred.
• Ethelred I. ſucceeded his brothers, Ethelbald and Ethelbert, 866; died of a wound received in [100]battle againſt the Danes, 872; left two ſons and a daughter, and was ſucceeded by his brother, Alfred.
• Ethelred II ſucceeded his brother, Edward the Martyr, and was anointed king by Dunſtan, at Kingſton upon Thames, aged 12, 979; married Emma, ſiſter to Richard II. duke of Normandy, 1001; (hence the connexion with the Norman family, that afterwards ſeated William the Conqueror on this throne:) ſled from Suenon, king of Denmark, who invaded England, into Normandy, 1013, when Suenon was proclaimed king; and ſoon after dying, his ſon Canute was proclaimed, March, 1014; but was ſoon after obliged to fly to Den⯑mark; on this Ethelred, being invited back, re⯑turned; Canute alſo returned, and obliged his ſon, retire to the north, 1015; died April 23, 1016; was buried in St. Paul's, and ſucceeded by his ſon, Edmund Ironſide.
• Ethelwolf, biſhop of Winton, ſucceeded his father, Egbert, as king, 838; died 857, and left his king⯑dom divided between his two eldeſt ſons, Ethelbald, and Ethelbert II. This prince eſtabliſhed the an⯑nual tribute to the pope, called Peter-pence, for the ſupport of the Engliſh college at Rome.
• Eton-college founded by Henry VI. 1441; rebuilt, 1569.
• Etruria, The country of, now Tuſcany. See Tuſ⯑cany.
• Etruſcans. See Tuſcany.
• Eunuchs are mentioned, Deut. xxiii. 1. and are of high antiquity both in Aſia and Egypt. The firſt was made by order of Semiramis. See Semiramis.
• Euſtatia, St. Iſland of, taken from the Dutch, Feb. 1781.
• Eutychians, heretics, aroſe 447, under Eutyches of Conſtantinople. They denied that Chriſt's body was truly human.
• Eveſham-abbey, Worceſterſhire, built, 701; abbots Tower built, about 1520; town chartered by James I.
• [101]Ewelm palace, Oxfordſhire, built, 1424.
• Exchange, Bills of. See Bills.
• Exchange, Royal, firſt finiſhed at the expence of Sir Thomas Greſham, 1569; called Royal, by queen Elizabeth, January 29, 1571; rebuilt and opened, September 28, 1669.
• Exchequer Chamber, Court of, erected by Edward III. 1359; improved by Elizabeth, 1584.
• Exchequer, Court of, inſtituted on the model of the Tranſmarine Exchequer in Normandy, 1074; Ex⯑chequer ſtopped payment from Jan. 2, 1673, to May following. See Courts of Juſlice.
• Exciſe-office formed, 1643.
• Exciſe ſcheme defeated, April II, 1733.
• Exeter-caſtle built, about 680; city taken by Sweyn, king of Denmark, and deſtroyed, 1003; biſhopric compoſed of thoſe of Devonſhire and Cornwall, 1046; cathedral built, 1060; city rebelled, 1067, and was by William the Conqueror ſubdued; in⯑corporated by John; precentorſhip created, about 1080; archdeaconry before 1083; treaſurerſhip; about 1133; deanry and chancellorſhip, 1223; cathed [...]al begun, 1130; finiſhed, 1485.
• Exeter-college, Oxford, founded by the biſhop of Exeter, 1316. (25 fellows.)
• Exeter, Duke of, degraded from his title, and put to death for conſpiring againſt Henry IV. 1400.
• Exeter, Marquis of, lord Montague, and Sir Nicho⯑las Carew, beheaded (for conſpiring againſt Henry VIII.) Dec. 21, 1538.
• Exeter, Earldom of, created 1605. (name Cecil.)
• Expedition, Grand ſecret, deſigned to make a deſcent on the coaſt of France, but after it had ſailed, ſo much time was waſted in councils of war, that France got intelligence of it, and it returned, with⯑out executing its purpoſe, Sept. 1757.
• Explanation, Iriſh act of, paſſed 1665.
• Eye, Suffolk, incorporated by king John.
• Eynſham-abbey, Oxfordſhire, built, 1005.
• Eyre, Juſtices in, the office inſtituted by Henry II. 1184; the laſt inſtance of their holding a court in [102]any of the foreſts, is believed to have been during the reign of Charles II.
• any of Eyrecourt, Iriſh barony, created 1768. (name Eyre.)

• FABII, 300 Romans of that name killed by the Veientes, 477 before Chriſt.
• Fairfax of Emley, Iriſh viſcount, title of, created 1628. (name Fairfax.)
• Fairfax of Cameron, Scots barony, created 1627, (name Fairfax.)
• Fairs and markets firſt inſtituted in England by Al⯑fred, about 886. The firſt fairs took their riſe from wakes, when the number of people then aſſembled, brought together a variety of traders annually on thoſe days. From theſe holidays they were called feriae, or fairs. See Wakes.
• Falconry, the amuſement of the great in the 11th century.
• Falkland, Scots viſcount, title of, created 1620. (name Carey.)
• Falkland's Iſles firſt diſcovered by Veſpucci, 1502; ſettled by the French, at the expence of Bougain⯑vilie, Feb. 1764.
• Falmouth, viſcount, title of, created 1720. (name Boſcawen.)
• Famine; the beginning of that which laſted ſeven years, 1708 before Chriſt: an extraordinary one at Rome, when many perſons threw themſelves into the Tiber, 440 before Chriſt; ſo dreadful a one in Italy, that parents were reduced to the cruel neceſſity of eating their own children, 450; one in 976; another, 1005; another, 1087; another, 1193; another, 1251; another, 1315; another, 1318; another, 1335; another, 1348; another, 1389; another, 1438. See Rem. Occur. annis 1315, 1348, 1353.
• Fans, muffs, maſks, and falſe hair, firſt deviſed by [103]the harlots in Italy, and brought into England from France, 1572.
• Farley-caſtle, Somerſetſhire, built before 1342.
• Farnham-caſtle, Surrey, built by Henry, king Ste⯑phen's brother.
• Farnham, Iriſh viſcount, created 1780. (name Max⯑well.)
• Faſts eſtabliſhed, 138.
• Fauconberg, earldom of, created 1756. (name Bel⯑laſiſe.)
• Faux, Guy, &c. executed for a plot, called the gun⯑powder plot, intended to blow up King, Lords, and Commons, while ſitting in the parliament-houſe, January 31, 1606.
• Fencing-ſchools in London prohibited, as introduc⯑tory to duels, 1285.
• Fenwick, Sir John, beheaded early in 1697, for conſpiring againſt the life of William III.
• Ferrar, biſhop of St. David's, burnt at Carmarthen for his religion, 1555.
• Ferrers, Earldom of, created 1711. (name Shirley.)
• Ferrers of Chartley, Barony of, created 1298. (name Townſhend.)
• Ferrers, Earl of, hanged at Tyburn for ſhooting his ſervant, 1760. See Dacres, Stourton.
• Feudal law introduced, 1070. This was dividing the kingdom into baronies, giving them to certain perſons, and requiring thoſe perſons to furniſh the king with money, and a ſtated number of ſoldiers. It was diſcountenanced in France by Louis XI. about 1470; reſtored and limited by Henry VII. 1495; aboliſhed by ſtatute 12 Charles II. 1662. See Villenage.
• Feverſham, of ſome note, 811; abbey built, 1147; Davington nunnery founded, 1153; town firſt chartered by Henry III.; Maiſon Dieux, founded by Henry III.; ſchool erected, 1582; Mr. Arden murdered, 1550; running at old wives Lees, eſtabliſhed, 1628.
• Fez, Kingdom of, anciently Mauritania. See Mo⯑zocco.
• [104]Fife, Iriſh earldom of, created 1759. (name Duff)
• Figures, in arithmetic, introduced into Europe by the Saracens, from Arabia, 991; till then letters were uſed.
• Fines originated from the mercenary diſpoſition of the courts, all puniſhments anciently, before the uſe of money, being corporal.
• Finlater, Scots earldom of, created 1637. (name Ogilvie.)
• Fire. Vide Prometheus.
• Fire engines to draw water invented, 1663; thoſe to extinguiſh fire invented by Heyden, a Dutchman, 1699.
• Fire-ſhips firſt introduced in the Engliſh navy, 1588.
• Fires, Great, in London; one that burnt down 13,200 houſes, &c. Sept. 2, 1666; it was ſup⯑poſed to be ſet on fire by the papiſts. The mo⯑nument was erected in memory of it.
  • At Battle-bridge, Au⯑guſt 12, 1749
  • In St. Catherine's, 1673, 1681, and 1743.
  • In Cornhill, 1743, 1759, and 1765.
  • In Gray's Inn, Feb. 7, 1680.
  • In Inner Temple, 1717.
  • At Limehouſe, Dec. 1716.
  • In Lincoln's Inn ſquare, June 27, 1752.
  • At Rotherhithe, June 1, 1765.
  • In Southwark, 600 houſes, 1676.
  • In the Temple, Jan. 26, 1679.
  • In Thames-ſtreet, Jan. 24, 1715.
  • In Threadneedle-ſtreet, May, 1772.
  • At Wapping, 1682.
• Firſt-fruits and tenths, a tax paid by the clergy, granted by the queen for the augmentation of ſmall livings, Feb. 7, 1704; office eſtabliſhed, 1543.
• Fiſh brought to London by land carriage, 1761.
• Fiſher, biſhop of Rocheſter, born 1458; beheaded, (for denying the king's ſupremacy) June 22, 1535.
• Fiſhery, Herring, incorporated, Oct. 11, 1750.
• Fitzgerald, with five of his uncles, Iriſh rebels, exe⯑cuted at Tyburn, Feb. 3, 1537.
• [105]Fitzharris hanged for a libel againſt the king, 1681.
• Fitzwilliam, Iriſh earldom of, created 1716. (name Fitzwilliam.)
• Fitzwilliam, viſcount, title of, created 1629. (name Fitzwilliam.)
• Fitzwilliam, Barony of, created 1746. (name Fitz⯑william.)
• Five-mile act paſſed, October 31, 1665. This act obliged non-conformiſt teachers, who refuſed to take the non-reſiſtance oath, not to come within five miles of any corporation where they had preached, ſince the act of oblivion, unleſs they were travelling, under the penalty of 50 l.
• Flag. See Salute.
• Flagellants, who taught whipping neceſſary to ſalva⯑tion, aroſe 1260.
• Flammoc, a Corniſh lawyer, headed an inſurrection, becauſe they would not pay a tax; marched to London, was defeated in a battle at Blackheath, and executed, 1497.
• Flanders. See Low Countries.
• Fleet-market opened, September 50, 1737.
• Fleets, Eaſt and Weſt India, taken by the combined fleets of France and Spain, Auguſt 9, 1780.
• Flint-caſtle built, and the town chartered by Edward I. 1275.
• Florence, the order of St. Stephen inſtituted, 1561.
• Florida diſcovered, 1512; ceded to the Britiſh crown, 1763. See America, Rem. Occur. anno 1597.
• Flowers, art of preſerving them in ſand, diſcovered by Boeler of Straſburg, 1633.
• Flute, The, invented by Hyagnis of Phrygia, 1506 before Chriſt.
• Fluxions, or differential method, firſt publiſhed by Leibnitz, 1684.
• Foley, of Kidderminſter, Barony of, created 1776. (name Foley.)
• Fonts inſtituted, 167.
• Food, Animal, permitted by God, 2357 before Chriſt.
• Fools, Feſtival of, held in the cathedral at Paris, [106]January 1, and continued for 240 years, when all forts of abſurdities and indecencies were committed by the eccleſiaſtics, during the [...]lebration of the maſs, 1198; it originated at Conſtantinople, at the Greek church, about 990.
• Forbes, Scots barony, created before 1421. (name Forbes.)
• Forbiſher's Streights diſcovered, 1578.
• Ford-abbey, Devonſhire, built, 1142.
• Foreſt, New, made, 1081, by William I. who for that purpoſe deſtroyed 36 pariſhes, and depopulated the country 30 miles round.
• Forgery, made capital, 1734.
• Fornication. See Adultery.
• Forreſt, John, burnt in Smithfield, for denying the ſupremacy, May 22, 1538, aged 42.
• Fort St. David, India, bought by the Eaſt-India Company, 1686.
• Forteſcue, of Caſtle Hill, Barony of, created 1746. (name Forteſcue.)
• Forteſcue. of Credan, Iriſh barony, created 1746. (name Aland.)
• Fortification, Firſt treatiſe on, publiſhed by Albert Durer, 1527.
• Fortroſe, Iriſh viſcount, title of, created 1766. (name Macken [...]ie.)
• Fotheringhay-caſtle, Northamptonſhire, built, 1408.
• Fountain's-abbey, Yorkſhire, founded, 1204.
• Fowey, Cornwall, made a borough, 13 of Eliz.
• Framingham-caſtle, Suffolk, erected in the time of the Sax [...]ns.
• France, the country of the ancient Gauls; a colony of the Bei [...]e, from Germany, were permitted to ſettle i [...] it, 200 before Chriſt.
  • Conqu [...]red by the Romans, 25 before Chriſt.
  • The Goths, Vandals, Alans, and Suevi, and afterwards the Burgundi divided it amongſt them, from 400 to 486.
  • The Franks, from whom the French are derived, occupled part of Brabant, 130 years before the reign of Clovis.
  • [107]This is the only ſtate in Europe that can boaſt a perpetual ſucceſſion from the conquerors of the Weſtern empire.
  • Its firſt king was Pharamond, who began to reign in 418; Clovis was the firſt Chriſtian king, 481.
  • It was peopled by the natives of Germany, who croſſed the Rhine to invade the Gauls.
  • The aſſemblies called the States General firſt met, 1302, and continued to 1614.
  • The Engliſh crown loſt all its poſſeſſions in France, between 1341 and 1359.
  • Scotch guards were ever about the king, from the reign of St. Louis, to that of Henry II. It con⯑tinued through 41 reigns of France from Charle⯑magne.
  • King of, taken priſoner by the Engliſh, 1356. See Edward the black prince.
  • The taillon tax eſtabliſhed, 1549.
  • The French began to date from the birth of Chriſt, 1618; before they reckoned from the creation.
  • Queen, Mother of, viſited England, 1638.
  • Law's banking ſcheme, ſomething like the South Sea bubble in England, took place, 1716; de⯑ſtroyed, 1720.
  • Francis I. taken priſoner by the Imperialiſts, and carried into Spain, Auguſt, 1525 (See Battle of Pavia); killed at a tilting match, 1559.
  • Orders; of the Croſiers inſtituted, 1211; the Star, by king John, 1352; St. Michael, by Louis XI. 1469; Holy Ghoſt, by Henry III. 1579; Mount Carmel, by Henry IV. 1607; St. Louis, by Louis XIV. 1693.
    • See Gaul, Bretagne, Moſt Chriſtian King, Louis XV. Paris, Debts, Charlemagne, Catholic, Franks, Sixteen.
• Francis, St. founded the Franciſcan friars, 1215; died 1227, aged 46.
• Franking of Letters firſt claimed, 1660; commenced, 1734. Before the year 1764, when the act paſſed [108]to alter the mode of franking, the franked letters amounted annually to 170,700 l.
• Franks, The, aroſe from a confederacy of the in⯑habitants of the Lower Rhine and Weſer, about 240.
• Freeholds. See Villenage.
• Free Maſons, Society of, took its riſe from a ſet of foreigners, who called themſelves Free Maſons, from none being acquainted with the ſecrets of their order, but ſuch as they admitted free among them. Their principal ſecret was conſtructing of roofs, like that of King's College chapel, Cambridge, which they built. They are ſaid to have introduced the art of building with ſtone in England, about 670; others ſay, the inſtitution is as early as the building of Solomon's temple.
• Fritheſtoke priory, Devon, built, 1222.
• Froſt, ſo great, that the Danube was quite frozen over, 558; Mediterranean ſo frozen, that carriages were uſed on the Adriatic ſea, 859; again, 1234; one of 15 weeks, 1407; the Baltic was frozen over, 1426; again, 1459, ſo that people travelled on the ice from Denmark to Lubec, Wiſmar, Roſtock, and Stralſund; great one in England, from Nov. 24, to February 10, 1434; one Chriſt⯑mas, 1683; again, 1709; again, 1739 for nine weeks.
• Fryth, John, Rev. burnt for hereſy in Smithfield, July 4, 1533.
• Fulham-bridge built, 1727.
• Fulling, The art of, invented by Nicias, in the Time of the Romans.
• Furneſs-abbey, Lancaſhire, founded, 1127.
• Funds, a Florentine inſtitution of, 1344, firſt ſettled and adopted at the Revolution, 1689. See National Debt, Bank Stock.
• Furniture was very heavy, and could not be readily moved, 1216.

• GAGE of Firle, Barony of, created 1780. (name Gage.)
• Gainſborough, earldom of, created 1682. (name Noel.)
• Galleys, firſt uſed with three rowers to each oar, 786 before Chriſt. They came from Corinth.
• Galloway, Scots earldom of, created 1623. (name Stewart.)
• Galway college, Ireland, founded by Edward VI. 1551.
• Galway, Iriſh viſcount, title of, created 17 [...]7. (name Moncton.)
• Game, firſt act for preſerving it paſſed, 1496; pre⯑ſent one, 1753. The game laws are peculiar to the northern parts of Europe; they were never thought of by the Greeks or Romans. They were firſt occaſioned by falconry, and therefore the heron is deemed game, it being the nobleſt bird the falcon could fly at. In Charles I.'s time, no perſon ſhot flying, it was reckoned unfair: what is now called poaching was the gentleman's recreation. See Birds-neſts.
• Gaming, Exceſſive, introduced into England by the Saxons; the loſer was often a ſlave to the winner, and ſold like other merchandize. The Turks never play for money.
• Gamut invented by Gui L'Aretin, 1025, and the ſix notes, ut, re, &c. fixed by one Meurs, of Paris, from the firſt ſyllables of the ſeveral lines of a Latin hymn to St. John, 1133. See Muſic.
• Gardening, The aera of, in queen Elizabeth's time.
• Gardens, vide Remarkable Occurrences, 1509.
• Garnet, Tho. a Jeſuit, hanged at Tyburn for refuſing to take the oath of allegiance, June 25, 1608.
• Garter, Order of, inſtituted, April 23, 1340; alter⯑ed, 1552. Some ſay it owes its origin to Richard I. its ſplendor to Edward III. The duke of Rich⯑mond [110]was the firſt knight that wore the ribbon over his ſhoulder, the Ducheſs of Portſmouth his mother, having thus put it on, and introduced him to his father, Charles II. who was ſo pleaſed with the conceit, that he commanded the knights to wear it ſo in future, April, 1681; before it was worn round the neck, as old pictures ſhew.
• Garter king at arms, created by Henry V.
• Gate, Cuſtom of, attending at the Prince's. See Porte.
• Gateſhide monaſtery, Durham, founded before 653.
• Gauging contrived, 1570.
• Gaul, Ancient, comprehended all modern France, Alſace and Lorraine, Savoy, Switzerland, the four Electorates of the Rhine, Liege, Luxemburgh, Hainault, Flanders, and Brabant; ſucceſsfully in⯑vaded by the Barbarians, 407.
• Gaunt, John of, third ſon of Edward III. married the daughter of the king of Caſtile, and took the title of king, 1371. His children by Catherine, before marriage, were made legitimate by act of parliament.
• Gauze, a manufacture known to, and of great value among, the Romans, 14.
• Gavelkind. See Tainiſtry.
• Gaveſton, the favourite of Edward II. put to death by the barons, July 1, 1312.
• Gazettes, ſo called from a ſmall Italian piece of money, Gazetta, given to read them; introduced in Venice, 1600; in France, 1631; in Leipſig, 1715; in Amſterdam, 1732; at the Hague, 1735; at Cologne, 1756; courier of the Lower Rhine, 1764; the Engliſh gazette firſt publiſhed at Ox⯑ford, Nov. 7, 1665. See Newſpapers.
• Gelding cattle not in uſe in Scotland till after 1378.
• Geneſis, The book of, contains a period of 2369 years, ending with the death of Joſeph.
• Geneva, its republic founded, 1535.
• Genevieve, Congregation of, commenced, 1618.
• Genoa formerly inhabited by the Ligurians; its re⯑public founded, about 63 before Chriſt; the pre⯑ſent [111]one, 950; the firſt duke of, choſen, 1337; republic reſtored to its liberties by Doria, Sept. 12, 1528; an attempt to ſeize it by conſpiracy, under Fieſco, which would have ſucceeded, had not Fieſco been accidentally killed, 1547; bank failed, 1750. See Doria.
• Gentleman. See Eſquire.
• Geofrey, third ſon of Henry II. killed in a tourna⯑ment at Paris, 1183.
• Geofrey, biſhop of Norwich, put to death, 1210.
• George I. ſecond couſin of queen Anne. The ſuc⯑ceſſion ſettled on his mother 1700; created duke of Cambridge, &c. October 5, 1706; aſcended the throne, Auguſt 1, 1714; landed at Greenwich, Sept. 18, following; quarrelled with the prince of Wales for his reſenting the king's nomination of the duke of Newcaſtle's ſtanding ſponſor for the prince's ſon, Nov. 1718; reconciled to the prince, June, 1720; died at Oſnaburg, Sunday, June 11, 1727, of a paralytic diſorder, aged 67; and was ſucceeded by his ſon George II. See Hanover, princeſs Sophia of.
• George II ſon of George I. by Sophia, daughter of the duke of Zell, ſucceeded to the crown, June 15, 1727; quarrelled with the prince of Wales for con⯑cealing the princeſs's pregnancy from him, 1737; reconciled to him, 1742; died ſuddenly, Oct. 25, 1760, at Kenſington, aged 77; buried, Nov. 11, at Weſtminſter, and was ſucceeded by his grandſon George III. See Caroline.
• George III. ſon of Frederic prince of Wales, born June 4, 1738; ſucceeded his grandfather, Geo. II. October 26, 1760; made the judges independent, March, 1761; married Charlotte, daughter of the duke of Mecklenburgh, Sept. 8, 1761; crowned, September 22, following. The preſent family being deſcended from James I.'s daughter, who was married to the king of Bohemia, and James I. being the direct lineal deſcendant of Malcolm king of Scots, by Margaret, the ſiſter of Edgar Atheling, and Edgar Atheling being lineally deſcended from the immediate heir of Egbert king of the Weſt [112]Saxons, though excluded from the throne by the uſurper Harold II. it follows, that George III. is truly deſcended from the ancient Saxon kings. See Hanover, princeſs Sophia of, Henry I. Edgar Atheling.
• Georgia, Colony of, eſtabliſhed by charter, 1732; ſettled, 1733; expedition againſt St. Auguſti [...]e, 1740.
• Germain, Lord George Suckville, tried for diſobedi⯑ence of orders under prince Ferdinand, Auguſt 15, 17 [...]0, and found guilty.
• Germany, from Germann, or warlike man, being an⯑ciently divided into ſeveral independent ſtate, made no figure in hiſtory till 25 before Chriſt, when the people withſtood the power of the Ro⯑mans, and expelled them in 290.
  • The greateſt part conquered by the Huns from China, 432, but not totally ſubdued till Charle⯑magne became maſter of the whole, 802. He was the firſt emperor, and added the ſecond head to the eagle for his arms, to denote that the em⯑pires of Rome and Germany were in him united.
  • It was called Allemania, from Alleman, i. e. in German, 'Every Man,' denoting that all nations were welcome there.
  • Dukes being at this time made governors of thoſe provinces they claimed a right to; hence came moſt of the ſovereign princes of Germany.
  • Lewis I. Charlemagne's ſon, was the firſt king that made this empire independent, 814.
  • It continued united to the crown of France, till 841.
  • Charles III. was the firſt that added the year of our Lord to the year of his reign, 879.
  • Conrade I. was the firſt elected emperor, 912.
  • The electors, according to ſome, reduced to ſeven, 999.
  • To bring in their ſons ſucceſſors, the emperors, in their life-time. poſitically got them elected king [113]of the Romans, which was a part of the ſove⯑reignty; the firſt emperor ſo elected, 1054.
  • The elective power originated by the emperors getting their laſt will, wherein they nominated their ſucceſſors, confirmed before their deaths by the princes and great men.
  • The emperor Philip murdered, 1208.
  • Nine electors firſt appointed to chooſe an emperor, 1258.
  • Lewis V. made the empire independent on the Holy See, Auguſt 8, 1338.
  • Golden Ball, relating to the election of the em⯑perors, eſtabliſhed by Charles IV. of Germany, 1357.
  • To get his ſon elected king of the Romans, Charles IV. gave each elector 100,000 ducats, and was forced to mortgage ſeveral cities to raiſe the money, 1376; the deſcendants of the mortgagees continue ſtill in the poſſeſſion of them.
  • Charles V. born, 1500; viſited England, 1522; reſigned his crown to his brother, 1556, and turned monk, 1558.
  • A reformation took place in the empire, 16 [...]8.
  • The peace of Carlowitz, when the bounds of the German and eaſtern empires were ſettled, 1689.
  • Orders. Of St. Anthony, in Hainolt, founded, 1382; of St. Hubert, in Juliers, 1473; of St. Michael, 1618.
  • See Maximilian, Pope, Hanover, Academies, Vi⯑enna, Henry IV. Rem. Occur. anno 996.
• Gervis-abbey, Yorkſhire, founded, 1145.
• Ghent founded by Julius Caeſar.
• Gibraltar taken by Sir George Rooke, July 24, 1704; beſieged by the Spaniards, February 27, 1727; again, May, 1731; again, 1781; nearly deſtroyed by a ſtorm, February 3, 1766.
• Gilding with leaf gold invented, 1273.
• [114]Gillingwood, Yorkſhire, burnt down, December 11, 1750.
• Gin act paſſed, July 24, 1737.
• Gipſies, or Egyptians, called in France Bohemiens, in Italy Zingani, a peculiar race of people; made their appearance firſt in Germany, about 1517; baniſhed from France, 1560; from Spain, 1591, and all parts of Europe; the firſt ſtatute that paſſed againſt them here was in 1530.
• Gladiators, the combats of them aboliſhed, in the reign of Honorius, 404.
• Glandore, Iriſh earldom, created 1776. (name Croſbie.)
• Glaſgow univerſity founded, 1450; cathedral found⯑ed, 1136; caſtle, great tower of, built, 1426; theatre burnt, May 6, 1780.
• Glaſgow, Scots earldom of, created 1703. (name Boyle.)
• Glaſs, Art of making, brought to England from France, 674; caſt plate, blown plate, art of, diſ⯑covered by chance, 1164; firſt made here into bottles, &c. 1557; firſt plate-glaſs manufactory at Lambeth, introduced from Venice by the duke of Buckingham, 1674; made from minium and flint by Ziſher, at Wittemberg, 1758; an additional duty laid on 1777. See Windows.
• Glaſs, Painting on, in uſe long before the reform⯑ation.
• Glaſtenbury church, the firſt Chriſtian church in Britain, built, as ſuppoſed, by Joſeph of Arima⯑thea, about 60; rebuilt, 1120; town chartered, 1705.
• Gleaſton-caſtle, Lancaſhire, built, 1340.
• Glencairn, Scots earldom of, created 1488. (name Cunninghame)
• Gleraw [...]ey, Iriſh viſcount, title of, created 1766. (name Anne [...]ly.)
• Gloceſter, once a Roman colony, built by Arviragus, 47; abbey ſounded, 700; burnt, 1102; again, 1122; city incorporated by Henry III.; made a [115]biſhopric and city, 1541; laſt charter granted, 1672.
• Gloceſter, Duke of, uncle to Richard II. ſmothered at Calais between two featherbeds, Feb. 28, 1397.
• Gloceſter, Humphry, duke of, third ſon to Henry IV. and uncle to Henry VI. impriſoned and murdered by the queen's party, Feb. 28, 1447.
• Gloceſter, Richard, duke of, brother to Edward IV. murdered Edward, prince of Wales, 14 [...]1; put the duke of Clarence [...]o death, Feb. 18, 1478; made protector of England, 1483; ordered his two nephews, Edward V. and his brother, to be mur⯑dered; and elected king, June 20, following. See Richard III.
• Gloceſter, duke of, ſon to queen Anne, died of a fever, July 29, 1700, aged 11.
• Gloria Patri added to the Pſalms, by pope Damaſus, about 366.
• Gloves, embroidered and perfumed, introduced here by Edward Earl of Oxford in Elizabeth's reign.
• Gnoſtics, a philoſophiſing ſect of Chriſtians, that ridiculed the hiſtory of Moſes, &c. aroſe in the 2d century, flouriſhed in the 3d, and were ſup⯑preſſed in the 4th or 5th. The Manichaeans were a branch of this ſect.
• Godfathers and godmothers forbidden to marry, 721. See Baptiſm.
• Godmancheſter, Hants, chartered by James I.
• Godolphin, of Helſton, Barony of, created 1735. (name Godolphin.)
• Godſtow nunnery, Oxfordſhire, firſt conſecrated, 1138.
• Godwin, Earl, invaded England, 1052, and mur⯑dered Alfred; choaked at table with the king, in proteſting his innocence, 1053. See Corſned.
• Gold firſt coined in England, 1257; act for weighing gold coin took place, June 15, 1774. See Sove⯑reign, Money, Coin.
• Golden Angel, Order of, founded before 486; re⯑ſtored, 1191.
• Good-Hope, Cape of, diſcovered by the Portu⯑gueze, [116]1487; firſt doubled, by Vaſea-di-Gama, 1497; ditto by the Engliſh, 1591; taken by the Dutch from the Portugueze, 1033.
• Goodwin ſands, formed by the [...]ea overſlowing 4000 acres of earl Goodwin's in Kent, 11 [...]0.
• Gordian knot, The, a knot of the thongs in the waggon of Gordius, who was elected king of Ph [...] ⯑gia, from driving a waggon, and which he after⯑ward [...] depoſited in the temple of Jupiter. Wh [...] ⯑ever looſed this knot, whoſe end, were not diſ⯑coverable, the oracle declared ſhould be emperor of Perſia. Alexander the Great cut away the knot [...]ll he found the ends, and thus, in a military [...], interpreted the oracle, 330 before Chriſt.
• Gordon, Scots dukedom of, created 1634. (name Gordon.)
• Goree iſland taken by the Engliſh, 1663; retaken by the Dutch, 1665; ſubdued by the French, 1677; taken by the Engliſh, 1758; reſtored to the Frenc [...], 1763.
• Gosford of Market-hill, Iriſh barony, created 1776. (Acheſ [...]n.)
• Goſpel, perſon ordered to ſtand, when read, by pope Anaſtaſi [...]s, 399.
• Gotham, Hiſtory of the wiſe men of, was, in the reign of Henry VIII. accounted a book of wit, and alluded to certain ſports and cuſtoms, by which the people of Gotham in Lincolnſhire held their lands. The hiſtories of Reynard the Fox, Tom Thumb, &c. were then in great eſtimation.
• Goths, The, who inhabited all the country from the Baltic to the Euxine ſeas; firſt mentioned as invading the Romans, 250; waged war with them, 3 [...]6; from which time may be derived the fall of the Roman empire.
  • The whole nation, a million in number, through fear of the Huns, removed with the leave of the emperor Valens, to the waſte lands in Thrace, 376.
  • Rebelled againſt the Romans, 377, and were quelled; being afterwards attacked by Valen [...], Goths. [117]the Roman army was cut to pieces, and the em⯑peror killed. See Hadrianople, battle of.
  • The Gothic Youths maſſacred, 378.
  • The Goths capitulated with, and ſubmitted to, the Romans, Oct. 3, 382.
  • Embraced Chriſtianity, 400.
  • Pillaged Rome, and maſſacred the inhabitants, 410.
  • Slew 300,000 inhabitants of Milan, 539.
  • See Huns, Milan, Rome, empire of.
• Gower, earldom of, created 1746. (name Gower)
• Gown and Caſſock, preſent one, not worn before the reign of Charles II.
• Gowrie, Earl of, beheaded for conſpiring againſt James VI. of Scotland, 1584; the earl, his ſon, and Alexander Ruthven, his brother, conſpired againſt the life of James VI. of Scotland, at Perth, and had nearly effected their deſign, but were ſlain in the attempt, Auguſt 5, 1600.
• Grace Dieu nunnery, Leiceſter, built, 1151.
• Grafton, Dukedom of, created 1675. (name Fitzroy.)
• Graham of Belford, Earldom of, created 1722. (name Graham.)
• Graham, Sir David, beheaded for conſpiring againſt James VI. of Scotland, Jan. 1593.
• Grammarians, firſt regular ones, flouriſhed 276 be⯑fore Chriſt.
• Granada, Kingdom of, conquered by the Moors, 715; the laſt Mooriſh prince was Abouabdoulah, who was conquered by the Caſtilians, 1492.
• Granard, Iriſh earldom of, created 1684. (name Forbes.)
• Grand Cairo built by the Saracens, 969.
• Grandier burnt at Loudon, France, for witchcraft, 1634.
• Grandiſon, Iriſh earldom of, created 1767. (name Maſon.)
• Grange, The laird of, governor of Edinburgh, hanged with others, 1573.
• [118]Grantham, Barony of, created 1761. (name Ro⯑binſon.)
• Granville, Earldom of, created 1714. (name Car⯑teret.)
• Grapes. See Cherries, Vines.
• Graveſend, chartered by queen Elizabeth; burnt 1727.
• Gravity, The laws of, diſcovered by Galileo.
• Gray, Scots barony, created 1347. (name Gray.)
• Gray's-Inn, London, built, 1687. See Inns of Court.
• Grecian monarchy, commenced by Alexander the Great's victory over Darius, the laſt Perſian mo⯑narch, 329 before Chriſt; empire began under Nicephorus, emperor of the Eaſt, 811; ended, 1453.
• Greek marks of accent firſt uſed by Ariſtophanes By⯑zantius, about 200 before Chriſt; ſtudy of Greek introduced here by William Groceyn, 1491.
• Greeks, The, deſcended from Hellen, ſon of Dea⯑calion and Pyrrha. See Deucalion.
• Green-caſtle, Caernarvonſhire, built, 1138.
• Green, Saxon, Colour of, diſcovered by Barth, 1744.
• Greenland was diſcovered in the reign of James I. Company eſtabliſhed, 1694.
• Greenwich, Barony of, created 1767. (name Town⯑ſhend.)
• Greenwich hoſpital endowed, 1694; burnt Jan. 2, 1779.
• Gregg executed, 1708.
• Grenades taken by the French, 1779; ſuffered greatly in a ſtorm, Oct. 10, 1780.
• Greſham college, founded by Sir Thomas Greſham, 1581, who died 1579; taken down, 1770.
• Grey Friars, their order founded, 1222.
• Grey, Lady Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Richard Wi⯑deville, and the dowager ducheſs of Bedford, on the death of Sir John Grey, married Edward IV. 1464; conſented to marry Richard III. 1484.
• Grey, Lady Jane, great grand-daughter of Hen. VII. and ſecond couſin to Elizabeth; married to lord [119]Guilford Dudley, 1553; proclaimed queen of England on the death of Edward VI. July 9, the ſame year; but reſigned the crown to Mary, ten days after; beheaded for high treaſon, in the Tower, February 12, 1554, aged 17. See Dudley, Lord.
• Grey, Marquiſate of, created 1740. (name York.)
• Griffin, prince of Wales, who had been taken and confined in the Tower, attempting to eſcape by the window, fell, and broke his neck, 1244.
• Grimſton, Iriſh viſcount, title of, created 1719. (name Grimſton.)
• Griſter, the Auſtrian governor, ſhot by William Tell, which laid the foundation of Swiſs liberty, 1375. The Swiſs ſtate was then a province of Germany, and governed by praefects, but the Cantons having been treated with great rigour by the emperor, Ury, Schweitz and Underwalt threw off their yoke, and entered into a confederacy to ſupport their freedom for ten years; this led the way to others doing the ſame.
• Griſtmills, the invention of the Iriſh, 214.
• Groats and half groats were the largeſt ſilver coin, 1351.
• Gronville and Caius college, Cambridge, founded by De Gronville, 1348. (26 fellows.)
• Groſvenor, of Eaton, Barony of, created 1761. (name Groſvenor.)
• Guardaloupe, diſcovered by Columbus, 1493; taken from the French by the Engliſh, 1759; almoſt de⯑ſtroyed by a hurricane, when great numbers periſh⯑ed, Oct. 11, 1780.
• Guelfs and Gibbelins, party names, from Hiewelf and Hiegibelin, names of towns, two watch-words given by oppoſite armies, during the civil wars in Germany, 1140; began in Italy, 1154; the Guelfs were for the pope, the Gibbelins for the emperor: 100,000 Guelfs were ſlain in Italy in oppoſition to the empire of Germany, 1319.
• Guernſey reduced, 1339. See Jerſey.
• [120]Guienne. The French made themſelves maſters of all this province, except Calais; after its being in the poſſeſſion of the Engliſh 300 years, April 1451.
• Guildhall, London, built 1410.
• Guildford caſtle, built before the Conqueſt; town chartered by Henry I. and VII. free ſchool eſta⯑bliſhed, 1551; canal to Weybridge began, 1650, on which were erected the firſt looks in England
• Guildford, Earldom of, created 1752. (name North.)
• Guinea fowls. See Turkeys.
• Guineas current for 30s. 1688; reduced to 21 s. 1717. See Coin.
• Gunpowder, found out by one Swartz of Cologne, 1400; ſome ſay the Chineſe knew the ſecret long before; firſt made in England, 1561.
• Gunpowder-plot diſcovered, November 5, 1605. See Faux.
• Guns, Small, invented by Swartz, a German, about 1378; brought into uſe by the Venetians, 1382; great ones, firſt uſed at the battle of Creſſy, 1346; firſt uſed in England at the ſiege of Berwick, 1405; firſt caſt in England, 1544; uſed in ſhipping by the Venetians, about 1539; before they were only uſed to batter Walls. See Artillery.
• Gyrwi, or Garrow monaſtery, Durham, founded, about 684.
• Gyſburg priory, Yorkſhire, founded 1119.

• HABEAS Corpus act paſſed, May 27, 1679: bill ordered to ſuſpend it, 1722.
• Hackendown banks, Kent, formed, 853.
• Haddington, Scots earldom of, created 1619. (name Hamilton.)
• Hadley-caſtle, Eſſex, built before Henry III.
• Haghmon priory, Salop, built, 1100.
• Hales abbey, Gloceſterſhire, built, 1246.
• [121]Hales-Owen abbey, Shropſhire, of the Praemonſtra⯑tenſian order, founded by John, 1204.
• Halkerton, Scots barony, created 1647. (name Fal⯑coner.)
• Hallifax, woollen manufactory eſtabliſhed there in Henry VIIth's time.
• Halling-houſe, Kent, built before 1183.
• Hamburgh company incorporated in England, 1569.
• Hamilton cathedral, Scotland, founded, 1451.
• Hamilton, Scots dukedom of, created 1643. (name Hamilton.)
• Hamilton, Duke of, earl of Holland, and lord Capel, beheaded for taking part with Charles I. in the civil wars, March 9, 1649.
• Hamilton, Duke of, and lord Mohun, killed in a duel in Hyde-Park Nov. 15, 1712.
• Hamilton, of Hameldon, Barony of, created 1776. (name Campbell.)
• Hampden, Viſcount, title of, created 1776. (name Hampden.)
• Hampton Court palace finiſhed by cardinal Wolſey, and given by him to Henry VIII. 1525.
• Hanbury's charities, Church Langton, eſtabliſhed March 14, 1765.
• Hand-in-hand fire office erected, 1697.
• Hanover, which had hitherto been but a village, obtained the privileges of a city, 1178; made the 9th electorate, 1692: treaty with France, &c. 1725.
• Hanover, Princeſs Sophia of, mother to George I. youngeſt daughter of Elizabeth, queen of Bohemia, who was the daughter of James I. of courſe firſt couſin to James II. declared heir to the crown of England, 1700; died of an apoplexy, June 8, 1714, aged 83.
• Hans towns, England's quarrel with, ended 1473.
• Hanſeatic league, a commercial combination of the cities round the Baltic, took place about 1190; it continued till about 1300. Hence the Hans-towns. It at one time compriſed 68 cities.
• [122]Harborough, Earldom of, created 1719. (name Sherard.)
• Harcourt, Earldom of, created 1749. (name Har⯑court.)
• Hardicanute, king of Denmark, third ſon of Canute, by Emma, ſeized the crown of England on the death of his brother, Harold I. 1039; died ſud⯑denly, at the marriage feaſt of a Daniſh lord, at Lambeth, 1041; buried at New Wincheſter, and was ſucceeded by his half-brother, Edward the Confeſſor, Ethelred's firſt ſon by Emma, Alfred's brother.
• Hardwicke, Earldom of, created 1754. (name York.)
• Harfleur taken from the French by Henry V. 1415.
• Harlach-caſtle, Merionethſhire, rebuilt, 877.
• Harley, Robert, earl of Oxford, born 1661; ſtabbed, while at the council-board, by Guiſcard, a French refugee, who was brought there for examination on a charge of high treaſon, March 8, 1711; died 1724.
• Harold I. ſecond and natural ſon of Canute, ſucceed⯑ed his father on the throne, 1036; by force of arms, and in order to extirpate the Engliſh royal family, he forged a letter from Emma to her two ſons Alfred and Edward, who had fled to Nor⯑mandy, inviting them to England to take the crown; when here, he ordered Alfred's eyes to be put out; but Edward eſcaped, and was afterwards king; died April 14, 1039; buried at St. Clement Danes, London, and was ſucceeded by his younger brother, Hardicanute, king of Denmark.
• Harold II. ſon of earl Godwin, took poſſeſſion of the throne on the death of Edward the Confeſſor, Jan. 1066; defeated his brother Toſti, and the king of Norway, who had invaded his dominions at Stand⯑ford, Sept. 25, ditto; was killed by the Normans at the battle of Haſtings, October 14, following; and ſucceeded by William, duke of Normandy, the Conqueror.
• Harpers and the Bards, who always preceded the on⯑ſets [123]of the Welch in battle, abolithed by Edward I.'s conqueſt of Wales. See Bards.
• Harpies were ſuppoſed to be locuſts only.
• Harrington, Earldom of, created 1741. (name Stan⯑hope.)
• Harriſon received 20,000 l. for his time-piece, 1764.
• Harrowby, Barony of, created 1776. (name Ryder.)
• Harrowgate mineral ſpring diſcovered, 1571.
• Harwich, Barony of, created 1756. (name Hill.)
• Harwich chartered by James I.
• Harwood nunnery, Bedfordſhire, built, 1150.
• Haſtings-caſtle, Kent, built before 1100.
• Haſtings, Suſſex, incorporated at early as Edward the Confeſſor; burnt by the French, 1377.
• Haſtings, Lord, put to death in the Tower, by order of Richard duke of Gloceſter, for plotting againſt him, June 13, 1483.
• Hat (the man's) invented at Paris by a Swiſs, 1404; firſt worn in England in Henry VIIth's time; firſt manufactured at London by Spaniards, 1510; be⯑fore this, both men and women generally wore cloſe-knit woollen caps. High-crowned hats worn by the men in Elizabeth's reign.
• Hautboy, The, ſuppoſed to be invented by Mer⯑cury.
• Havannah taken, Aug. 13, 1762.
• Havard college, New England, incorporated May 31, 1650, burnt and rebuilt, 1764.
• Haverfordweſt-caſtle, built in the reign of William III.
• Havre de Grace put into the Hands of the Engliſh, by the French proteſtants, 1562.
• Hawarden-caſtle, Flintſhire, built before 1281; de⯑moliſhed, 1648.
• Hawke of Towton, Barony of, created 1776. (name Hawke.)
• Hawkers and pedlars, act for licenſing them paſſed, 1697.
• Hawley of Donamore, Iriſh barony, created 1646. (name Hawley.)
• Haxey, in Axholm, Lincolnſhire, burnt (50 houſes) March 4, 1744.
• [124]Hay, of Pedwarden, Barony of, created 1711. (name Hay)
• Haymarket. Charing-Croſs, London, eſtabliſhed for the ſale of Hay, 1664.
• Headboroughs. See Tithing.
• Healths, the cuſtom of drinking them, in faſhion ſo early as 1134 before Chriſt.
• Hearth-money, the origin of the window-tax, eſta⯑bliſhed, 1662; aboliſhed, 1689.
• Hebrew points firſt invented, 475.
• Hegira, the aera of the Arabians and Mahometans commenced, 622. It owed its origin to the flight of Mahomet, who, being perſecuted at Mecca, re⯑turned to Medina, July 26, 622.
• Helcaeſaites, who taught that we might verbally re⯑nounce the faith, ſo we kept it in the heart, ap⯑peared, 250.
• Helena, The iſland of, taken by the Engliſh, 1673.
• Helioſcope, invented by Chriſt. Scheiner, 1625.
• Hell-fire clubs ſuppreſſed by order of council, 1724. There were three. The members aſſumed the names of the patriarchs, prophets, and martyrs, in deriſion, and ridiculed the Trinity, and other chriſtian doctrines.
• Hell-kettles, Durham. See Rem. occur. anno 1179.
• Helſton, Cornwall, incorporated, 27th Elizabeth.
• Hemſted, Herts, incorporated by Henry VIII.
• Hengiſt and Horſa, two brothers, heads of the Sax⯑ons who came into Britain, landed in the iſle of Thanet with 5000 men, 449; Hengiſt murdered 300 Engliſh noblemen, whom he had invited to a feſtival at Stonehenge, 475; died 480, after reign⯑ing king of Kent 31 years, and was ſucceeded in the monarchy by Ella. Hengiſt was the founder of the Engliſh monarchy, and was ſucceeded by Ella. Horſa was ſlain in battle at Ailsford, ſoon after his arrival in England.
• Henrietta, Charles I.'s queen, died in France, 1669.
• Henry I. third ſon of William I. ſucceeding his bro⯑ther William H. was crowned, Aug. 5, 1100; mar⯑ried Matilda, daughter of Malcolm III. king of [125]Scots, by the ſiſter of Edgar Atheling, thus re⯑ſtoring the Saxon family, 1100; made peace with his elder brother Robert duke of Normandy, who invaded his kingdom, and claimed the crown, 1101; invaded Normandy, 1105; conquered it, 1106, and took his brother priſoner, who died a priſoner 28 years after in Cardiff caſtle; betrothed his daughter Maude to the emp. of Germany, 1109; invaded the Welch, 1114; challenged by Lewis le Gros, king of France, 1117; buried his queen, 1118; wounded at the attack at Andeley in France, 1119; his only ſon, aged 18, ſhipwrecked and loſt, when coming from Barfleur, 1120; married Adelais, daughter of the duke of Lovaine, 1121; gave his daughter, on the death of the emperor, to the duke of Anjou's ſon, 1127; ſurfeited himſelf at Lions near Rome, with eating lampreys, and died Dec. 1, 1135, aged 68; was buried at Reading, Berks, and ſucceeded by his nephew Stephen, ſon of his ſiſter Adela, by the earl of Blois. See Maude, Normandy, duke of.
• Henry II. the firſt of the Piantageners, grandſon of Henry I. by his daughter Maude, born 1133; in⯑trigued with Roſamond, 1149; again, 1153; ſucceed⯑ed his couſin Stephen, in excluſion of Stephen's ſon, Oct. 1154; arrived in England, Dec. 8; crowned with his queen Eleanor at London, Dec. 10; diſ⯑poſſeſſed his brother Geoffrey of Anjou, 1156; crowned again at Lincoln, 1158; married his ſon Henry to the king of France's daughter, both in⯑fants, 1159; crowned at Worceſter the ſame year; quelled the rebellion at Maine, 1166; determined his ſon Henry ſhould aſſociate with him in the roy⯑alty, and crowned him, 1170; invaded Ireland, and conquered it, 1172; did penance, and was laſhed by the Monks, at Becket's tomb, to make atone⯑ment for his murder, July 8, 1174; took the king of Scots priſoner, and made him give up the inde⯑pendency of his crown, the ſame year; reduced all the rebels in England, ditto; named his fourth ſon, John, then 11 years old, king of Ireland, 1177; buried his ſon Henry, June 11, 1183; agreed with [126]Philip of France to go to the holy war, 1188; died abroad, with grief, at the altar, curſing his ſons for rebelling againſt him, July 6, 1189, and was ſuc⯑ceeded by his ſecond ſon, Richard I. This prince poſſeſſed Guienne, Poitou, Xantongue, Auvergne, Limouſin, Perigord, Angoumois, Anjou, Maine, Touraine, Normandy and Bretagne in France. See Eleanor, Maude, Clarendon.
• Henry III. ſon of John, born Oct. 1, 1207; ſucceeded his father, and was crowned at Gloceſter, by his father's adherents, Oct. 28, 1216; made peace with Lewis of France, 1217; received homage from the king of Scotland, at Northampton, 1218; crowned again at Weſtminſter, after Chriſtmas, 1219; quell⯑ed the inſurrections of the mutinous barons, 1222; barons threaten to elect another king, but were ſub⯑dued, 1233; married Eleanor, daughter of the count of Provence, Jan. 24, 1236; had an interview with the king of Scots, at York, 1237; obliged by the barons to ſubmit to certain regulations in govern⯑ment, 1238; pledged his plate and jewels, when he gave his daughter, Margaret, in marriage to the king of Scots, 1252: reſigned Guienne, Ireland, and Wales, to his ſon Edw. 1254; accepted the Si⯑cilian crown from the pope, for his ſon Edm. 1255; obliged by the barons to reſign his ſovereign power, and ſell Normandy and Anjou to the French, 1258; ſhut himſelf up in the Tower, for fear of the barons, 1261; taken priſoner with his ſon and bro⯑ther Richard, king of the Romans, at the battle of Lewes, 1264; wounded in the ſhoulder at the battle of Eveſham, while in the cuſtody of the earl of Leiceſter, when the barons were defeated, 1265; died with age at St. Edmundſbury, Nov. 16, 1272, and was ſucceeded by his eldeſt ſon, Edward I. See Eveſham, battle of.
• Henry IV. duke of Lancaſter, grandſon of Edward III. born 1367; ſucceeded his firſt couſin Ri⯑chard II. and crowned Oct. 13, 1399; conſpired againſt by Richard's party, Jan. 5, 1400; chal⯑lenged by the duke of Orleans, in revenge for the [127]death of Richard, which ended in abuſive language, 1403; married Joanna, widow of the duke of Bre⯑tagne, Feb. 1404; conſpired againſt by the earl of Northumberland, 1404; impriſoned James I. of Scotland, who landed in Norfolk in his way to France, December, 1406; died in the Jeruſalem chamber, Weſtminſter, March 20, 1413; was buried at Canterbury, and ſucceeded by his ſon Henry V. by his firſt wife, daughter of the earl of Hereford.
• Henry V. eldeſt ſon of Henry IV. born 1388; com⯑mitted to priſon, when prince of Wales, for ſtriking chief juſtice Gaſcoigne on the bench, before whom one of his companions was indicted for a riot, 1412; ſucceeded his father on the throne, April 9, 1413; conſpired againſt, in favour of the earl of March, his third couſin, a deſcendant from the duke of Clarence, Edward IIId's ſecond ſon, 1415; landed at Havre de Grace, with 56,000 men, and took Harſteur Auguſt following, and fought the battle of Azincourt, Oct. 25, 1415; invaded Nor⯑mandy, Auguſt 1417; renewed his claim to the crown of France; entruſted with the government of France, and declared heir to the crown, the Dauphin having been diſinherited for the murder of the duke of Burgundy, May 21, 1420; mar⯑ried the princeſs Catherine of France, May 30, 1420; pledged his crown, jewels, &c. for 20,000 l. 1421; died of a fiſtula, at Roan, Aug. 31, 1422, was buried at Weſtminſter, and ſucceeded by his ſon Henry VI.
• Henry VI. only ſon of Henry V. born at Windſor, Dec. 6, 1421; ſucceeded his father on the throne, Aug. 31, 1422, Humphry, duke of Gloceſter, regent; proclaimed king of France, but oppoſed by the diſinherited Dauphin, who had near 15,000 Scots in his army, ditto; crowned at Weſtminſter, Nov. 6, 1429; crowned at Paris, Dec. 17, 1430; the French made themſelves maſters of Paris, after it had been poſſeſſed by the Engliſh 17 years, 1436; married to Margaret of Anjou, Nov. 1444; con⯑ſpired [128]againſt by Richard duke of York, nephew to the late earl of March, and deſcended from the ſecond ſon of Edward III. 1450; taken priſoner by the duke of York at the battle of St. Alban's, May, 1455; made the duke of York protector, Nov. 1455; reſumed the government, Feb. 1456; taken priſoner again, at the battle of Northamp⯑ton, by the earl of Warwick, 1460, when it was ſettled that the duke of York ſhould ſucceed to the throne after the death of Henry; depoſed by Ed⯑ward IV. ſon of the duke of York, the duke being ſlain at the battle of Wakefield (which ſee), March 5, 1461; eſcaped to Scotland ſoon after; returned to England, 1463, and was taken in Lan⯑caſhire, and ſent to the Tower; reſtored to his throne, 1470; taken priſoner again by Edward, April 11, 1471; died in the Tower (ſuppoſed to be murdered by the duke of Gloceſter) May following, buried at Windſor, and was ſucceed⯑ed by his fifth couſin, Edward IV. See York, Edward IV. Margaret.
• Henry VII. earl of Richmond, grandſon of Owen Tudor, deſcended from the duke of Lancaſter, Edward III.'s third ſon, ſucceeded, by conqueſt, his fifth couſin, Richard III. whom he killed in battle, and who was deſcended from the duke of York, Edward III.'s ſecond ſon, Auguſt 22, 1485; crowned Oct. 30 following; married Elizabeth, Edward IV.'s daughter, and heireſs of the houſe of York, Jan. 18, 1486, and thus ſettled the con⯑teſt between the two families; loſt his queen in childbed, Feb. 11, 1503; gave his eldeſt daughter, Margaret, in marriage to James IV. of Scotland, December 1503; died conſumptive at Richmond, April 22, 1509, aged 51; buried at Weſtminſter, and was ſucceeded by his 2d ſon, Henry VIII. See Arthur, Gaunt.
• Henry VII.'s chapel, its firſt ſtone laid, January 18, 1503.
• Henry VIII. the firſt king of England, that was ſtiled Dread Sovereign, ſecond ſon of Henry VII. born [129]June 28, 1491; compelled by his father to marry his brother Arthur's widow, Catherine, June 3, 1509; ſucceeded his father on the throne, June 24 following; invaded France in perſon, 1513; was a competitor with Charles V. for the empire, 1519; had an interview with Francis I. of France, at Ardres, June 7, and with Charles V. emperor of Germany at Gravelines, July 10, 1520; received from the pope the title of Defender of the Faith, for having written a book againſt Luther, 1521; in leaping a ditch with a pole, he pitched head foremoſt into ſome clay, and without help would have been ſuffocated, 1527; gave up the claim of the Engliſh monarchs to the crown of France for a penſion of 50,000 crowns to him and his ſuc⯑ceſſors, Aug. 18, 1527; ſtiled by the clergy, head of the church, 1531; divorced from queen Cathe⯑rine, and married Anne Bulleyn, a maid of honour, May 23, 1533; excommunicated by pope Paul, for beheading Sir Thomas More, and others, for refuſing to take the oath of ſupremacy to the king. Aug. 30, 1536; put Anne to death, on a charge of adultery and inceſt, and married Jane Seymour, a maid of honour, May 20, 1536; loſt this queen in childbed, when Edward VI. was born, Oct. 24, 1537; diſputed publicly in Weſtminſter-hall, on religious matters, with John Lambert, 1538; mar⯑ried Anne, ſiſter to the duke Cleves, December, 1539; divorced from her, on a plea of a pre-con⯑tract, July 10, 1540; married Catherine Howard, the duke of Norfolk's niece, Aug. 8, following; put her to death for adultery, February 12, 1543; married Catherine Parr, widow of Lord Latimer, daughter of Sir Thomas Parr, July 12, following; died, Jan. 28, 1547; was buried at Windſor, and ſucceeded by his ſon Edward VI. He was the moſt learned king we ever had; he drew many of the ſtatutes himſelf. See Reformation, Titles Royal.
• Henry III. king of France, murdered, Aug. 1, 1589, aged 38.
• [130]Henry IV. emperor of Germany, dethroned by his ſon, and reduced almoſt to want bread, 1106.
• Henry IV. king of France, made a priſoner three three years for countenancing the maſſacre at Paris, 1572; killed by Ravillac, May 14, 1610.
• Henry, prince of Wales, eldeſt ſon of James I. died of a lax, Nov. 6, 1612, aged 18.
• Heptarchy, the Saxon, commenced in the ſixth cen⯑tury, and continued till 800, when Egbert reigned alone.
  • 1. Kingdom of Kent, containing only that county. It began 457, and ended 834.
  • 2. The South Saxons, containing Suſſex and Sur⯑rey. It began 491; ended about 600.
  • 3. The Weſt Saxons, containing Cornwall, De⯑vonſhire, Dorſetſhire, Wiltſhire, Hampſhire, and Berkſhire. It began, 519; ended, 1066.
  • 4. The Eaſt Saxons, containing Eſſex, Middleſex, and part of Hertfordſhire. It began 527; ended 747.
  • 5. Northumberland, containing Lancaſhire, York⯑ſhire, the biſhopric of Durham, Cumberland, Northumberland, and part of Scotland, as far as Edinburgh Frith. It began 547; ended about 792.
  • 6. The Eaſt Angles, containing Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridgeſhire. It began 575; ended 793.
  • 7. Mercia, containing Gloceſterſhire, Hereford⯑ſhire, Worceſterſhire, Warwickſhire, Leiceſter⯑ſhire, Rutlandſhire, Northamptonſhire Lincoln⯑ſhire, Huntingdonſhire, Bedfordſhire, Bucking⯑hamſhire, Oxfordſhire, Staffordſhire, Shropſhire, Nottinghamſhire, Cheſhire, and part of Hertford⯑ſhire. It began, 582; ended, 874.
  • N. B. The Saxons, notwithſtanding this diviſion of the kingdom, were ſubject to one monarch, who was called king of Britain: the monarchy was not then hereditary, but that perſon ſucceed⯑ed who had the greateſt power. Hengiſt was the firſt Saxon monarch. See Hengiſt.
• [131]Heraldry, the marks to diſtinguiſh different colours, invented by the Chevalier de la Colombierre, 1639. See Arms.
• Heralds College, inſtituted in England, 1340; office built by the firſt earl of Derby for his reſidence; given up to the crown, 1552; incorporated by Edward VI.
• Hereinian foreſt, The, in the time of Caeſar, covered all Germany; it was 60 days Journey in length, and 9 days in breadth; Schwarts-wald, or the black foreſt is part of it.
• Herculaneum, firſt ſuffered by an earthquake, Feb. 5, 63; totally overwhelmed with Pompeium, by an eruption of Mount Veſuvius, Nov. 1, 79, in the firſt year of the emperor Titus.
• Hercules, The fable of, taken by the Greeks, as ſuppoſed, from the hiſtory of Sampſon.
• Hereford founded in the Heptarchy; made a biſhop⯑ric, 680; archdeaconry erected about 1100; cathedral built, 1107; deaury, chancellorſhip, and treaſurerſhip erected, about 1140; precentorſhip, 1150.
• Hereford, Viſcount, title of, created 1549. (name Devereux.)
• Hereſy. The cruel ſtatute for burning heretics paſſed, 1401; and William Sawtree, rector of St. Oſyth's, London, was the firſt that ſuffered; repealed, 1677.
• Heretable juriſdiction [...] in Scotland aboliſhed, 1747; they were valued at 164,232 l.
• Heriots, and military ſervices, eſtabliſhed by the Saxons.
• Hermione, a Spaniſh galleon, taken, March 21, 1762.
• Hermits, their order eſtabliſhed, 1157. See Mo⯑naſtery.
• Herod began to reign in Judea, 55; put his wife, Mariamne, to death, and his mother-in-law Alex⯑andria, 28; began to rebuild the temple of Jeru⯑ſalem, 18; his two ſons put to death by order of the Jewiſh council, 6; died Nov. 25, 4 before [132]Chriſt, that is, four years before the common aera. See Jeſus.
• Heron. See Game.
• Herrings, the firſt invention of preſerving them, by pickling, diſcovered about 1390, which gave riſe to the herring fiſhery. See Britiſh Herring.
• Hertford, rebuilt 913, incorporated by James I.
• Hertford College, Oxford, founded by Dr. Newton, 1740. (4 fellows.)
• Hertford, Earldom of, created 1750. (name Con⯑way.)
• Hertlebury-caſtle, Worceſterſhire, built, 1268.
• Heſſe, Landgrave of, viſited England, 1611; troops brought over, 1756.
• Heſſian troops arrived in England, 1758.
• Hever-caſtle, Kent, built, 1340.
• Hicks's Hall, London, erected, 1612.
• Hieracians. See Hierax, Vol. II.
• High and low church, two diſtinct parties, occaſioned by the proſecution of Sacheverell for ſeditious ſermons, 1710; his abettors were called High Church, his opponents Low Church. See Sa⯑cheverell.
• High Treaſon. See Rem. Occur. annis 1531, 1540.
• Higham Ferrars college, Northamptonſhire, built, 1422.
• Hillſborough, Iriſh earldom of, created 1751. (name Hill.)
• Hinchinbrook priory, Hunts, built, 1074.
• Hindon, Wilts, burnt (150 houſes) July 2, 1754.
• Hindoſtan. See Mogul empire.
• Hiſpaniola, Columbus firſt landed at, when he diſ⯑covered America, 1498.
• Hitchen, Herts, burnt (20 houſes) Sept. 11, 1762.
• Holdenby-houſe, Northamptonſhire, built, 1585.
• Holderneſs, Earldom of, created 1682. (name D'Arcy.)
• Holland priory, Lancaſhire, founded, 1319.
• Holland. See United Provinces.
• Holland, Barony of, created 1762. (name Fox.)
• Holm Cultram abbey, Cumberland, built, 1115.
• [133]Holſtein given up by Ruſſia to the Danes, Nov. 16, 1773.
• Holt mineral ſpring diſcovered, 1728.
• Holy-croſs church, Tipperary, Ireland, built by O'Brien, king of Limerick, in 1169.
• Holy Ghoſt, Deſcent of, May 24, 33.
• Holy Ghoſt chapel, Hampſhire, built early in Henry VIII.'s reign.
• Holyhead church, built before 1291.
• Holyrood-houſe abbey, Edinburgh, founded by Da⯑vid I. 1128.
• Holy-water, firſt uſed in churches, 120.
• Homage. See Kiſſing.
• Home, Scots earldom of, created 1604. (name Home.)
• Homilies drawn up by archbiſhop Cranmer, 1547.
• Honey, Diſcovery of the uſe of, attributed to Bacchus as a ſuccedaneum for wine. See Mead.
• Honiton, Devonſhire, chartered 19th Edward I.; burnt (140 houſes) July 19, 1747.
• Hoods, Ladies, came into faſhion at the end of Charles II's reign.
• Hops introduced into England, 1524; the parliament petitioned againſt them, as a wicked weed, 1528.
• Hopton, Scots earldom of, created 1703. (name Hope.)
• Horatii and Curiatii, Combat between the, 667 before Chriſt.
• Horſa ſlain by Vortimer, at the battle of Eglesford, 455. See Hengiſt.
• Horſe-guards inſtituted, 1550.
• HOSPITALS in ENGLAND.
  • Aſylum inſtituted, 1758.
  • Bethlehem founded by Edward VI. 1553; preſent building erect⯑ed, 1676.
  • Bridewell, before a palace, founded by Edward VI. 1553, and given to the city.
  • Britiſh Lying-in inſtituted, Nov. 1749.
  • Brownlow ſtreet, Lying⯑in, founded, 1749.
  • Chriſt's founded by Ed⯑ward VI. 1552.
  • Foundling incorporated, 1739.
  • [134]French proteſtants, ditto, 1718.
  • Guy's ditto, 1722.
  • Lock inſtituted, 1746.
  • London ditto, 1740; in⯑corporated, 1758.
  • London Lying-in, found⯑ed, March 30, 1750.
  • London Workhouſe ditto, 1611.
  • Magdalen inſtituted, 1758.
  • Middleſex ditto, 1745.
  • St. Bartholomew's found⯑ed, by Henry VIII. 1539.
  • St. George's inſtituted, Oct. 19 1733.
  • St. Luke's founded, 1751.
  • St. Thomas's ditto, by Edward 6, 1553
  • Sick and wounded Sea⯑men's incorporated, June 24, 1747.
  • Small Pox inſtituted, Sept. 26, 174 [...].
  • Weſtminſter Infirmary, ditto, 1720.
  • Weſtminſter Lying-in ditto, 1765.
• HOSPITALS in IRELAND.
  • Blue Coat, incorporated 1670.
  • Charitable Infirmary opened, 1728.
  • Charitable Loan inſti⯑tuted, 1757.
  • Dublin Hoſpital opened, 1762.
  • Dublin Workhouſe eſta⯑bliſhed, 1728.
  • Incurables opened, 1753.
  • Kilmainham incorporat⯑ed, 1683.
  • Lock Hoſpital inſtituted, 1755.
  • Lying-in eſtabliſhed, 1745; incorporated, 1757.
  • Mercers incorporated, 1750.
  • St. Nichlas's opened, 1753.
  • St. Patrick's founded, 1745; incorporated, 1746.
  • Smith's School incorpo⯑rated, 1669.
  • Stevens's Hoſpital, ditto, 1730.
  • Venereal opened, 1758.
  • See Charities, Society.
• Hoſpitality, in the middle ages, was a duty enforced by ſtatutes; the laws of the Slavi ordained, that the moveables of an inhoſpitable perſon ſhould be confiſcated, and his houſe burnt; they even allow⯑ed landlords to ſteal for the ſupport of their gueſts.
• Hotham, Sir John, and his ſon, beheaded, 1645.
• [135]Hotſpur, Henry Percy, duke of Northumberland's ſon, called ſo, from his great courage, ſlain at the battle of Shrewſbury, July 21, 1403. He conſpired againſt Henry IV. to dethrone him.
• Howard, Sir Edward, ſon of earl Surrey, attacked Prejeant, a French admiral, off Breſt, and was de⯑feated and ſlain, April 25, 1513.
• Howden church, Yorkſhire, built before 1266.
• Howe, Iriſh viſcount, title of, created 1701. (name Howe.)
• Howth, Iriſh earldom, created 1767. (name St. Lawrence.)
• Hudſon's Bay, diſcovered by captain Hudſon, 1610; company's charter granted, 1670.
• Hugh de Beauvois, with 40,000 foreigners, coming over from Calais, to aſſiſt John againſt the barons, periſhed in a ſtorm, 1215.
• Huguenots, Proteſtants firſt called ſo in France, from a German word, ſignifying 'allied by oath,' 1560; maſſacre of them at Paris, Auguſt 24, 1572. See League.
• Hull, Yorkſhire, incorporated by Henry VI.; cita⯑del built, 1681.
• Hume of Berwick, Barony of, created 1776. (name Campbell.)
• Hundreds, Diviſion of, a Daniſh inſtitution, firſt made in England by king Alfred. See Tithing.
• Hungary, the Pannonia of the ancients, was ſubject to the Romans, 11 before Chriſt; conquered by the Huns under Attila, when the kingdom of be⯑gan, 433; annexed to Germany, under Charle⯑magne, but became independent, 920; the Turks contended with the Germans for it, from 1540 to 1739, when, by the treaty of Belgrade, it was ceded to the latter; conquered by the Abares in the 6th century, and by the Turks or Magiars, 889, the immediate anceſtors of the modern Hungarians (ſee Huns); Lewis, king of, killed in battle againſt the Turks, 1526; kingdom united with Bohemia, 1612. See Naples.
• Huns, ſavage inhabitants of that part of Siberia, [136]now occupied by the Mongous, commenced, 1210; their kingdom founded, 230; at war with the Chineſe, 201; kingdom taken and divided, 43 before Chriſt; embraced Chriſtianity, 416; con⯑quered Scythia and Germany, about 460; the kingdom deſtroyed ſoon after the death of Attila, 453. See Attila.
• Hunting, an invention of the Thebans.
• Huntingdon, Earldom of, created 1529. (name Haſtings.)
• Huntingdon-caſtle built, 921.
• Huntly, Earl of, trod to death in a battle againſt the earl of Murray, Oct. 28, 1562.
• Hurricane. See Storm, Tempeſt.
• Hurſt-caſtle, Hants, built by Henry VIII. about 1539.
• Hurſtmonceux-caſtle, Suſſex, built before 1066.
• Huſbandry. See Agriculture, Bacchus.
• Hyde abbey, near Wincheſter, founded, 1130.
• Hydroſtatics firſt taught by Archimedes, 200 before Chriſt.
• Hylton-caſtle, Durham, built, 930.
• Hyndford, Scots earldom of, created 1701. (name Carmichael.)

• IAMBIC Verſe. See Archilochus, Vol. II.
• Iceni. See England.
• Iconoclaſters, or Image-breakers, a ſect that appeared about 722, ſupported by the emperor Leo I. They deſtroyed both pagan and chriſtian images, which cauſed great inſurrections and diviſions among the chriſtians, from 740 to 780, when images were again erected in churches, and the worſhip of them confirmed by the Roman church.
• Ides, with the Romans, were 8 days in every month, ſo called being the 8 days ſucceeding the Nones. In March, May, July and October, theſe 8 days begin at the 8th day of the month, and continue [137]to the 15th; in other months, they begin the 6th day, and laſt to the 13th. The laſt of theſe days only is called 'The Ides,' the firſt being called 'The Eighth Ides,' the 2d day the 7th, the 3d the 6th, and ſo on; i. e. the 8th, 7th, and 6th days before the Ides. Thus the Ides of any month im⯑plies the 15th or 13th of that month. See Nones, Calends.
• Idolatry introduced by Ninus, king of Aſſyria; firſt aboliſhed, from Kent, by Ercombert, who began his reign, 640.
• Ilcheſter, Earldom of, created 1756. (name Fox.)
• Ilium, built 1359 before Chriſt; 64 years before the voyage of the Argonautae. See Troy.
• Images and reliques, Worſhip of, commenced, 448; tried to be aboliſhed by the emperor Leo Iſauricus, 727; images moved out of churches, 1548. See Iconoclaſters.
• Impeachment, the firſt of a chancellor, and the firſt by the commons, 1386.
• Impoſtors. One Aldebert, in the 8th century, pre⯑tending to have a letter from Jeſus Chriſt, which fell from heaven, at Jeruſalem, ſeduced multi⯑tudes to follow him into woods and deſarts, and to live in imitation of John the Baptiſt.
  • Two men were crucified for giving out that they were both of them the Meſſiah; and two women were executed for pretending one to be the Vir⯑gin Mary, the other, Mary Magdalen, 1221.
  • Gonſalvo Martin, burnt by the Inquiſition in Spain, for pretending to be the angel Michael, 1360.
  • Elizabeth Barton, called the Holy Maid of Kent, was ſpirited up, by the Popiſh party, to obſtruct the Reformation, foretelling the ſpeedy death of Henry VIII. if he divorced Catherine, and married Ann Boleyn; ſhe and her confede⯑rates were hanged at Tyburn, 1534.
  • In the firſt year of queen Mary's reign, after her marriage with Philip, Elizabeth Croft, a girl of 18 years of age, was ſecreted in a wall, and with a [158]whiſtle, made for the purpoſe, uttered many ſe⯑ditious ſpeeches againſt the queen and prince, for which ſhe was ſentenced to ſtand on a ſcaffold, at St. Paul's Croſs, during ſermon time, 1553; ſhe was called the Spirit of the Wall.
  • George David, a waterman's ſon, at Ghent, called himſelf a nephew of God, ſaid he was ſent into the world to adopt children for heaven; he denied the reſurrection; preached againſt marriage, in favour of a community of women, and taught that the body only could be defiled by ſin; he had many followers, and died at Baſle, in Switzer⯑land, 1566.
  • One Hachet perſonated our Saviour, and was executed for blaſphemy, 1592.
  • A Friar, of the order of St. Bazil, pretended to be the ſon of the Czar of Muſcovy, whom the uſurper Boris had put to death; but, according to his account, another child had been ſubſtituted in his place: ſupported by Poland, he was in⯑vited by the Ruſſians to the throne, and the reigning Czar Fedor, and all his family, were put into his hands, whom he cruelly put to death; but his impoſition was diſcovered, and he was aſſaſſinated in his palace 1606.
  • James Naylor, a quaker, whipped, and his tongue burnt through on the pillory, by an order of the Houſe of Commons, for perſonating our Sa⯑viour, December 4, 1656.
  • Mr. Mompeſſon, a magiſtrate of Tedworth, Wilts, having puniſhed an idle fellow, who beat a drum about the country, under the authority of a feigned paſs, and taken away his drum, which he depoſited in his own houſe, his houſe was beſet for 2 or 3 years with a continual drum⯑ming; the drummer was tried at Saliſbury for a wizard, and tranſported, 1661.
  • Greatrakes, the Iriſh impoſtor, pretending to cure all diſeaſes, by ſtroking the patient, occaſioned very warm diſputes in Ireland, 1665, and in [139]England, where it fell into diſrepute, in 1666, on his examination before the Royal Society.
  • Sabbati Levi, a Jew of Smyrna, amuſed the Turks and Jews a long time at Conſtantinople, by perſonating our Saviour, 1666.
  • Dr. Titus Oates, an infamous clergyman, and others, made diſcovery of an intended plot of the Papiſts to kill the king, and introduce popery, Sept. 6, 1678; they ſwore away the lives of many Roman Catholic clergymen; Oates was whipped, 1685, and ſentenced to be impriſoned for life; but was afterwards pardoned, and pen⯑ſioned by king William, 1689.
  • One Fuller, a priſoner in the King's Bench, for debt, forged a ſham plot againſt William III. for which he was fined and pilloried, 1691.
  • Young, a priſoner in Newgate, forged the hands of the earls of Marlborough, Saliſbury, and other nobility, for a pretended aſſociation for re⯑ſtoring king James; the lords were impriſoned; but the impoſture being detected, Young was fined 1000l. and pilloried, 1692.
  • Three French refugees pretended to be prophets, and declared, that Dr. Emms would riſe out of the grave, 1706. See prophets.
  • Mary Tofts, of Godalming, Surry, pretended that ſhe bred rabbits within her, and ſo impoſed on Mr. John Howard, of Guildford, and Mr. St. André, ſurgeon to the king, as to prevail on them to eſpouſe her cauſe, 1726.
  • Elizabeth Canning, whoſe ſtory is well known, convicted of perjury, and tranſported, 1753.
  • The ſtory of the Cock-lane Ghoſt, by William Parſons, his wife, and daughter, 1762; the parents were pilloried and impriſoned.
  • See Warbeck, Simnell.
• Impropriations. Before the deſtruction of the mo⯑naſteries, by Henry VIII. 1539, many livings were in their poſſeſſion; the great tithes they kept them⯑ſelves, allowing the ſmall tithes to the vicar or [140]ſubſtitute that ſerved the church. On the ſuppreſ⯑ſion of the monaſteries, Henry VIII. diſpoſed of theſe great tithe: among his favourites. Hence they came into lay hands.
• I [...]c [...]i [...]uin, Iriſh earldom of, created 1654. (name O'Bryen.)
• Independents, ſuch as hold the independency of the church, or that each congregation may govern themſelves in religious matters. Preſhyterians and Anabaptiſts are now agreed with them; the ana⯑baptiſts always were. Their firſt meeting-houſe founded in England was that by Mr. Henry Jacobs, about 1616.
• India ſtock ſold from 360 to 500 per cent. 1683.
• Indictions, were revolutions of 15 years, by which the Romans reckoned time; they are ſtill preſerved in the pope's bulls. See Olympiads.
• Indies, Eaſt, firſt diſcovered by the Romans; diſ⯑covered by the Portugueſe, 1487; conquered in 1500, and ſettled by them in 1506. The firſt ſettlement was Goa. The Engliſh company eſta⯑bliſhed, 1600; their ſtock conſiſting of 72,000 l. they fitted out four ſhips, and meeting with ſuc⯑ceſs, have continued ever ſince. A new company eſtabliſhed, 1698; the old one re-eſtabliſhed, 1700; agreed to give government 400,000 l. a year, for five years, ſo they might continue unmoleſted, Feb. 1769; India bill paſſed, 1773; Dutch Eaſt India company eſtabliſhed, 1594; Eaſt India com⯑pany at Copenhagen eſtabliſhed, 1612. See Judges.
• Indoſtan. See Mogul Empire.
• Indulgences, money firſt given for them in the 12th century. Pope Clement V. was the firſt that made a public ſale of them, about 1313.
• Injections, Ana omical, firſt made by Ruiſch, 1726.
• Inns of Court inſtituted as a univerſity to teach the law, ſoon after the Court of Common Pleas was fixed in Weſtminſter Hall. (ſee Common Pleas) The degrees were Barriſters and Serjeants. See Lincoln's Inn, Temple, &c.
• [141]Inoculation firſt tried on criminals, 1721.
• Inquiſition, Popiſh, begun by pope Gregory IX. 1204; eſtabliſhed at Tholouſe, 1229; committed to the direction of the Dominicans, 1233; 133 heretics were burnt, in Champagne, in France, in the preſence of 18 biſhops, 1239; its firſt eſtabliſhment in Spain, 1482. See Jews.
• Inſtitutions. See Charities, Hoſpitals, Societies.
• Inſurance of ſhips firſt practiſed in the reign of Caeſar, about 45; in general cuſtom throughout Europe, 1194; Inſurance Offices firſt ſet up in London, 1667.
• Inſurrection of the poor in many parts of England, owing to the dearneſs of proviſions, 1766. See Riot, Rebellion.
• Interdicts, National, were an improvement on the cuſtom of the eccleſiaſtic cenſures on whole families, which took their riſe about 320.
• Intereſt of money, 45 per cent. 1307; eſtabliſhed by law at 10 per cent. 1546; 9 l. 16 s. 1604; 8 l. 1622; 6 l. 1660; reduced to 5 l. per cent. 1714.
• Interim, a proviſional regulation in favour of the Lutherans, relating to the articles of faith neceſſary to be believed, 'till the deciſion of a general coun⯑cil, publiſhed by Charles V. of Germany, 1548.
• Inundation.
  • There happened ſuch a flood in Glouceſterſhire, that all the country was overflowed by the Severn, and ſeveral perſons were drowned in their beds, 1483. The waters did not abate for ten days, which hindered the duke of Buckingham's paſſing that river into Wales, to join the Welchmen who were riſen againſt the king, and occaſioned his misfortune and death.
  • One at Newcaſtle on Tyne, when upwards of 120 perſons were drowned, 1633.
  • One in Gaſcoyne, when the water ſpouted from the ſides of an adjacent mountain, in jets, 1678.
  • One in Yorkſhire, in which a rock viſibly opened, and water was thrown into the air, to the height [142]of an ordinary church ſteeple, 1686. Philoſ. Tranſ.
  • One in the north of England, Nov. 1771.
  • See Dort, Peterſburgh, Zealand.
• Invaſion, vide England and Ireland.
• Iphigenia, The fable of the ſacrifice of, taken by the Greeks, as ſuppoſed from the hiſtory of Jephtha.
• Ipſwich weſt-gate built, 1430; college built, 1524; town incorporated by Charles II.
• Ireland, originally called Ierne, Hibernia, and Scotia.
  • The firſt conqueſt of this iſland was the Mileſian.
  • Ith landed here from Galicia in Spain, and died of the wounds he received from the natives, 1071 before Chriſt, when the iſland was divided as at preſent.
  • From 323, to 103 before Chriſt, there were but two kings but what were killed by their ſuc⯑ceſſors.
  • King Cormac O'Con wrote a book called 'Advice to Kings,' about 254.
  • Ulſter was colonized by the Scots, who in the 3d century covered the iſland.
  • Began to receive the Chriſtian faith, about 430.
  • Invaded by Fitz-Stephen, near Wexford, May, 1170, who ſettled there the firſt colony of Britiſh inhabitants in that town.
  • Conquered by Henry II. who appointed firſt a viceroy, 1172; all the Iriſh were ordered home, 1423; the kings of England were called lords of Ireland, till 1542; when Henry VIII. took the title of king.
  • Erected into a kingdom by a bull from pope Paul IV. 1555.
  • Invaded by the Spaniards, 1582.
  • Again, by ditto, at Baltimore, 1601.
  • All the principal woods cut down by order of Crom⯑well; linen trade opened, Dec. 23, 1779.
  • See Hoſpital, Dublin, Society.
• [143]Iron diſcovered by the burning of Mount Ida, 1432 before Chriſt; firſt caſt in England at Backſtead, Suſſex, by Ralph Page and Peter Baude, 1544; Iron was not drawn by mills (an invention of Ger⯑many) till 1563. See Iron Mills.
• Iron-maſk, a ſtate priſoner in France, ſo called from an iron maſk that he had fixed on his face, to con⯑ceal him, with ſteel ſprings, to admit of his feed⯑ing; was ſuppoſed to have been ſome prince, and was treated as ſuch; a diſcovery of himſelf would have occaſioned his death: he died 1704, after 43 years confinement.
• Iron Mills, firſt erected in England, by Godfrey Box, of Liege, 1590. See Iron.
• Irrelagh Friary, Ireland, founded 1440, rebuilt 1602.
• Iſaiah began to prophecy 786; put to death by He⯑zekiah 696 before Chriſt.
• Iſrael, the ſeat of the kingdom transferred from Tirzah to Samaria, by Omri, 924; kingdom of, finiſhed by the taking of Samaria (by Salmanaſer) 721 before Chriſt. See Judah.
• Iſraelites departure out of Egypt, Tueſday, May 5, 1491; fed with manna from Heaven, Thurſday, June 4, the ſame year; paſſed over Jordan, with Joſhua, Friday, April 30, 1451 before Chriſt.
• Iſthmian games; or, combats in the Iſthmus of Athens, inſtituted by Syſiphus, king of Corinth, in honour of Neptune, 15 years after the rape of Ganymede, 1326 before Chriſt.
• Italy, the order of Croſiers there founded, before 1169. Several cities bought their preſent immunities of the emperor of Germany; Lucca gave 12,0 [...]0 crowns; Florence, Genoa, and Bologna, 6000 each, 1286.

• JACOB, the patriarch, went to Haran, to his uncle Laban, 1759; returned into the land of Canaan, 1739; went with his family into Egypt, 1706; died 1689 before Chriſt, aged 147.
• [144]Jacobites, a party called by that name, from the revolution to 1746, viz. thoſe who expreſſed their wiſhes to reſtore the family of James II.
• Jail diſtemper. See Accidents.
• Jamaica diſcovered, by Columbus, 1494; ſettled by the Spaniards, 1509; taken from the Spaniards by Admiral Penn, May 7, 1655; terrible earthquake at, June 7, 16 [...]2; dreadful hurricane, Auguſt 20, 1722; another, Sept. 1, 1734; another, October, 1744; another dreadful one, Auguſt 10, 1751; again, with an earthquake, when Savannah le Mar was overflowed by the ſea, and deſtroyed, Oct. 2, 1780.
• James I. king of Scotland, ſucceeded his father John, 1423; his father being at war with the Engliſh, he was taken by them, and remained a priſoner till 1424, when he was releaſed, (on paying £. 40,000, and conſenting to marry Joanno, grand-daughter to Edward III.) by John duke of Bedford, regent, during the minority of Henry VI. to whom he paid homage for his crown: murdered in his bed by aſſaſſins, by order of his uncle, the earl of Athol, Feb. 19, 1437, whom he had puniſhed for mal-adminiſtration, during his impriſonment. He was ſucceeded by his ſon James II.
• James II. king of Scotland, ſon of James I. ſuc⯑ceeded his father 1437, being then 7 years old: killed at the ſiege of Roxburgh, by the burſting of a cannon, 1460, aged 29, and was ſucceeded by his ſon James III.
• James III. of Scotland, ſon of James II. aged 7 years, ſucceeded his father 1460; ſeduced by aſtrology, to which he was addicted, he arreſted his two bro⯑thers John and Alexander, cauſed John to b [...] aſſaſſinated; Alexander eſcaped, raiſed an army againſt him, and took him priſoner, but gene⯑rouſly ſet him at liberty; his ſubjects however rebelled againſt him for his tyranny, and he fell by them in battle 1488; he was ſucceeded by his ſon James IV.
• James IV. of Scotland, ſon of James III. aged 16, ſucceeded his father 1488; married Margaret, [145]daughter of Henry VII. of England, December, 1503; ſubdued his rebellious ſubjects, but after⯑war [...]s aſſiſting Louis XII. of France, againſt Henry VIII. of England; he was killed at the battle of Floudon-field, 1531, aged 41, and ſucceeded by his ſon James V. James IV. always wore a chain round his body, in penance for his father's murder.
• James V. of Scotland, ſon of James IV. ſucceeded his father 1531, then only 18 months old, his mother Margaret being regent; when of age, he aſſiſted Francis I. of France, againſt Charles V. and married Francis's eldeſt daughter 1535; buried his queen 1537, and marred Mary, of Lorraine, daughter of Claude, duke of Guiſe, and widow of Louis d'Orleans, by whom he had only one child. Mary, born 8 days before his death, which hap⯑pened Dec. 13. 1542; he was ſucceeded by this daughter. See Mary, Queen of Scots.
• James VI. of Scotland, and I. of England, ſon of Mary, queen of Scots, grand-daughter of Margaret, Henry VIIIth's ſiſter, by Lord Darnley, born at Edin⯑burgh, June 19, 1566; crowned king of Scotland, on his mother's being depoſed, the earl of Murray regent, July 29, 1567; took the reins of govern⯑ment, 1578; went to Norway, October 22, and married Ann, princeſs of Denmark, Nov. 24, 1589; returned to Scotland, May 1, 1590; ſeized by the earl of Bothwell, 1593; was near being murdered by Gowrie, and his brother, at Perth, Auguſt 5, 1600; ſucceeded Elizabeth on the throne of England, March 24, 1603; arrived in London, May 7, following; conſpired againſt, in favour of Arabella Stuart, his ſecond couſin, July follow⯑ing; ſtiled himſelf king of Great Britain, 1606; created his ſon Henry prince of Wales, May 1610; created 90 baronets to raiſe money, May 1611; created his ſon Charles prince of Wales, on the death of his ſon Henry, Nov. 1616; went into Scotland, March 4, 1617; returned Sept. following; loſt his queen in a dropſy, March 1, 1619, aged 45; tore a proteſtation out of the [146]Journals of the Houſe of Commons, December 11, 1621; died of an ague at Theobald's, March 27, 1625; and was ſucceeded by his ſecond ſon, Charles I.. See Gunpowder-plot; Henry, James's ſon; Mary, queen of Scots; Gowrie; Hanover Princeſs of.
• James II. brother of Charles II. born October 30, 1633; entered into the Spaniſh ſervice, 1658; married Ann Hyde, the lord chancellor's daughter, Sept. 3, 1660; made lord high admiral, 1664; loſt his wife, March 31, 1671, aged 30; married the princeſs of Modena, Nov. 21, 1673; a bill paſſed the Houſe of Commons to exclude him from the ſucceſſion, 1680; ſucceeded Charles II. on the throne, Feb. 6, 1685; crowned April 23, follow⯑ing; received the Pope's Nuncio, 1687; fled, on the prince of Orange's being invited over, Dec. 12, 1688; ſeized at Feverſham, and brought back to Whitehall, December 16; left England, by order of prince William, Dec. 23, 1688; and was ſuc⯑ceeded by his daughter Mary, and William III. her huſband; landed with an army at Kinſale in Ireland, March 22, 1689; returned to France, June, 1690; died at St. Germain's, Auguſt 6, 1701. See Monmouth; Orange, prince of; Wil⯑liam III. Pretender; Rem. Occur. anno 1688.
• James's palace, St. built 1530. See Park.
• Jane Sevmour, Henry the VIIIth's third wife, died in childbed with Edward VI. Oct. 1537.
• Japan, Empire of, founded by Jerotimo, 1188; firſt diſcovered by the Portugueſe, 1549; chriſtianity proſcribed there, 1586.
• Jarrow monaſtery. See Gyrwi.
• Java, 30,000 of the Chineſe maſſacred at, by the Dutch, 1740.
• Jericho, walls of, fell, 1454.
• Jeroboam ſet up two golden calves at Dan and Bethel, to prevent his ſubjects going to worſhip at Jeru⯑ſalem, 975 before Chriſt.
• Jerſey, earldom of, created, 1697. (name Villiers.)
• Jerſey, Guernſey, Sark, and Alderney, were appen⯑dages [147]of the duchy of Normandy, and united to the crown of England, by the firſt princes of the Norman line.
• Jeruſalem, Templ [...] of, built, 1094; city taken by Nebuchadnezzar, after a ſiege of 18 months, June 9, 587; the ſecond temple finiſhed, under Darius, March 10, 515 before Chriſt; deſtroyed by Titus, Auguſt 31, 70; pillaged by the Perſians, and 90,000 inhabitants killed, 613; taken by the Sa⯑racens, 637; taken by Godfrey of Boulogne, who was there elected king of it, July 5, 1100; finally conquered by Saladin, 1187; now ſubject to the Turks.
• Jeſter's court, aboliſhed in France by Louis XIV [...] in Germany, 1719.
• Jeſuits, ſociety of, eſtabliſhed by Ignatius Loyola, 1536; expelled England, 1604; Venice, 1606; France, 1764; Spain, 1767; and Naples, 1768; ſuppreſſed by the Pope, 1773.
• Jeſus Chriſt was born, Monday, Dec. 25, in the year of the world, 4005; in that of Rome, 752, four years before the common aera; his firſt mi⯑niſtry in 30; baptiſed by John, 30; celebrated his laſt paſſover, and inſtituted the ſacrament in it [...] ſtead, Thurſday, April 2; crucified, April 3, at three in the afternoon; roſe, April 5; aſcended. Thurſday, May 14; all in 33, or in 29, allowing his birth to have happened 4 years before the com⯑mon aera.
• Jeſus college, Oxford, founded by queen Elizabeth, 1571. (19 fellows.)
• Jeſus college, Cambridge, founded by the biſhop of Ely, 1496. (16 fellows.)
• Jewels. Agnes Sorel was the firſt woman that wore any, 1434.
• Jews, the ſeventy years captivity of, began 606 be⯑fore Chriſt.
  • Thoſe about Cyrene, headed by one Andrae, mur⯑dered near 200,000 Greeks and Romans; they eat their entrails, and covered themſelves with the ſkins of thoſe whom they aſſaſſinated, 115.
  • [148]Five hundred and eighty thouſand of them deſtroyed by the Romans, 135.
  • The firſt known in England, were invited over by William I. 1067.
  • Twelve thouſand ſlain in Germany, by thoſe of the Cruſade, 1096.
  • They, thinking to invoke the Divine clemency, at the ſolemnization of the paſſover at Paris, ſa⯑crificed a young lad of twelve years old, the ſon of a rich tradeſman, by firſt whipping his fleſh from his bones, and then crucifying him; for which cruelty the criminals were executed, and the reſt were baniſhed the kingdom, 1180. From this circumſtance, the Jews have been ever ſince held in deteſtation.
  • Maſſacred, Sept. 3, 1189, at the coronation of Richard I.
  • In Henry IIId's reign, they all wore badges on their upper garments.
  • Seven were condemned to pay the king 20,000 marks, or ſuffer perpetual impriſonment, for cir⯑cumciſing a Chriſtian child, at Norwich, and and attempting to crucify him, 1235.
  • Two hundred and two were apprehended for cru⯑cifying a child at Lincoln, 18 of whom were hanged, the reſt heavily fined, 1255.
  • Seven hundred were ſlain in London, becauſe a Jew would have forced a Chriſtian to pay him more than two ſhillings per week for the loan of twenty, 1262.
  • Every Jew who lent money upon uſury, was com⯑manded to wear a plate upon his breaſt, ſignify⯑ing that he was a uſurer, or to quit the realm, 1274.
  • Two hundred and ſixty-ſeven were hanged and quartered, for clipping, 1277.
  • The ſame year, the Jews crucified a child at Northampton, for which 50 were drawn at horſes tails, and hanged.
  • [149]All the Jews ſynagogues were ordered to be de⯑ſtroyed, 1282.
  • All the Jews in England were apprehended in one day, their goods and chattels conſiſcated to the king, and they, to the number of 15,060, ba⯑niſhed the realm, having only ſuſtenance money allowed, 1287. They remained baniſhed 364 years, till Oliver Cromwell reſtored them.
  • A general maſſacre of them at Verdun, by the peaſants, who, from a pretended prophecy, con⯑ceived the Holy Land was to be recovered from the Infidels by them; 500 of theſe Jews took ſhelter in a caſtle, and defended themſelves to the laſt extremity; when, for want of other weapons, they threw their children at the enemy, and then killed each other, 1317.
  • Driven out of France, 1394.
  • Ditto out of Spain, to the number of 150,000, 1492; they retired to Africa, Portugal, and France. It was againſt them that the inquiſition was there firſt eſtabliſhed.
  • There was not a Jew in this Iſland from 1610, to 1624.
  • Act paſſed here to naturalize them, 1753; re⯑pealed, on the petition of all the cities in Eng⯑land, 1754.
  • Four executed, for murdering Mrs. Hutchins's ſervant, Dec. 9, 1771. See Maſſacre, Natu⯑ralization Bill, Rem. Occur. anno 800.
• John, fourth ſon of Henry II. born at Oxford, 1166; married his couſin Aviſa, daughter of the earl of Gloceſter, 1189; aimed at the crown during his brother Richard's confinement, 1193; excluded from the ſucceſſion, 1194; pardoned by his bro⯑ther Richard I. 1195, and appointed by him his ſucceſſor, 1199, in excluſion of Arthur, ſon of his next brother Geoffrey; crowned May 27, 1199; divorced Aviſa, on a plea of being too near of kin, and married Iſabella, daughter of the count of Angoſelme, contracted to the comte de la [150]Marche, whom, on the death of John, ſhe mar⯑ried, 1200; crowned again with his queen, 1200; and again at Canterbury, 1201; went to Paris ſoon after, beſieged Mirabel, vanquiſhed his nephew Arthur, and took him priſoner, Auguſt 2, 1203, and cauſed him to be murdered, then about 20 years old; cited to Paris, to anſwer for the crime, but did not attend, of courſe was deprived of his dominions in France; crowned again in England the ſame year; the kingdom put under an interdict, for his oppoſing the Pope's nomination to the ſee of Canterbury, 1208; excommunicated for non⯑ſubmiſſion, 1209; landed with an army in Ireland, June 8, 1210, and quelled the revolt; depoſed by the Pope, 1212, and the king of France em⯑ployed to put the ſentence in execution; ſubmitted, and ſurrendered his crown to the Pope's legate, May 25, 1213, and was abſolved, July 20, fol⯑lowing; reſigned the crown again to the Pope, and the interdict was taken off, 1214; compelled to ſign Magna Charta, at Runny Mead, 1215; the barons offered the crown to Louis, the king of France's ſon, who accepted it, 1215; Louis landed in England with a large army, 1216; John retired with his crown, &c. from Lynn to Lincolnſhire, and loſt all his treaſure and baggage, as he paſſed through the marſhes; ſickened at this, and died of a fever at Newark-caſtle, October 28, 1216; was buried in Worceſter-cathedral, and ſucceeded by Henry III. his ſon, by his firſt wife. See Henry II; De Courcy; Louis.
• John of Gaunt's houſe, near Lincoln, built, 1397.
• John's, St. college, Cambridge, founded by Henry VIIth's mother, 1508. (50 fellows.)
• John's, St. college, Oxford, founded by Sir Thomas White, 1557. (50 fellows.)
• Johnſon, Reverend Samuel, degraded and whipped from Newgate to Tyburn, for a libel, Dec. 1, 1686.
• Jona monaſtery, in the Hebrides, Scotland, built by St. Columba.
• Jongleurs, The, in France, were thoſe who ſung [151]the pieces of the Troubadours; but the profeſſions were ſometimes united. See Troubadours.
• Joſeph ſold, 1728; tempted by P [...]tiphar's wife, 1718; governor of Egypt, 1715; ſent for his father Jacob, 1706; bought all the lands of Egypt, and let them out at a fifth part of their produce, 1702; died in Egypt, 1635 before Chriſt, aged 110.
• Joſeph and Mary, with Jeſus, returned to Nazareth, in 3 before the common aera.
• Juan Fernandes, diſcovered by the Engliſh, 1709.
• Jubilee among the Chriſtians at the end of every century, inſtituted by pope Boniface VIII. 1300: this was celebrated afterwards every 50 years, by order of Clement VI. Urban VI. reduced it to every 33d year, and Paul II. to every 25 years, at which period it is now ſixed. One was held in England, 1376, being the 50th year of Edw. III.'s reign. Cloths of gold and ſilver were then worn.
• Juda and Iſrael, The kingdoms of, divided 795 be⯑fore Chriſt. See Iſrael.
• Judges appointed, 1176; appointed for life, 1762; ſent to India, 1773. Vide Circuits.
• Jugurtha, War with, 111 before Chriſt.
• Julius Agricola, a Roman general, totally ſubdued Britain, 78.
• Julius Caeſar, emperor of Rome, born July 10, 100; invaded Britain, landing at Deal, Auguſt 26, 55; killed in the ſenate-houſe, March 15, 44 before Chriſt, after having fought 50 battles, ſlain above 1,192,000 men, and taken, by aſſault, 1000 towns.
• Jury. Trial by 12 judges introduced firſt into Den⯑mark, by Regnerus, who began to reign 820; the inſtitution borrowed here by Ethelred, and juries eſtabliſhed, as at preſent, 979; the cuſtom of keep⯑ing them from food, till after their verdict, took its riſe from the fear of bribery, it being cuſtomary for the plaintiff and defendant to feaſt them.
• Juſtices of peace firſt inſtituted, 1344; their power enlarged and ſettled as at preſent, 1590. See Conſervators.
• [152]Juſts. There were royal ones in Smithfield, between the earl of H [...]inault, and certain Hanoverians, challengers, and the earl of Somerſet, and an equal number of Engliſhmen, defendants, 1408; the victory was on the Engliſhmen's ſide.

• KAMSCHATKA diſcovered by the Ruſſians, 1739.
• Kelly, Scots earldom of, created 1619. (name Er⯑ſkine.)
• Kendal, Weſtmoreland, incorporated by James I.
• Kenelworth-caſtle built, 1120; priory built about 1122.
• Kenred ſucceeded his uncle Ethelred, as 13th king of Britain, 704; reigned and turned monk, 708, and was ſucceeded by his couſin, Ceolred, ſon of Ethel⯑red, laſt king but one.
• Kenric ſucceeded his father Cerdic, as 4th king of Britain; crowned king of the Weſt-Saxons, 534; died 560, and was ſucceeded in the monarchy by his elder ſon Ceaulin.
• Kenſington, Iriſh barony, created 1776. (Edwardes.)
• Kent, Earl of, brother to Edward II. beheaded March 19, 1330, for conſpiring againſt Edw. III. See Edward III.
• Kent, The maid of. See Impoſtors.
• Kenulf, king of Mercia, ſucceeded Egfrid as 18th king of Britain, 798; built Winchcomb monaſtery, Gloceſterſhire; died 819; buried at Winchcomb, and ſucceeded by Egbert, king of Weſſex.
• Keppel, Hon. Admiral, tried for not doing his utmoſt to deſtroy the French fleet, July 27, 1778, and honourably acquitted.
• Ker of Wakefield, Earldom of, created 1722. (name Ker.)
• Kerry, Iriſh earldom of, created 1722. (name Fitz-Maurice.)
• [153]Kent, the tanner, hanged at Norwich, for rebelling, 1549. See Rebellion.
• Ket's Coity-houſe, Kent, erected over the grave of Catigern, 445.
• Kew-bridge built, 1759.
• Kildare, Earl of, and his five uncles, executed in Lon⯑don, for attempting to raiſe a rebellion in Ireland, Feb. 3. 1537.
• Kilkenny, The ſtatute of, paſſed, 1364.
• Kilmarnock and Balmerino, Lords, beheaded on Tower-hill, Auguſt, 1746, for taking part in the rebellion of 1745.
• Kilmorey, Iriſh viſcount, Title of, created 1625. (name Needham.)
• King of Oakham, Barony of, created 1723. (name King.)
• Kingdoms, Origin of, by Nimrod. See Babylon.
• King's ſpeech, The firſt, delivered, 1107, by Hen. I.
• King's college, Cambridge, founded by Henry VI. 1441. (58 fellows.)
• King's evil was ſuppoſed to be cured by a touch of the kings of England; the firſt who touched for it was Edward the Confeſſor, 1058; his ſanctity procured belief, and his ſucceſſors continued it as part of their grandeur. It was dropped by George I.
• King's Lynn, Norfolk, Bailiffs of, firſt made mayors, 1204.
• Kingſton, Ducheſs of, tried for bigamy, and con⯑victed, April 22, 1776.
• Kingſton, Iriſh earldom of, created 1768. (name King.)
• Kingſton on Thames chartered by king John.
• Kingſton, Dukedom of, created 1715. (name Pier⯑pont.)
• Kinnaird, Scots barony of, created 1682. (name Kinnaird.)
• Kinnoul, Scots earldom of, created 1633. (name Hay.)
• Kinſale fort, Ireland, erected in Charles II.'s reign.
• Kircudbright, Scots barony, created 1633. (name Maclellan.)
• [154]Kirkby and Wade, ſea-captains, ſhot at Plymouth for deſertion, April 14, 1703.
• Kirkham priory, Yorkſhire, built, 1122.
• Kirkſtall abbey, Yorkſhire, built, 1147.
• Kirkſtead abbey, Lincolnſhire, built, 1139.
• Kiſſing the Pope's toe, took its riſe from the cuſtom of kneeling to ſovereigns, introduced by Diocle⯑tian; thence alſo the cuſtom of a vaſſal's kneeling to his lord, in homage.
• Kit-cat club, a ſociety of noblemen and gentlemen, about 30 in number, eſtabliſhed 1703, for the pur⯑poſe of promoting the proteſtant ſucceſſion in the houſe of Hanover: the club took its name from one Chriſtopher Kat, a paſtry-cook, who lived near the tavern where they met in King-ſtreet, Weſt⯑minſter, and who ſerved them.
• Knee ordered to be bent at the name of Jeſus, 1275.
• Kneeling to ſovereigns. See kiſſing.
• Knight-errantry. See Duelling.
• Knighthood, (derived from ancient chivalry, which took place on the Continent, when in a ſtate of anarchy, for the defence of the women) a military inſtitution of the Romans, who after their union with the Sabines, created three centuries of knights, about 750 before Chriſt; firſt inſtituted in England 540; during the heptarchy, it was conferred by the prieſt at the altar, after confeſſion and conſe⯑cration of the ſword. The firſt knight made by the ſovereign was Athelſtan, by Alfred, 900: the cuſtom of eccleſiaſtics conferring this honour was ſuppreſſed, 1100; all perſons poſſeſſing an annual income of ten pounds, were obliged to be knighted, or pay a fine, 38 Hen. III. 1254. See Rem. Occur. anno 1508. In France, it was an aſſociation to protect the women from the violence of marauders, and was inſtituted about 1050.
• Knights of St. John of Jeruſalem. See Malta.
• Knights Hoſpitalers. See Malta, Knights Templars.
• Knights Banneret, Title of, firſt given by Conan who commanded the Roman legions in England, 38 [...].
• [155]Knights Templars, a religious order inſtituted, 1119; flouriſhed in England during the reign of Henry II; all of them arreſted in France, in one day; they were charged with great crimes and great riches; 59 of them were burnt alive at Paris, Oct. 13, 1307; their order deſtroyed by Philip of France, 1311, and their wealth given to the knight hoſpi⯑talers, which ſee; aboliſhed throughout Europe, 1312. See Knighthood, Teutonic.
• Knitting, an invention introduced from Spain, early in Elizabeth's reign.
• Knives firſt made in England, 1563. This was the firſt branch of cutlery made here.
• Known-men, a name given to the Lollards, by Smith, biſhop of Lincoln, 1500. See Lollards.

• LACOCK nunnery, Wilts, built, 1233.
• Lacteals, The, diſcovered by chance, in opening a dog, by Aſellius, July 23, 1622; in birds, fiſh, &c. by Mr. Hewſon, ſurgeon of London, 1770. Vide Thoracic Duct.
• Ladies firſt introduced at court by the queen of Louis XII. about 1500; much later in England.
• Ladrone and Philippine Iſlands; the firſt European diſcoverer of them was Ferdinand Magellus, 1520.
• Laity and clergy, Diſtinction of, eſtabliſhed before 150.
• Lakenheath, Norfolk, infinite damage done there by a ſand-flood, 1667.
• Lamb, Dr. murdered in the ſtreets of London, 1628.
• Lambert, burnt in Smithfield, 1538.
• Lambeth palace built, 1184; college and chapel founded by Hubert, archbiſhop of Canterbury, about 1196.
• Lancaſter caſtle built by Edward III.; town incor⯑porated by king John.
• Lancaſter, Plantagenet, Earl of, grandſon to Hen. III. [156]beheaded 1321, for conſpiring againſt the Spencers, favourites of his firſt couſin Edward II.
• Lancaſter, Duchy court of, London, erected 1370; made a county Palatine, 1376.
• Lancaſtrian family, The firſt king of, was Henry IV. See York, the Crown.
• Land let in general for 1 s. an acre throughout Eng⯑land, 1544. Rental of England, including land, houſes, and mines, was computed at ſix millions. about 1600; 12 years purchaſe was then the value of land. About 1690, the rental amounted to 14 millions, and land was worth 18 years purchaſe. It roſe to 35 years purchaſe in 1778, but fell in 1779 to 24 years.
• Landaff biſhopric, founded about 490; cathedral built, 982; chancellorſhip and precentorſhip erect⯑ed about 1200.
• Landcheap. See Malden.
• Land-tax collected very early in tenths, fifteenths, ſcutages, &c. but ſettled as it now ſtands, 1692; eſtabliſhed on places, 1760. See Military ſer⯑vices.
• Lanercoſt priory, of the Auguſtine order, Cumber⯑land, founded, 1169.
• Lanerk-caſtle, Scotland, founded by Robert Bruce, 1314.
• Laneſborough, Iriſh earldom of, created 1756. (name Butler.)
• Langdale of Home, barony of, created 1657. (name Langdale)
• Langford, Iriſh viſcount, title of, created 1766, (name Rowley.)
• Languard fort, Eſſex, built by James I.
• Languedoc, The parliament of, erected by Charles VII. 1441.
• Lantherns, the invention of king Alfred, 890.
• Lantphey court, Pembrokeſhire, built before 1335.
• La Ramie, hanged at Paris, for perſonating the ſon of Charles IX. 1596.
• Latin ceaſed to be ſpoken in Italy, about 581; in [157]France, in the 9th contury; aboliſhed in proceſſes at law, 1731.
• Latins, The, reduced to the ſubjection of the Romans, 339 before Chriſt.
• Latium, City of, built by Latinus, king of the Latins, 904 before Chriſt. See Aborigines.
• Lauderdale, Scots earldom of, created 1623. (name Maitland.)
• Launceſton caſtle, Cornwall, built by the Romans; town built about 900; incorporated 1555.
• Laureate. See Poet.
• Law Burrows, in Scotland, an ancient ſecurity to keep the peace.
• Laws, and a tribunal of juſtice firſt eſtabliſhed in the kingdom of Argos, by Phoroneus, ſon of Inachus, 1808 before Chriſt (ſee Inachus). Roman law col⯑lected by Theodoſius the younger, 438; the code completed under Juſtinian, about 533; the Saxon code by Ina, 709; Alfred's body of laws made, 890; thoſe of Edward the Confeſſor compoſed, 1065; Oleron, or maritime laws, made by Rich⯑ard I. when at the iſle of Oleron. See Canon, Molmutian.
• Lawyers excluded parliament in Henry IVth's time, See Parliament.
• Layer, counſellor, hanged for enliſting men into the Pretender's ſervice, March 17, 1722.
• Lazaro, St. order of, inſtituted, 1119; confirmed, 1255.
• Lazarus, raiſed from the dead, 33; died Dec. 17, 63.
• Leadenhall, built as a ſtorehouſe for the poor, 1446.
• League of the beggars (for ſo were the Proteſtants called) to oppoſe the inquiſition in Flanders, 1560; of the Huguenots, or French Proteſtants in France, which occaſioned a civil war, 1576; in Scotland, againſt epiſcopacy, 1638.
• Lear, king of Britain, began to reign in 900. He built the city of Leiceſter, where he was buried, 840 before Chriſt, leaving his youngeſt daughter Cordelia, queen, who after reigning five years, being taken priſoner by her ſiſter, ſlew herſelf.
• Leather, a duty firſt laid on it, 1339.
• [158]Ledbury hoſpital, Hereford, founded 1232; refound⯑ed by queen Elizabeth, 1580.
• Le Deſpenſer, barony of, created 1231. (name
• Leeds caſtle, founded about 857; built 1071; re⯑built in the 11th century; chartered by Charles I. anew by Charles II.
• Leeds, dukedom of, created 1694. (name Oſborne.)
• Lees priory Eſſex, built, 1306.
• Leiburn caſtle, Kent, built about 1190.
• Leiceſter, built by Lear, (vide Lear) abbey built, 1143; town incorporated by king John.
• Leigh of Stoneleigh, barony of, created 1643. (name Leigh)
• Leinſter, Iriſh dukedom of, created 1766. (name Fitz-Gerald.)
• Leinſter, viſcount, title of, created 1745. (name Fitz-Gerald)
• Lenox, Scots dukedom of, created 1675. (name Le⯑nox.)
• Lent, the faſt of, inſtituted 140; firſt eſtabliſhed here in Kent, by Ercombert, 640.
• Leo. See Pope.
• Leominſter, Herefordſhire, chartered by queen Mary.
• Leſbos, Iſle of, began to be peopled about 1045 before Chriſt.
• Leſkard, Cornwall, incorporated 1580.
• Leſtwithiel, Cornwall, incorporated by 33 Edw. I.
• Letters invented by Memnon the Egyptian, 1822; firſt brought by Cadmus from Phoenicia to Greece, and afterwards introduced among the ſavages of Europe, about 1500 before Chriſt; carried by the Europeans to America about 1500. See Mem⯑non.
• Letters of Slanes, are a diſcharge in old Scots law given to a murderer, by the relations of the perſon murdered, on his paying a certain fine.
• Levant trade commenced 1511; ſcon dwindled, but revived, 1510. See Turkey Company.
• Leven and Melvile, Scots earldom of, created 1641. (name Leſley.)
• [159]Lewellin, the laſt prince of the Welch, defeated, and ſlain by the Engliſh, and his head put on the Tower of London, 1284.
• Lewes priory founded, and caſtle built, 1078; arch⯑deaconry erected, 1180.
• Leyden jubilee inſtituted, 1675. See Univerſities.
• Liberty of the ſubject. See Rem. Occur. anno 1679.
• Library, firſt public one founded at Athens, by Hip⯑parchus, 526 before Chriſt; firſt private library, the property of Ariſtotle, 334 before Chriſt; firſt large one at Rome, built by Theophraſtus; Alex⯑andrian, conſiſting of 400,000 valuable books, burnt, 47 before Chriſt; the Vatican at Rome, founded 1446.
• Lie, The great affront of giving the, aroſe from the words 'Thou lieſt,' in the oath taken by the de⯑fendant in judicial combats before engaging, when charged with any crime by the plaintiff. See Combats.
• Lifford, Iriſh viſcount, created 1780. (name Hewit.)
• Light and colours, Theory of, given by Sir Iſaac Newton, 1666.
• Lightning, &c. ſo dreadful as to throw down ſeveral churches, Feb. 1222.
  • It thundered 15 days together, with rain and floods, that deſtroyed the fruits of the earth, 1233.
  • As the king and queen were talking together in their bedchamber, a flaſh of lightning paſſed by them, and killed two of their ſervants who were waiting on them, but did them no hurt, 1285.
  • Deſtroyed many men and beaſts, and burnt many houſes, &c. 1360.
  • St. Paul's ſteeple, and that of Waltham croſs, were fired by lightning, Candlemas-day, 1443.
  • Vide Rem. Occurrences, 1703.
• Lights in churches firſt introduced about 50. The original inſtitution was at the religious aſſemblies of Chriſtians, to avoid the ſcandal occaſioned by their meeting in the dark, at night, during the times of perſecution.
• Lights of the Zodiac, firſt obſerved by an Engliſh⯑man, 1659.
• [160]Ligonier of Clo [...]mell, Iriſh earldom, created 1776. (name Ligonier.)
• Ligurians. See Genoa.
• Lilleſhul priory, Salop, built, 1104.
• Limburg, Barony of, added to Pruſſia, 1713.
• Limerick, ſiege of, 1691.
• Lincluden abbey, Scotland, founded in the reign of Malcolm IV. who died 1165.
• Lincoln once a Roman colony; caſtle built by the Romans; cathedral built, 1070; biſhopric formed by uniting Sidnacheſter and Dorcheſter, 1086; deanery, archdeaconry, chancellorſhip, and pre⯑centorſhip erected, 109; ſubdeanery, ditto, 1140; city burnt, 1123; Newportgate a Roman building.
• Lincoln college, Oxford, founded by the biſhop of Lincoln, 1427. (12 fellows.)
• Lincoln's inn, London, the palace of the biſhop of Chicheſter, about 1226; converted into an inn about 1310. See Inns of Court.
• Lindisfarne monaſtery, Northumberland, founded before 651; preſent one built, 1104. It was for⯑merly a biſhop's ſee, till removed to Cheſter.
• Lindores, Scots barony, created 1600. (name Leſley.)
• Linen firſt made in England, by Flemiſh weavers, 1253; till then woollen ſhirts were worn, as now by the Mountaineers in Wales: linen weavers, a company of, from the Netherlands, eſtabliſhed in London, 1368; ſtaining of linen firſt known here, 1579; linen trade, Ireland, began by Lord Went⯑worth, 1634; Britiſh linen company erected, 1746.
• Liſbon cuſtom-houſe burnt, May 31, 1766. See earthquake, Academies.
• Liſburne, Iriſh earldom, created, 1776. (name Vaughan.)
• Liſle, Iriſh barony, created 1758. (name Lyſaght.)
• Litanies firſt uſed in churches, 443; the firſt in Eng⯑liſh, 1343.
• Litchfield biſhopric founded by Oſwy, king of Mercia, 656; united with Coventry, 1086; precentorſhip erected, 1130; treaſurerſhip and deanery, ditto, [161]1140; chancellorſhip, ditto, 1222; cathedral built, 667; rebuilt, 1148.
• Literary property, ſtatute in favour of, paſſed, 1710; adjudged not perpetual, 1774.
• Literature was ſo little known from the 9th to almoſt the 14th century, that few men of eminence in church and ſtate could either read or write. See Signing, Books.
• Liturgy firſt read in Scotland, July 23, 1637.
• Liverpool caſtle built, and town chartered by king John.
• Llanſtephen caſtle, Caermarthonſhire, built, 1138.
• Llanvylliny, Montgomeryſhire, chartered by Edw. III.
• Loadſtone, virtues of, known in France before 1180.
• Locuſts, ſwarms of them ſettled on the ground about London, and conſumed the vegetables, 1748.
• Logarithms, for the uſe of ſeamen, invented by baron Neper, a Scotchman. See Neper.
• Lollards (a term of reproach equal to that of fanatics) were thoſe who diffented from the church o Eng⯑land, before ſhe renounced popery. They ſprung from William Lollard, who began to propagate his opinions, 1315, and was burnt at Cologne, 1351; after his death the diſciples of Wickliffe were called Lollards; proſcribed by parliament, 1406; many Lollards executed about 1414. See Oldcaſtle.
• Lombardy, Kingdom of, began 573. The Lombards were a detachment of Alcmans from Brandenburg, invited into Italy by Juſtinian, to ſerve againſt the Goths. As a reward for their ſervices, the em⯑peror gave them part of Upper Pannonia, now a part of Lower Auſtria, 548, from whence they paſſed into Italy, and their chief was proclaimed king by his army at Milan, 570. This kingdom made conſiderable conqueſts 'till 771, when Deſide⯑rius, their laſt king, was taken by Charlemagne, and their territories annexed to the German empire.
• London, formerly called Auguſta, founded by the Romans, 49; walled, and a palace built, 368; [162]made a biſhopric in 653; deanery erected before the conqueſt; archdeaconry before 1136; chancel⯑lorſhip, 1150; treaſurerſhip, 1160; precentorſhip, 1203; city repaired by Alfred, 885; burnt to the ground, about 912; nearly deſtroyed by fire, 1077; again, 1130; the chief magiſtrate, in William I [...]'s time, was called Port-reeve; Richard I. ordained two bailiffs, but King John changed them to a mayor; obtained their firſt free charter for electing their own magiſtrates, 1208; common hunt firſt ap⯑pointed, 1226; moſt of the houſes were thatched, 1246; all built with wood, 1300; privileges of taken away, but reſtored on ſubmiſſion, 1386; aldermen elected annually till 1394; charter de⯑clared forfeited, 1683; taken away, 1688; charter given again, 1689; gates of the city taken down, 1760; the common council ordered to wear blue ſilk gowns at court, Sept. 14, 1761; diſcontinued the practice, 1775; Newgate taken down, 1776; city remonſtrated, on the king's paying no atten⯑tion to their petition for a redreſs of grievances, and was cenſured, 1770. See Building; and Rem. Occur. annis 1558, 1580.
• London bridge built about 1098; built new with timber, 1165; finiſhed with ſtone after 33 years labour, 1209; built with ſtone, 1212; houſes took fire at both ends, the people thinking to ſuppreſs it, were hemmed in, and leaping over into boats and barges, ſeveral ſunk, and 300 perſons were drown⯑ed, 1214; its waterworks invented and begun, 1582; a great fire on it, Feb. 11, 1632; houſes taken down, 1756; temporary bridge burnt, April 11, 1758.
• London Stone, Cannon-ſtreet, firſt placed there by the Romans, 15 before Chriſt.
• Londonderry, 210,000 acres there granted to the city of London, 1610; town beſieged, April 20, 1689.
• Longbeard, William Fitz-Oſborn, a lawyer, ſo called, hanged at Tyburn, for ſtirring up the people to ſedition, 1197.
• [163]Longford, Iriſh brony, created 1756. (name Pa⯑kenham.)
• Longitude. Harriſon's time-keeper invented, 1763; Le Roi, of Paris, invented a watch that keeps time better, 1766.
• Lord High Steward, the firſt appointed for a coro⯑nation, was Thomas, ſecond ſon of Henry IV.; the firſt for a trial of a peer, was Edward earl of Devon, on the arraignment of John earl of Hun⯑tingdon, in the ſame reign.
• Lord Steward of the Houſehold, ſo called ſince 1540; before he was ſtiled grand maſter of the houſehold.
• Lord lieutenants of counties inſtituted, July 24, 1549.
• Lord Mayor's ſhow, London, the firſt, 1453.
• Lords, Houſe of. See Parliament, Peers.
• Lorraigne given by the emperor Lotharius to his ſecond ſon, as an independent duchy, about 851; it continued under its princes till 1670, when it was ſeized by Louis XIV. of France, and annexed to that crown, though the empty title is retained by another.
• Lothian, Scots marquiſate, created 1701. (name Kerr.)
• Lotteries, Public, firſt eſtabliſhed in England, 1569.
• Loudon, Scots earldom of, created 1633. (name Campbell.)
• Loughborough, Barony of, created 1780. (name Wedderburne.)
• Louis XV. king of France, ſtabbed by Damien, but not mortally, January 5, 1757.
• Louis, ſon of Philip II. of France, laid claim to the crown of England, from the pope's nomination, and landed with an army in the iſle of Thanet, May 23, 1216. See John, king.
• Louiſbourg taken by the Engliſh, June 1745; given up to the French, 1749; retaken July 22, 1758.
• Louiſiania diſcovered by the French, 1633; ſettled by them, 1718; ceded to England, eaſt of the Miſſiſſippi, 1763.
• Louth park abbey, Lincolnſhire, built, 1139.
• Love-feaſts eſtabliſhed in the firſt century.
• [164]Lovel and Holland, barony of, created 1762. (name Percevall)
• Low Countries, the country of the ancient Belgae, conquered by Julius Caeſar, 47 before Chriſt; paſſed into the hands of France, 412; governed by earls, ſubject to that crown, from 864 to 1369; by marriage they then came into the Houſe of Auſtria, but were yielded to Spain, 1556; ſhook off the Spaniſh yoke, 1572, and by the treaty of Vi [...]a, were annexed to the German empire, 1725. That part now held by Faance was an⯑nexed to France, 1748.
• Lowth, Iriſh carldom of, created 1759. (name Bir⯑mingham.)
• Lubeck, City of, burnt to aſhes, 1209; again 1276.
• Lucan of Caſtlebar, Iriſh barony, created 1776. (name Bingham.)
• Lucca, its republic founded, 300; purchaſed its in⯑dependency of the Emperor for 10,000 crowns.
• Lucern brought into the Palatinate, about 1575; into England ſoon after.
• Ludlow, Iriſh earldom of, created 1760. (name Ludlow.)
• Ludlow-caſtle, Salop, built ſoon after the conqueſt.
• Lulworth-caſtle, Dorſet, built 1610.
• Lumley, Iriſh viſcount, title of, created 1628. (name Saunderſon.)
• Lungs, veſicles of, diſcovered by Malpighi, 1681.
• Lupercalia, The feſtival of, whoſe origin had pre⯑ceded the foundation of Rome, was continued in February, till the reign of pope Gelaſius, who aboliſhed it about 480. The rites of this feſtival were expreſſive of an early ſtate of ſociety, before the invention of arts and agriculture.
• Lutgerſhall-caſtie, Wilts, built before 1199.
• Lydia, an ancient kingdom, under a long dynaſty of kings, the laſt of whom was the rich Croeſus, who was conquered by Cyrus, 544. It continued part of the Perſian empire 'till that was conquered by Alex⯑ander, and about 283 it became part of the new kingdom of Pergamos, till Attalus bequeathed it [165]to the Romans, 133 before Chriſt. It was at laſt taken from the eaſtern empire by the Turks, 1326.
• Lyme-caſtle, Kent, built long before 1379.
• Lyme-regis, Dorſetſhire, chartered by Edward I.
• Lyons, France, founded by Lucius Plan [...]us, 43 be⯑fore Chriſt. See Academies.
• Lyons-inn, London, eſtabliſhed, 1420. See Inns of Court.

• MACARTNEY of Liſſanoure, Iriſh barony, created 1776. (name Macartney.)
• Maccabees, Government of Judea under, which con⯑tinued 126 years, 163 before Chriſt. See Anti⯑ochus.
• Macclesfield, Earldom of, created 1721. (name Par⯑ker.)
• Macdonald of Slate, Iriſh barony, created 1776. (name Macdonald.)
• Macedon, Kingdom of, began under Caranus, 814; ended by the defeat of Perſeus, and became a Roman province, 168 before Chriſt. (name Macdonald.)
• Mackrell allowed to be cried through London on Sundays, 1698.
• Macmahone, Lord, hanged for treaſon, 1644.
• Madagaſcar, firſt ſeen by the Portugueze, 1506.
• Madeira, Iſlands of, diſcovered by the Portugueze, 1419.
• Madraſs peopled, and Fort St. George built by the Engliſh, 1620.
• Madrid built 936 before Chriſt. See Academies.
• Magdalen college, Cambridge, founded by the duke of Buckingham, 1516. (16 fellows.)
• Magdalen college, Oxford, founded by the biſhop of Winton, 1549. (40 fellows.)
• Magic lanthorn, firſt conſtructed by Roger Bacon, 1260.
• [166]Magna Charta, (a body of laws, the great barrier of Engliſh liberty) granted by king John to England, June 19, 1215; to Ireland, Nov. 12, 1216.
• Magnifying glaſſes, round, invented by Roger Ba⯑con, 1252.
• Maiden rents. See Rem. Occur. 1057.
• Maidenhead incorporated by Edward III.
• Maidſtone, Kent, St. Mary and All Saints college, founded, 1396; town incorporated by queen Eliz⯑abeth.
• Maintainance in litigation condemned by the Moſaic law, Exod. xxiii. 3.
• Maire, Le, Streights of, diſcovered, 1616, by le Maire, a Dutchman, who died 1622.
• Majeſty, The title of, firſt given to Louis XI. of France: before this time, kings were ſatisfied with the appellation of Highneſs, or Grace; firſt given in England to Henry VIII. See Titles.
• Majorca reduced by the Spaniards, 1715.
• Malacca, gold mines diſcovered there, 1731. See Summatra.
• Malaga, Spain, built by the Phoenicians. See Cadiz.
• Malden, Eſſex, built 28 before Chriſt, rebuilt 919; the cuſtom of Landcheap ſettled, by a grant from the biſhop of London, 1403.
• Malmſbury abbey founded in 642; caſtle built, 1134.
• Maloes, St. Engliſh attempt upon it, June 8, 1758.
• Malt tax eſtabliſhed, 1697; encreaſed, 1760; new modelled, 1766.
• Malta, Knights of, alias Knights Hoſpitallers, alias Knights of St. John, of Jeruſalem; the founda⯑tion of that order laid by opening a houſe for the reception of pilgrims at Jeruſalem, 1048; became a regular monaſtic order, 1099, and a military order, 1118; took Rhodes, and were called Knights of Rhodes, 1310; being expelled from thence by the Turks, the emperor Charles V. gave them the iſland of Malta, 1523, and they were called Knights of Malta; expelled England, 1540; did great exploits againſt the Inſidels, 1595; con⯑ſpiracy [167]at Malta, to deſtroy the whole order, for which 125 Turkiſh ſlaves ſuffered death, June 26, 1749. See Rhodes.
• Malton, Iriſh earldom of, created 1750. (name Went⯑worth.)
• Man, Iſle of, formerly ſubject to Norway, then to John and Henry III. of England, and afterwards to Scotland; conquered by Henry IV. and by him given to the earl of Northumberland, on whoſe attainder it was granted to Sir John de Stanley, 1406; in this family it continued till 1594, when it was ſeized by the queen; granted to William earl of Derby, 1608; fell by inhe⯑ritance to the duke of Athol, 1735; chriſtianity firſt eſtabliſhed there by Sts. Patrick and Andrew, about 440; epiſcopal ſee eſtabliſhed, 447; con⯑quered from the Scots, by Montacute earl of Sarum, 1314, to whom Edward III. gave the title of king of Man; firſt Tynwald meeting, about 1418; the proprietors firſt called Lords of Man, 1521 (before they were kings); the biſhopric an⯑nexed to the province of York, 1541; iſland of, annexed to the crown of England, having been purchaſed of the duke of Athol for 70,000l. 1765.
• Mancheſter, Dukedom of, created 1719. (name Montague.)
• Mancheſter navigation opened, June 17, 1761.
• Manicheans, a ſect in Perſia, who believe two deities, one good, one bad; aroſe under Manes, 275. See Gnoſtics.
• Manilla, an iſland in the Eaſt Indies, taken by the Engliſh from the Spaniards, July 27, 1757.
• Manna. See Purgatives.
• Manno, T. burnt in Smithfield for hereſy, 1512.
• Manorbeer caſtle, Pembrokeſhire, built about the time of William II.
• Manors. See Villenage.
• Mansfield, of Nottingham, Earldom of, created 1776. (name Murray.)
• Manſion-houſe, London, founded Oct. 23, 1739; inhabited 1752.
• [168]Mantua independent till 1 [...]03, when it was ſeized by the houſe of Auſtria; order of the Rede [...]mer inſtituted, 16 [...]3. See Academies.
• Maps and globe, invented by Anaximander; map⯑and ſea charts firſt brought to England by Barth [...] lemew Columbus, 1499.
• Marble, art of ſtaining it, known before 1644.
• Marches, in Wales, were diſtricts in which great miſchiefs were committed in the fourteenth century. One George Boarn, a famous Moſs-trooper, coſ⯑feſſed that he had murdered ſeven Engliſhmen, and raviſhed forty women.
• Marcheta, Cuſtom of. See [...]. Occur. anno 1057
• Marchmont, Scots earldom, created 1697. (name Hume.)
• Margaret of D'Anjou, daughter of the king of Naples, queen to Henry VI. with her ſon, taken priſoner at the battle of Tewkibury, May 4, 1471. See Henry VI. Glouceſter.
• Marigalante, Iſle of, diſcovered by Columbus, 1493; ſettled by the French, 1691.
• Mariſe, William, a nobleman's ſon, drawn, hanged and quartered, for piracy, 1241; the firſt puniſh⯑ment of that kind.
• Markets. See Fairs.
• Marl, The uſe of, in huſbandry, was known to the people of this iſland before Pliny.
• Marlborough, Dukedom of, created 1702. (name Spencer.)
• Marlborough, Statutes of, enacted Nov. 18, 1267.
• Marleyhill, Hereford, removed itſelf, 1573.
• Marloe, Chriſtopher, dram. writer, killed by his rival, 1593.
• Marquis, Title of, firſt given to Vere, earl of Ox⯑ford, called marquis of Dublin, 1386.
• Marriage, The firſt inſtitution of, by ceremony, is aſcribed to Cecrops, king of Athens, 1556 before Chriſt; celebration of it in churches firſt ordained by Pope Innocent III. about 1200; before which, the only ceremony was that of a man's leading his bride home to his houſe; in Lent forbidden, 364; [169]forbidden the prieſts, 1015; addreſſes of love to married women were cuſtomary about 1150; pub⯑lication of banns inſtituted, about 1210; ſeven biſhops deprived for being married, 1554; act paſſed for ſolemnizing it by juſtices of the peace, 1653; laſt marriage act paſſed, June, 1753. See Rem. Occur. anno 1571.
• Marſeilles is ſaid to have been a town 500 before Chriſt. See Academies.
• Marſhals firſt inſtituted in France, 1436.
• Marſhalſea, a Palace Court, erected 1630.
• Martinico, taken by the Engliſh, together with St. Lucia, St. Vincent, and the Grenada Iſlands, February, 1762; Pierre town burnt (700 houſes), October, 1752.
• Mary, mother of Chriſt, died in 45, aged 60; feaſt of, inſtituted 695; feaſt of her nativity firſt ob⯑ſerved in France, 1007.
• Mary, Queen, daughter of Henry VIII. by his firſt wife, born 1516; declared illegitimate on account of the illegality of her father's marriage, 1536; reſtored by parliament to her right of ſucceſſion, 1544; that right ſet aſide in favour of lady Jane Grey, June, 1553; ſucceeded however her half brother Edward VI. July 19, 1553; crowned September 30, following; her legitimacy con⯑firmed by parliament, Oct. following; married Philip, prince of Spain, ſon of Charles V Jan. 19. 1554; Philip allowed to take the title of king during her life, Sept. 29, following; died of a dropſy, Nov. 17, 1558, and was ſucceeded by her half ſiſter Elizabeth. See Grey, Lady Jane, Philip II.
• Mary, queen of Scots, grandaughter of Margaret, Henry VIIIth's ſiſter, born Dec. 1542; ſucceeded her father at eight days old, the earl of Arran guardian; married to the dauphin Francis, ſon of Henry II. of France, April 24, 1558; buried her huſband, then king, 1560; refuſed a paſſage through England on her return to Scotland, 1561; [170]made her public entry into Edinburgh, Sept. 1, 1561; lord Leiceſter propoſed to her in marriage by queen Elizabeth, 1564; married her couſin-german, lord Darnley, 1565; is ſaid to have murdered her huſband, Feb, 10, 1567, for putting Rizzio to death, (ſee Rizzio); murried the earl of Bothwell, May 15, for which her ſubjects rebelled and de⯑poſed her, July 20, following; crowning her ſon James VI. then 13 months old, the earl of Murray regent; (ſee Murray); eſcaped from the caſtle of Lochlevin, May 2, where ſhe was confined, and fled to England, May 16, 1563, her cauſe examin⯑ed into at a conference at York, Oct. 4, 1568; impriſoned in Tutbury-caſtle, Jan. 1569; con⯑ſpired againſt the life of Elizabeth, 1586; re⯑moved to Fotheringay-caſtle the ſame year, and ſentenced to die, October 25, following; for the French ambaſſador having bribed an aſſaſſin to murder Elizabeth, the people demanded Mary's death, and ſhe was beheaded at Fotheringay-caſtle, Feb. 8, 1587; buried at Peterborough, but re⯑moved by her ſon James I. to Weſtminſter, 1612. See Elizabeth, Bothwell, Darnley, Scotland.
• Mary, William IIId's queen, daughter of James II. by Ann Hyde, born April 30, 1662; married to the prince of Orange, Oct. 23, 1677; on her father's abdicating the crown, proclaimed, with her huſband, queen of England, Feb. 13, 1689; died of the ſmall-pox, Dec. 28, 1694, leaving her huſband on the throne, and was buried at Weſtminſter. See William III. Orange, Prince of.
• Maryland ſettled by lord Baltimore, 1633. See America.
• Maſks. See Fans.
• Maſque de fer. See Iron-maſk.
• Maſs, Proſtration at the elevation of, ordained 1201. See Rem. Occur. anno 1688.
• Maſſachuſet's bay colony, old charter granted, 1627; royal patent, 1628; firſt ſettlement at Salem, 1629; government removed to New England, [171]1630; diviſion of into four townſhips, 1643; preſent colony eſtabliſhed by the conſolidation of four others, 1691.
• Maſſacre at Alexandria, of many thouſand citizens, by order of Antoninus, 213.
  • Of Theſſalonica, when upwards of 7000 perſons, invited into the Circus, were put to the ſword by order of Theodoſius, 390.
  • Of 35,000 perſons at Conſtantinople, 532.
  • Of the Jews (ſome few preſſing into Weſtmin⯑ſter-hall, at Richard 1ſt's coronation, were put to death by the people, and a falſe alarm being given, that the king had ordered a general ma [...] ⯑ſacre of them, the people in many parts of Eng⯑land, from an averſion to them, flew all they met; in York, 500 who had taken ſhelter in the caſtle, killed themſelves, rather than fall into the hands of the people), 1189.
  • Of the Huguenots, or French proteſtants, at Paris, by order of Charles IX. when 70,000 were deſtroyed, June 12, 1418.
  • Of the Swediſh nobility, at a feaſt, by order of Chriſtian II. 1520.
  • At Paris, when the king led the way, and ſlew near 10,000 proteſtants, Auguſt 24, 1572.
  • Of the Chriſtians, in Croatia, by the Turks, when 65,000 were ſlain, 1592.
  • Of the Engliſh factory, by the Dutch, at Am⯑boyna, 1623, in order to diſpoſſeſs them of the Spice Iſlands.
  • Of the Iriſh, at the iſland of Magee, when 40,000 Engliſh proteſtants were killed in the re⯑bellion under Sir Phel. O'Niel, Oct. 1641.
  • Of the Macdonalds, at Glencoe, in Scotland, for not ſurrendering in time, according to King William's proclamation, though without the king's knowledge, 1692.
  • See Mithridates, Jews, Proteſtants, Veſpers Sicilian.
• Maſſarene, Iriſh earldom of, created 1756. (name Skeffington.)
• [172]Maſſey of Duntryleague, Iriſh barony, created 1776. (name Maſſey.)
• Mathematics firſt taught to the Jews and Egyptians by Abraham, 1950 before Chriſt.
• Matilda, daughter of Euſtace, count of Boulogne, Stephen's queen, crowned Eaſter-day, 1136; died May 3, 1151, at Henningham-caſtle. Eſſex, and buried in a monaſtery at Feverſham.
• Matthews and Leſtock, admirals, ſuffered the French and Spaniſh ſquadrons from Toulon, to eſcape, February, 1746.
• Matthews, John, hanged for a treaſonous libel, 1716.
• Matthias, St. Feaſt of, inſtituted, 1091.
• Maude, daughter to Henry I. married to Henry V. emperor of Germany, 1109; afterwards to Geof⯑frey, eldeſt ſon of the count of Anjou, 1127, by whom he had Henry II.; her right to ſucceed her father ſworn to by the barons, 1127; ſet aſide from the ſucceſſion, in favour of her firſt couſin Stephen, 1136; expelled with her huſband from the govern⯑ment of Normandy, 1136; landed in England with an army, and claimed her right to the crown, Sept. 1139; crowned, but ſoon after defeated at Wincheſter, 1141, and eſcaped to Glouceſter in a bier; fled from a window in Oxford-caſtle by a rope, in the winter, 1142; retired to France, Lent, 1147; came-to England, and made a laſting peace with Stephen, 1153; died abroad, Sept. 10, 1167, aged 67. See Stephen. Plantagenet.
• Maunday Thurſday, ceremony inſtituted in Ed⯑ward IIId's jubilee year, by Pope Innocent VI. 1362.
• Mauritania. See Fez.
• Mauritius iſland, diſcovered by the Dutch, 1598.
• Mauſoleum. See Artemiſia, Vol. II.
• Maxentius defeated by Conſtantine, and drown⯑ed in the Tyber, which occaſioned a great change almoſt throughout the world, 333. See Con⯑ſtantine.
• [173]Maximilian I. emperor of Germany, enliſted as a captain under Henry VIII. when he invaded France, 1513; died, 1519, aged 60.
• Maxtoke priory, Warwickſhire, built, 1337; caſtle built, 1346.
• May-games much in faſhion, 1515; ſoon after grew into diſuſe, owing to a riot at ſuch a time.
• Maynard, of Wicklow, Iriſh barony of, created 1620. (name Maynard.)
• Maynard, of Eſtaines, Earldom of, created 1766. (name Maynard.)
• Mayors and bailiffs of corporations were Port-reeves in the time of the Saxons
• Mead, a liquor of luxury, 1642. See Honey.
• Meal-tub plot, (ſo called from the place where ſome papers concerning it were found) 1679. It was a ſham plot to accuſe Oates of perjury and ſodomy, and to charge ſome great men with conſpiring againſt the life of the king. Dangerfield was the principal actor: but it came to nothing. See Oates.
• Meaſures, vide Weights.
• Meat ordered to be ſold by weight, 1532.
• Meath, Iriſh earldom of, created 1627. (name Bra⯑bazon.)
• Media, was once a province of the Aſſyrian empire; it revolted 711; became independent, and conquered Perſia; but Cyrus having vanquiſhed Darius, the Mede, 536 before Chriſt, it was from this time united with the Perſian empire, and ſhared its fate.
• Mediterranean. See Rhodians, Phrygians, Pelaſgi.
• Medway. See Rem. Occur. anno 1113.
• Melcomb Regis, Dorſetſhire, chartered by James I.
• Melefount abbey, Ireland, founded by O'Carrol, prince of Orgial, 1142.
• Melons, cucumbers, and many other like productions were in Edward IIld's time, and afterwards dropped, till the reign of Henry VIII.; for during the wars between York and Lancaſter, nothing of this kind could be attended to.
• [174]Memory, the art of aſſiſting it, by getting by heart, invented by Simonides, 503 before Chriſt.
• Mennonites, who taught that Chriſt did not partake of the nature of his mother, aroſe under Menno, 1645.
• Mercer's chapel, London, built, 1187.
• Merchant adventurer's company incorporated, 1272.
• Merchant Taylor's company firſt called ſo by Hen⯑ry VII. who was of that company, as were ſeveral kings of England, and great part of the nobility, 1503; ſchool, London, founded, 1568.
• Merchants, an attempt was made to exclude them from ſ [...]ing in the Houſe of Commons, 1711.
• Mercury diſcovered to be a ſpecific in venereal caſes, by Carpus, an Italian ſurgeon, who flouriſhed about 1522.
• Merioneth, Archdeaconry of, erected before 1280.
• Merry Andrew, The character of, aroſe from Andrew Borde, a droll phyſician, who uſed to attend markets, and harangue the people, 1547.
• Merton priory founded, 1117.
• Merton college, Oxford, founded by Merton, biſhop of Rocheſter, 1274. (24 fellows.)
• Meſſalians, The ſect of, aroſe, 363.
• Meſſenian war with the Lacedemonians, the firſt, 743, laſted 19 years; ſecond, 685 before Chriſt, laſted 14 years; it ended in the conqueſt of the Meſſeni⯑ans, who rather than ſubmit to the Lacedemonian yoke, flew to Sicily.
• Meſſina, in Sicily, built by the Meſſenians, 667 be⯑fore Chriſt. See Meſſenian War.
• Methodiſm took its riſe, 1734. See Whitfield.
• Methuſelah, the longeſt liver, died a little before the flood, in 1656 of the world, aged 969.
• Mettingham college and caſtle, Suffolk, built, 1335.
• Mexborough, Iriſh earldom of, created 1766. (name Savile.)
• Mexico conquered by Spain, 1521. See Monte⯑zuma.
• Microſcopes firſt uſed in Germany, 1621; with two [175]glaſſes, invented by Drebbel, 1624; ſolar invented by Lieberkuk, 1740.
• Middleham caſtle, Yorkſhire, built about 1190.
• Middleſex, Archdeaconry of, erected, before 1138.
• Middleton monaſtery, Dorſet, built by Athelſtan, 926.
• Middleton, Iriſh viſcount, title of, created 1717. (name Brodrick)
• Middleton, Barony of, created 1711. (name Wil⯑loughby.)
• Milan, anciently Liguria, the reſidence of the Roman empire, 303; conquered by the Goths in the fifth century, who were diſpoſſeſſed by the Lombards, 572; ſubdued by the emperor Charlemagne, 800; afterwards it became independent; the French ex⯑pelled from it by Charles V. of Germany, about 1525, who gave it to his ſon Philip II.; taken by the Imperialiſts, 1706; recovered by France and Spain, 1743, but reſtored to Auſtria, on Na⯑ples and Sicily being ceded to Spain, 1748. See Goths, Academies.
• Milbourne, of Kilmore, Iriſh viſcount, created 1780. (name Lamb.)
• Milford, Iriſh barony, created 1776. (name Philipps.)
• Military ſervices, for lands, eſtabliſhed by the Saxons; eſcuage, or money firſt paid in lieu of them, under Henry II. which gave riſe to the ſubſidies, granted by parliament and the preſent landtax. See Feudal Law.
• Militia, introduced into Ireland, by K. Cormac O'Con, about 254; Fingal was the general; a national one firſt ſettled by king Alfred, and con⯑tinued till James I.; revived under Charles II.; the laſt militia bill paſſed, 1757; improved, 1764.
• Millennium, Doctrine of, (which ſuppoſed the world would end at the expiration of the ſeven thouſandth year from the creation, and that the laſt thouſand years Chriſt and the ſaints would reign upon the earth,) univerſally inculcated during the third century; it was propagated by Papias.
• [176]Milltown, Iriſh earldom of, created 1763. (name Leeſon)
• Milton, Barony of, created 1762. (name Damer.)
• Milton, Iriſh barony, created 1753. (name Damer.)
• Milton-abbas abbey founded, 933.
• Minehead, Somerſetſhire, chartered by queen Eliz.
• Minerva's temple, at Athens, burnt, 406 before Chriſt.
• Minims, their order inſtituted, 1440.
• Miniſters, Preſbyterian, 2000 reſigned their livings, rather than ſubmit to the act of uniformity, which obliged them to conform to the church of England, 1662.
• Minerea conquered by general Stanhope, Auguſt, 1708; ſurrendered to the French, June, 1756; given up to England, 1763.
• Minſter Monaſtery, Shepey Iſle, inſtituted, when Ercombert was king of Kent.
• Minſtrels, in hiſtory, were, originally, pipers appoint⯑ed by lords of manors, to divert their copyholders whilſt they were at work for them, as is the cuſtom now in the Highlands of Scotland; they probably owed their origin to the Gleemen, or Harpers of the Saxons; they continued till about 1500. Female harpers were not uncommon in Britain, 680. See Bards, Harpers.
• Mint, London, eſtabliſhed 1066. See Privileged Places.
• Minutia, the veſtal, on ſuſpicion of unchaſtity, burnt alive, 337 before Chriſt.
• Mirrors, the firſt were made in ſilver by Praxiteles.
• Miſſiſſippi ſcheme, in France, ceaſed, 1720; trade began, Nov. 28, 1716.
• Mitford caſtle, Northumberland, built ſoon after the Conqueſt.
• Mithridates, king of Pontus, ordered all the Romans (80,000) that were in Aſia, to be put to death, 88 before Chriſt.
• Modena erected into a duchy, 1451.
• Modern hiſtory. See Profeſſorſhip.
• [177]Mogul empire. The firſt conqueror was Jenghis Khan, a Tartarian prince, who died 1226; Timur Bek became Great Mogul, by conqueſt, 1399; the dynaſty continued in his family till the conqueſt of Tamerlane, in the 15th century, whoſe deſcend⯑ants have kept the throne ever ſince; but Kouli Khan, the famous Sophi of Perſia, conſiderably diminiſhed the power of the Moguls, carried away immenſe treaſures from Delhi, and ſince that event many of the Nabobs have made themſelves inde⯑pendent. See Kouli Khan.
• Mohocks, a ſet of diſorderly people, who went about London ſtreets at night, and took pleaſure in wounding and disſiguring the men, and indecently expoſing the women, 1711; one hundred pounds reward was offered, by royal proclamation, for apprehending any one of them.
• Moira, Iriſh earldom of, created 1762. (name Raw⯑don.)
• Moleſworth, of Swords, Iriſh viſcount, title of, created 1716. (name Moleſworth.)
• Moleſworth, Lady, and her three children, burnt, 1764, by her houſe being ſet on fire.
• Moliniſts. See Quietiſts.
• Molmutian laws, were thoſe made by Dunvallo Mol⯑mutius, the ſixteenth king of Britain, who began his reign above 400 before Chriſt, and were famous in this kingdom till the time of William the Con⯑queror, who was the firſt king that eſtabliſhed laws in Britain.
• Mona of the Romans, The, was the iſle of Angleſey.
• Monarchy, The firſt univerſal, ended, and the Medo⯑Perſian, or ſecond, began, 538 before Chriſt.
• Monaſtery, The firſt, founded, where the ſiſter of St. Anthony retired, 270. The early converts to a monaſtic life, lived in caves and deſerted places, till regular monaſteries were founded. See Priories, Monkery.
• Money, Gold and Silver, firſt coined, by Phydon, tyrant of Argos, 894 before Chriſt. See Gold, Silver, Shillings, Copper, Coins, Sovereign, Pound.
• [178]Money; no declaratory ſtatute to prevent its being raiſed for the king's uſe, without the expreſs con⯑ſent of the States, till 23 Edward I.: from 1065 to 1189, 1l. was equal to 15l. now.
• Monk, the firſt is ſaid to have been Paul of Thebais, who fled into the deſarts, to avoid the Decian perſecution, about 250. See Monaſtery, Monkery.
• Monkery, pretty well eſtabliſhed about 330; it began in Egypt and Perſia; in Egypt alone there were 96,000 monks. St. Anthony was the firſt example of a monaſtic life, 305, and eſtabliſhed the firſt monaſtery on Mount Colzim, near the Red Sea. Athanaſius introduced the monaſtic life into Rome, 3 [...]1. See Monaſtery, Monk.
• Monntouth, James, duke of, natural ſon of Charles II. by Luty Walters; his illegitimacy declared by the king, 1679; conſpired againſt the king, and pardoned, but ordered to depart the kingdom, 1683; invaded England, at Lyme, Dorſetſhire, June 11; proclaimed king, at Taunton, June 20; defeated near Bridgewater, and taken, July 5; beheaded on Tower-hill, July 15, aged 35, all in 1685.
• Monſon, of Burton, Barony of, created 1728. (Monſon.)
• Montacute priery, Somerſetſhire, built, 1070.
• Montagu, Dukedom of, created 1766. (Montagu.)
• Montagu, viſcount, Title of, created 1554. (Browne.)
• Monothelites (who taught, that in Jeſus Chriſt there was but one operation, or will), aroſe under The⯑odore, 540.
• Montem. The triennial cuſtom of the Eton ſcholars parading to Salt-hill, and diſtributing ſalt, origin⯑ated in the early days of Monkiſh ſuperſtition, when the friars uſed to ſell there conſecrated ſalt, for medical purpoſes.
• Montfort, Barony of, created 1741. (name Bromley.)
• Montgomery caſtie rebuilt, 1093; town chartered by Henry III.
• Months, their names given them by Charlemagne, emperor of Germany.
• Montroſe, Scots dukedom of, created 1707. (Graham.)
• [179]Montroſe, Marquis of, hanged at Edinburgh, for taking part with Char. I. May 21, 1650, aged 37.
• Montſerrat, in the Weſt-Indies, d [...]covered by Co⯑lumbus, 1493.
• Monument, London, begun 1671; finiſhed 1677.
• Moorfields, London, made into walks, 1614; planted, 1740.
• Moors. The, driven out of Spain, by an edict of Philip III. after they had continued there 900 years, 1620, for attempting to free themſelves from the inquiſition; they were in number above 900,000.
• Moravians, or Unitas Fratrum, appeared in Bohemia, 1457; in England, 1737. They are a reſpectable epiſcopal church; their doctrines not contrary to the articles of the church of England. See Zin⯑zendorf.
• Morea taken from the Venetians, 1715.
• Morley, Lord, tried at Weſtminſter-hall, for murder, 1666.
• Mornington, Iriſh earldom of, created 1760. (name Welleſley.)
• Morocco, Empire of, anciently Mauritania, firſt known, 1008; poſſeſſed by the Romans, 25 before Chriſt, and reduced by them to a province, 50; from this time it underwent various revolutions, till the eſtabliſhment of the Almoravides; the ſecond emperor of this family built the capital Morocco; about 1116, Abdalla, the leader of a ſect of Mahometans, founded the dynaſty of Al⯑mahides, which ended in the laſt ſovereign's total defeat in Spain, 1212; at this period, Fez and Tremecen, then provinces of the empire, ſhook off their dependance. Morocco was afterwards ſeized by the king of Fez, but the deſcendants of Ma⯑homet, about 1550, ſubdued and united the three kingdoms again, and formed what is called at preſent the empire of Morocco.
• Morpeth-caſtle, Northumberland, built in Edward IIId's reign.
• Mortality, great one, 1094; again, among men, [180]cattle, and fowis, 1111; among youth, 1398; among men at Oxford, 1471; at York, when 11,000 perſons died, Auguſt, 1691.
• Mortars, vide Bombs.
• Mortimer, Roger, earl of March, intrigued with Edward IId's queen, 1325; hanged at Tyburn for it, 1330.
• Mortmain-act paſſed, May 20, 1736.
• Morton-caſtle, Scotland, demoliſhed by David II.
• Morton, Scots earldom of, created 1458. (name Douglas.)
• Moſcow burnt, 30,000 houſes were deſtroyed, 1739; again, 2000 houſes, July 25, 1773. See Ruſſia.
• Moſes born, 1571; ſent the 10 plagues of Egypt, 1491; Ceparted from Egypt with upwards of 60,000 Iſraelites, which completed the 430 years of ſojourning, the ſame year, 1491; about the ſame time brought water out of the rock; ſaw the burning buſh the ſame year; received the tables of ſtone on Mount Sinai, May 4, 1491; wrote the Pentateuch in the land of Moab, 1452; died 1451 before Chriſt.
• Moſt chriſtian king, Title of, firſt given to Louis XI. of France, by Paul II. 1469; others ſay, the title may be traced as far back as Pepin, Charlemagne's father.
• Mote's bulwark, Dover, built, about 1539.
• Motto, Royal, Dieu et mon droit, firſt uſed by Rich⯑ard I. on his obtaining a victory over the French at Gyſors, 1193; not we, ſays he,, but "God and our right" has conquered; the Bohemian creſt, viz. three oſtrich feathers, and the motto, Ich dien, i. e. "I ſerve," firſt adopted by Edward the black prince, at the battle of Creſſy, in me⯑morial of the victory, the king of Bohemia being ſlain in the action, 1346; Semper eadem ordered by the queen to be uſed as her motto, Dec. 14, 1702.
• Mount Caſhel, Iriſh earldom of, created 1780. (name Moore.)
• Mount Morres, Iriſh viſcount, Title of, created 1763. (name Morres.)
• [181]Mount St. Michael, in the bay of Avranches, The abbey of, built by Richard II. duke of Normandy, 966; completed under William the Conqueror, 1070.
• Mountaineers, viz. the Arabs, Tartars, Highlanders, &c. though juſt to a proverb among themſelves, not having the ſame opportunity of receiving ci⯑vilized laws, are great pilferers.
• Mountgarret, Iriſh viſcount, Title of, created 1550. (name Butler.)
• Mountrath, Iriſh earldom of, created 1660. (name Coote.)
• Mourning, in white, then the general cuſtom, laſt in uſe in Spain, 1495.
• Muffs. See Fans.
• Muggletonians ſprung from L. Muggleton, a jour⯑neyman taylor, 1657; they have ſome particular notions reſpecting the authority of ſcripture, and the ſtate of the dead.
• Mughouſe-riot, in Saliſbury-court, Fleet-ſtreet, for which five perſons were hanged, July 23, 1716.
• Mulberry trees firſt planted in England, 1609.
• Mulgrave, Iriſh barony of, created 1767. (name Phipps.)
• Murderers were puniſhed, during the Heptarchy, only by fines; the Perſians never puniſhed the firſt offence; were allowed benefit of clergy, 1503; and in Henry VIIIth's time, in Wales, murders were compounded for, and ſtill are ſo in Saxony; in Italy, murder is paſſed by with ſome degree of im⯑punity, as alſo in Spain and Portugal, and the criminal is allowed to plead, that the deceaſed was his enemy; in Turkey, the next of kin may com⯑pound, death not being thought a ſufficient atone⯑ment. See Rem. Occur. annīs 1407, 1414.
• Murray, Earl of, regent of Scotland, aſſaſſinated, by Hamilton, of Bothwellhaugh, 1570.
• Murray, Alexander, eſq. fled from impriſonment of the Houſe of Commons, 1751.
• Muſcovy. See Peter.
• Muſeum, The, eſtabliſhed, 1753. See Sloane.
• [182]Muſic invented by Jubal, i. e. he reduced ſhepherds ſongs to ſome principles, 1800; vocal choruſſes invented, 508 before Chriſt; notes invented by Gui D'Arezzo, 1025; coanterpoint brought to perfection by Pala [...]rini, about 1515; the Italian ſtyle of compoſition introduced, about 1616. See Gamut, Church muſic.
• Muſkerry, Iriſh barony, created 1780. (name Tilſon Deane.)
• Muſlin firſt worn here, 1670.
• Muſquets introduced into our army generally, and bows and arrows laid aſide, 1521.
• Mures are ſuppoſed to have originated in the Eaſt, that they might not ſpeak when ſerving at table; it being held impious, ſays Quintus Curtius, to ſpeak at meals.
• Mycene, Kingdom of, began under Perſeus, 1313 before Chr [...]t.
• Myth [...]y, Ancient, took its riſe, about 1458 be⯑fore Chriſt.

• NAAS, Iriſh viſcount, created 1776. (name Bourke.)
• Nantz, Edict of, paſſed by Henry IV. by which proteſtants enjoyed toleration in France, 1598; revoked by Louis XIV. 1635; by this bad policy 50,000 French proteſtants left France and came to England; ſome thouſands ſettled in Spitalfields, London, and carried on the ſilk manufactory, where their deſcendants ſtill remain; others brought over the art of making chryſtal glaſſes, for watches and pictures; and others brought jewelry to the greateſt perfection.
• Napier, Scots barony of, created 1627. (name Na⯑pier)
• Naples, anciently Capua and Campania, Kingdom of, began, 1020; given by the Pope to the com [...]e D'Anjou, in excluſion of the right heir Conradi [...] [183]who was taken priſoner, and beheaded, aged 16, 1266; Charles, king of Naples, being invited by the Hungarians, to the crown of Hungary, was, when there, crowned; murdered by order of the queen Regent, in her preſence, who, for this, was ſoon after taken out of her carriage, and drowned in the river Boſeth, 1386; Alphonſus, of Arragon, united Sicily to it, and the kings have been ſince called King of the Two Sicilies, 1442; taken from the French, and annexed to Spain, 1504; conti⯑nued with the Spaniards, till 1706, when it was taken by the Emperor; conquered by the Spaniards again, 1734, and ſettled on Don Carlos, the king of Spain's ſon, 1736; he reſigned it to his third ſon Ferdinand, 1759; order of the creſcent founded, 1464. The king of Naples now ſucceeds always to the crown of Spain. See Univerſities.
• National debt. The firſt inſtance of debt contracted on parliamentary ſecurity occurs in Henry VIth's reign; the preſent debt commenced, and was 5 millions, 1697; was 46 millions, in 1714; 64 millions, in 1747; 74 millions, in 1757; 110 mil⯑lions, in 1762; 127 millions, in 1772; and up⯑wards of 200 millions, in 1780. See Bank Stock, Funds.
• Naturalization-bill paſſed, 1753; repealed, 1754.
• Navarre conquered by Ferdinand, and annexed to Spain, 1512, given up to France, 1590. See Spain.
• Naval engagements. See Sea Fight.
• Navigation, Art of, owes its origin to the Phoenicians more than 1500 before Chriſt; act of paſſed, 1651, which prevents any merchandize being imported into England but in Engliſh ſhips, except it be in the ſhips of that European country, of which the merchandize is the growth or manufacture. See River Lee.
• Navy of England, firſt eſtabliſhed by king Alfred; Edgar had a fleet of 400 ſail, 937; king John, a fleet of 500; Edward III. one of 700; but Henry VII. was the firſt that began to build a royal navy; in the reign of Elizabeth, ſhips of war were com⯑manded by the nobility; navy board eſtabliſhed, [184]1625; navy office ſounded, Dec. 4, 1644. See Ships, Salute.
• Naworth-caſtle, Cumberland, built, before 1394.
• Naylor, the quaker, whipped and pilloried. See Impoſtor [...].
• Nazarenes, a ſect of Jews, converts to chriſtianity, diſappeared the beginning of the 4th century.
• Neath-caſtle, Glamorganſhire, built, 1090; abbey built, 1150.
• Nebuchadnezzar, king of Aſſyria, 606; died 562 before Chriſt, aged 42.
• Neckcloths, of lace, came in faſhion in Charles IId's reign, and continued in the two following reigns.
• Necromancy was ſo much encouraged by Catherine of Medicis, mother of Henry III. of France, that there were ſuppoſed to be 30,000 in that kingdom addicted to this ſtudy, 1. 72. See Witchcraft.
• Needles firſt made in London, by a negro, from Spain, in the reign of Mary; but he dying with⯑out teaching the art, it was loſt till 1566, when it was taught by Elias Groroſe, a German.
• Negrees adjudged to be free, whilſt in this country, 1772; declared free in Scotland, Jan. 15, 1778. See Slaves.
• Nemaean games, inſtituted by Adraſtus, 1226 before Chriſt.
• Neper's bones, invented by lord Neper, of Scotland, who died, 1617, aged 67.
• Nero, emperor of Rome, murdered his mother, in 55; ſlew himſelf, 68, aged 32.
• Nether-hall, Eſſex, built, before 1280.
• Netley-abbey, Hants, built, 1239.
• Nettleville, of Douth, Iriſh viſcount, title of, created 1622. (name Nettleville.)
• Newark caſtle, Nottinghamſhire, built, 1140.
• Newark on Trent, chartered by Edward IV.; anew by Charles II.
• Newark priory, Surrey, built, between 1189 and 1199.
• Newark, Scots barony, created 1660. (name Leſ⯑ley.)
• [185]Newborough, Iriſh barony, created 1776. (name Wynn.)
• Newborough, Scots earldom of, created 1660. (name Radcliff.)
• Newcaſtle, Dukedom of, created 1756. (name Clin⯑ton.)
• Newcaſtle on Tyne, founded, and caſtle built by Robert, ſon to William the Conqueror, 1080; Blackfriars founded, 1251; burnt by accident, 1349.
• Newcaſtle under Line, its caſtle built in Henry IIId's reign.
• New-college, Oxford, founded by William, biſhop of Winton, 1375. (70 follows.)
• New-England, firſt diſcovered by captain Goſnoll, 1602; ſettled by the Plymouth Company, 1614; the patent purchaſed by the Engliſh Browniſts from Holland, who built New Plymouth, 1620; Salem built, 1628; and Boſton, 1630. See America, Havard.
• New-Exchange, Strand, London, taken down, 1737.
• Newfoundland diſcovered by Cabot, about 1500, began to be ſettled by the Engliſh, 1520; the fiſhery began to flouriſh, 1577, though England had then the leaſt ſhare of it; but about 1625, Devonſhire alone employed 150 ſhips, and 8000 perſons, at Newfoundland, for ſix months in the year; in 1676 the value of the fiſh and oil was computed at 386,400l. See America.
• Newhaven, of Carrick Mayne, Iriſh barony, created 1776. (name Mayne.)
• New-Holland diſcovered, 1628.
• New-inn ſociety eſtabliſhed, 1485. See Inns of Court.
• New-Jerſey relinquiſhed by the Dutch, and granted to the duke of York, 1674; ſettled, 1682; pro⯑prietary government ſurrendered, 1702.
• Newport Iſle of Wight, chartered by James I.
• New-river brought to London by Sir Hugh Middle⯑ton, 1614. See Water.
• [186]New-Spain, or Mexico, diſcovered, 1518.
• Newſpapers, it is ſaid, owe their origin to the Journal des Savans, a French paper, firſt publiſhed in 1665, though one was printed in England, under the title of the "Public Intelligencer," by Sir Roger L'Eſtrange, 1663, which he dropped, on the pub⯑lication of the firſt London Gazette; newſpapers and pamphlets prohibited by royal proclamation, 1680. See Gazette.
• Newſted abbey, Nottinghamſhire, built, 1160.
• New York firſt ſettled by the Dutch, who were diſ⯑poſſeſſed by the Engliſh, 1664; granted to the duke of York, and ſettled, 1665; divided into twelve counties, 1691. See America.
• New-Zealand, in the South Seas, firſt diſcovered by Abel J. Taſman, 1642; viſited next by Captain Cook, 1769.
• Niagara taken by the Engliſh from the French, 1759.
• Nicene creed, firſt appointed to be read by Pope Marcus, 336.
• Nicka, a Gothic demon, who was ſuppoſed to in⯑habit the water, and ſtrangle perſons that were drowning. Hence "Old Nick."
• Nicolaites, The, appeared, 68; they denied the di⯑vinity of Chriſt, and taught, that all things, even women, ſhould be common among chriſtians.
• Nightmare, derived from Mara, a ſpectre of the night, in Runic Theology, in time of the Goths, which was ſuppoſed to ſeize perſons in their ſleep, and deprived them of ſpeech and motion.
• Nineveh, Foundation of, laid, 2233; taken, after three years ſiege, by Arbaces, which finiſhed the kingdom of Aſſyria; Sardanapalus burnt himſelf to death, and the kingdom was ſubdivided, 820 before Chriſt; deſtroyed by the Medes, 612.
• Ninus. See Aſſyria.
• Nithſdale, Lord, eſcaped from the Tower, Feb. 23, 1716.
• Noah directed to build the ark, 1536 of the world, 120 years before the flood; died 1998 before Chriſt, aged 949.
• [187]Nobility, Patents of, were firſt granted by Philip I. of France, to perſons having no eſtates, 1095, which was followed by other kings.
• Non-conformiſts: the Puritans took this name after the act of Uniformity paſſed, when 2000 miniſters left the eſtabliſhed church, not chuſing to conform to the 39 articles. See Puritans.
• Nones, The, of every month, are the 7th of March, May, July, and October, and the 5th of all the other months. By the Roman account, the Nones in the afore-mentioned months are the 6 days next following the firſt day, or the Calends; and of the other months, the 4 days next after the firſt. The laſt of theſe days is properly called the Nones, for the others are reckoned backwards, as diſtant from them, and accounted the third, fourth, or fifth Nones, &c. They received their name from their beginning the 9th day before the Ides. See Ides, Calends.
• Norbertines, Order of, inſtituted by St. Norbet, 1120.
• Norfolk, Archdeaconry of, erected, before 1124.
• Norfolk, Dukedom of, created 1483. (name Howard.)
• Norfolk, Thomas, duke of, beheaded, May 8, 1572, for conſpiring to marry the queen of Scots, and depoſe Elizabeth.
• Norham-caſtle, Durham, built, 1100; the feaſt of Sr. Cuthbert's tranſlation firſt obſerved there, 1104.
• Normandy invaded on all hands, 1117. Vide Rollo.
• Normandy, Robert, duke of, died, priſoner in Car⯑diff caſtle; 1133. See Henry I.
• Normandy erected into a dukedom, 876; ceded to France by Henry III. May 20, 1259.
• Normans maſſacred at Durham, 1069.
• Northampton, earldom of, created 1618. (name Compton.)
• Northampton, St. Sepulchre's church, built by the knights Templars; archdeaconry of, erected, 1092; town burnt, Sept. 3, 1675.
• Northamptonſhire navigation opened, Aug. 7, 1761.
• Northeſk, Scots earldom of, created 1647. (name Carnegie.)
• [188]Northington, earldom of, created 1761. (name Hen⯑ley.)
• Northumberland, Dukedom of, created 1766. (name Percy.) See Alnwick, Battle of.
• Northumberland, Dudley, duke of, ſon of Edmund Dudley, father-in-law to lady Jane Grey, beheaded 1553, aged 51, for attempting to put lady Jane on the throne. See Dudley, Edmund.
• Northumberland, Earl of, killed by the mob, in an inſurrection, 1488.
• Northumberland, Earl of, beheaded at York, for heading a party in favour of Mary, queen of Scots, againſt Elizabeth, 1572.
• Northumberland, Earl of, brother to the above, be⯑ing confined in the Tower, on a charge of taking part againſt Elizabeth, ſhot himſelf, 1585.
• Norton priory, Cheſhire, built, 1210.
• Norway, the ancient Scandinavia, including Sweden, united with Denmark, by the princeſs of Den⯑mark's marrying the king of Norway, and after⯑wards becoming, by ſucceſſion, queen of Denmark; the firſt king, 998. Vide Denmark.
• Norwich, burnt by Sweyn, king of Denmark, 1004; cathedral finiſhed. 1088; biſhopric formed by unit⯑ing Elmham and Dunwich, 1091; worſted manu⯑factory eſtabliſhed there, 1340; chief magiſtrate firſt ſtiled mayor, 1419; deanery erected, 1538.
• Notaries public, originally appointed by the fathers of the chriſtian church, to collect the acts or memoirs of martyrs in the firſt century; ſince changed into a commercial employ.
• Nottingham built, 924; caſtle built, 1068; town burnt to aſhes, 1140; archdeaconry erected, about 1174.
• Nova Scotia charter granted, and ſettled by the Scotch, under Sir William Alexander, 1621; it was afterwards in the poſſeſſion of the French, but ceded to England, 1748; peopled from England, 1749. See America.
• Nova Zembla diſcovered by captain Hugh Wil⯑loughby, 1553.
• Nugent, Iriſh earldom, created 1776. (name Nugent.)
• [189]Numantine war, between the Romans and Numan⯑tines, commenced, 141 before Chriſt.
• Numidia. See Algiers.
• Nuneaton nunnery, Warwickſhire, built, 1170.
• Nunnery; the firſt founded in France was near Poictiers, by the ſiſter of St. Martin, 360; the firſt Engliſh one, erected at Folkſtone, by king Eadbald, 630.
• Nutley abbey, Bucks, built, 1162.
• Nuyt's land, New Holland, diſcovered by the Dutch, 1627.

• OADES, the quaker, riot againſt him, by his ſons, 1718.
• Oak ſawduſt found to be uſeful in tanning, 1765.
• Oakham-caſtle, Rutland, built, about 1060.
• Oates, Dr. Titus, whipped, 1685. See Impoſtors.
• Oath, in civil caſes of high antiquity. See Exodus xxii, 10.; ſwearing on the goſpels firſt uſed, 528; oath firſt adminiſtered here in judicial proceedings, by the Saxons, about 600; that of a judge ſettled, 1344; that of ſupremacy ratified by parliament, 1535; the words "ſo help me God and all ſaints," concluded an oath, till 1550; preſent oath of al⯑legiance firſt framed and adminiſtered, 1606, the ancient oath having continued near 600 years; that of abjuration firſt required, 1701. See Af⯑firmation, Coronation.
• Occaſional conformity, bill thrown out by the lords, 1703.
• Odiam-caſtle, Hants, built, before 1199.
• Offa ſucceeded his uncle Ethelbald I. as 16th king of Britain, 757; he was born lame, deaf, and blind, which continued till he arrived at manhood; built St. Albans Monaſtery; died at Offley, 798; bu⯑ried at Bedford, and ſucceeded by his ſon Egfrid.
• Offa's dyke made, 774.
• Offerings firſt inſtituted by pope Pelagius II. 588.
• [190]Oil was the ſtaple commodity of Attica, and a jar of oil was the prize at the Panathanean games.
• Okehampton caſtle, Devon, built, before 1060.
• Old Teſtament, hiſtory of, ceaſed, 430 before Chriſt.
• Old Nick. See Nicka.
• Oleron. See Laws.
• Olives, firſt planted in Italy, 562 before Chriſt.
• Olveſton priory, Lincolnſhire, built, 1160.
• Olympiads. Theſe were games inſtituted at Olympia, by Pelops, in honour of Jupiter, 1307; they were revived by the Greeks, (who computed time by them, celebrating them every 4th year) about 400 years after the deſtruction of Troy, and continued till the reign of Theodoſius the Great, when a new mode of reckoning began, by indictions, or from the victory of Auguſtus Caeſar at Actium, when he became emperor of the Romans; the firſt Olympiads began July 23, 776; Coraebus being then the Olympic victor; 2d, 772; 3d, 768; 4th, 764; 5th, 760; 7th, 752; 10th, 740; 13th, 728; 15th, 720; 16th, 716; 17th, 712; 21ſt, 696; 23d, 688; 24th, 684; 25th, 680; 27th, 672; 28th, 668; 29th, 664; 39th, 624; 43d, 608; 46th, 566; 55th, 560; 56th, 556; 59th, 544; 60th, 540; 61ſt, 536 before Chriſt; the laſt ended about 440.
• Olympic games. See Olympiads, Daicles.
• Ongley, of Oldwarden, Iriſh barony, created 1776. (name Ongley.)
• Onſlow, Barony of, created 1716. (name Onſlow.)
• Operas. See Theatre.
• Ophites, a ſect that held the ſerpent that tempted Eve to be a God, appeared, 187.
• Oracles, Sibylline, were prophecies of certain Sibyls, to which great reſpect was paid, early in the hiſtory of Rome; their authority continued almoſt as long as Paganiſm. Honorius, emperor of the Weſt, gave the finiſhing ſtroke to this Roman idolatry, by throwing the oracles into the fire, 394.
• Orange, William I. prince of, aſſaſſinated, June 30, 1584.
• Orange, Title of, firſt in the Naſſau family, by the marriage of Claude de Chalons, the prince of [191] Orange's ſiſter, with the count of Naſſau, 1530; prince of, ſon of James IId's ſiſter, born Nov. 4, 1650; created ſtadtholder, July 3, 1672; married the princeſs Mary of England, 1677; was applied to by England, for aſſiſtance againſt his uncle, James II. 1688; landed at Torbay, in England, with an army, November 5, 1688; took on him the government, at the invitation of the lords; de⯑clared king of England, February 13, 1689. See Will. III.; Mary, his queen.
• Orange, Prince of, married Anne, George IId's daughter, March 14, 1734.
• Oranſey abbey, Scotland, founded by St. Columba, about 567.
• Orbits of the planets, firſt ſettled by Doerfel, a Saxon clergyman, 1681.
• Ordeal, by fire and water, Trial of, known to the an⯑cient Greeks; in uſe among the Saxons; aboliſhed by Henry III. 1261; that by fire was confined to the upper claſs of people; that of water, to the lower; hence the expreſſion of "going through fire and water to ſerve another;" theſe being al⯑lowed to be performed by deputy.
• Orford, Earldom of, created 1741. (name Wal⯑pole.)
• Orford caſtle, Suffolk, built about 1066; town char⯑tered by Henry III.
• Organs firſt introduced into churches, by Pope Vita⯑lian I. 683; into the Weſtern churches, 826.
• Oriel college, Oxford, founded by Edward II. 1337. (18 fellows.)
• Orkney iſlands, ſold by the king of Denmark to James III. of Scotland, 1468.
• Orkney, Scots earldom of, created 1695. (name O'Brien.)
• Orleans, Duke of, aſſaſſinated at Paris, by order of the duke of Burgundy, Nov. 23, 1407; the duke of Burgundy was afterwards murdered himſelf. See Burgundy, Rem. occur. annis 1407, 1414.
• Orleans, The ſiege of, May, 1428; again, 1563, when the duke of Guiſe was killed.
• [192]Orrery, The, invented by Charles earl of Orrery, which ſee.
• Oſborne, Barony of, created 1776. (name Oſborne.)
• Oſnaburgh, Biſhopric of, founded by Charlemagne, 780.
• Oſiris and Iſis, (i. e.) the ſun and moon, The ancient Egyptian religion of, tho' venerable in its origin, was a mixture of ridiculous ſuperſtition in the time of Cyrus; became contemptible under the Pto⯑lemys, and fell with the Romans.
• Oſtend attempted to be taken by the French, but the ſcheme miſcarried with great loſs to them, owing to the miniſter having been d [...]ceived by his agents, 1658; India company chartered, 1722; ſuppreſſed by the treaty at Vienna, 1731; made a free port, June 15, 1781.
• Oſtentation. See Rem. Occur. anno 1250.
• Oſtrogoths; their kingdom began in Italy, 476; ended, 554.
• Oſwald, third king of Northumberland, ſucceeded his uncle Edwin, as ninth king of Britain, 633; ſlain in battle, 642, and was ſucceeded by his half- [...]ro⯑ther Oſwy, fourth king of Northumberland.
• Oſwy ſucceeded his half-brother Oſwald, as tenth king of Britain, 642; died, 670, and was ſuc⯑ceeded by Wulfer, king of Mercia.
• Oſyth's (St.) monaſtery built, 1120.
• Otaheite, or George IIId's iſland, in the South Sea, diſcovered June 18, 1767, by captain Wallis; it is ſuppoſed to be the ſame as the Spaniard Quiros touched at in 1606.
• Ottery priory, Devon, built, 1060.
• Ottoman, or Turkiſh empire, founded by Conſtanti⯑nople, by Othman I. on the total deſtruction of the empire of the Eaſtern Greeks, 1300.
• Ouin, Peter, conſpired to kill the king of France, 1598.
• Overbury, Sir Thomas, poiſoned by an envenomed clyſter, in the Tower, at the inſtigation of lord Ro⯑cheſter, for oppoſing his marriage uith the counteſs of Eſſex, Sept. 15, 1613, aged about 32.
• Oxford univerſity, derived its firſt origin ſo early as [193]about 1180 before Chriſt; founded by Alfred, 886; its caſtle built, 1071; archdeaconry erected, 1092; Beaumont palace finiſhed, about 1128; chancellor's court eſtabliſhed, 1244; biſhopric taken from Lin⯑coln and founded, 1541; firſt public lecture in Ara [...]ic read there, 1636; new theatre built, 1669; a terrible fire at, 1644; again, 1671. See Rem. Occur. anno 1340.
• Oxford, Earldom of, created 1711. (name Harley.)

• PADUA built, 1269 before Chriſt. See Evander, Academies, Univerſities.
• Paganiſm finally overthrown in the Roman empire, in the reign of Theodoſius, between 388 and 395.
• Paget, of Beudefert, Barony of, created 1550. (Paget.)
• Pain's caſtle, Radnorſhire, rebuilt by Henry III.
• Painting, The art of, firſt introduced at Rome, from Hetruria, 291 before Chriſt; the firſt excellent pictures were brought from Corinth to Rome, 146 before Chriſt; painting in oil invented at Bruges, by Van Eick, 1410; the firſt picture was an Ecce Homo, 1455. See Anthony of Meſſina, Chiaro⯑obſcuro.
• Paiſley monaſtery, Scotland, founded, 1160; five perſons burnt there for witchcraft, 1697.
• Palace court. See Marſhalſea.
• Palatine, Prince, of the Rhine, viſited England, 1612, and married Henry VIIth's daughter.
• Palatines; 7000 families of theſe poor proteſtants were driven, by the French, from their habitations on the banks of the Rhine, and came to England; they were encamped on Blackheath and Camber⯑well Common; a brief was granted, to collect alms for them; 500 families went, under the protection of government, to Ireland, and the reſt were ſent out to New-York and Hudſon's Bay: but not being well received by the people there, they were to Penſylvania, where they ſettled, 1709. See Penſylvania.
• [194]Palmerſton, Iriſh viſcount, title of, created 1722. (name Temple.)
• Palmyra, a city of great opulence, before 273, now a wretched village; its ruins firſt diſcovered by an Engliſh traveller, about 1699.
• Pandects, or a ſyſtem of laws, a copy of Juſtinian's, accidentally diſcovered at Amalphi, in Italy, 1137, which was ſo much admired as to favour the revival of the Roman law.
• Panmure, Iriſh earldom of, created 1743. (Maule.)
• Pannonia. See Hungary.
• Pantheon, at Rome, built by Agrippina, 25 before Chriſt.
• Pantomime dancers introduced on the Roman ſtage, by Bathyles and Pylades, 22 before Chriſt; at that period, pantomimes were conſidered as the firſt degree of difficult acting, ſpeaking by geſture; but modern times have degraded them into farces.
• Papal uſurpation took place, 607.
• Paper credit eſtabliſhed at the Revolution. See Banks, Bills of Exchange, Credit.
• Paper firſt invented in the time of Alexander the Great; made of cotton, 1000, when books became cheaper, and learning encreaſed; made of linen, about 1300; the manufactory firſt eſtabliſhed here at Dar [...]ford, 1588.
• Paraguay diſcovered by the Spaniards, 1515.
• Parchment, for writing on, the invention of king Attalus of Pergamus, about 198 before Chriſt; hence its latin name pergamina charta: till this time they wrote on the bark of trees.
• Pardon, General, firſt proclaimed at coronations, 1327.
• Paris made the capital of France, 510; the city of, conſumed by fire, 588; barricadoes of, 1588, to oppoſe the entry of the duke of Guiſe; again, Auguſt 27, 1648, in oppoſition to the regency; firſt parliament there, 1302; old parliament re⯑called, Nov. 25, 1774. See France, Academies.
• Pariſhes firſt marked out in England, 643. See Pa⯑tronage.
• Park, St. James's, received its name from Hen. VIII. when it was a wild wet field; improved and planted [195]by Charles II. and the game of Mall was there played by the nobility, 1668; improved by George III. 1775. See St. James's Palace.
• Park, ground firſt incloſed for one at Woodſtock, 1123; tho' Spelman ſays, they are of higher an⯑tiquity; they were certainly in uſe in the Eaſtern countries.
• Parliaments, or general councils, coeval with the kingdom itſelf; but the parliament, as it now ſtands, was inſtituted 1215.
  • No ſpeaker appointed till 1259; others ſay Peter de la Mare was the firſt choſen, 1377.
  • The epoch of the houſe of commons, in Eng⯑land, January 20, 1265; of lords and commons expreſly mentioned, 1337. They met at Eltham; the building is now a barn.
  • In Henry IVth's time, lawyers were excluded parliament, the king apprehending oppoſition from them; that parliament was therefore called indoctum.
  • The journals of the lords began in the reign of Henry VIII. 1509; thoſe of the commons, not till that of Edward VI.
  • Firſt parliament in Ireland, by general repre⯑ſentation, 1613.
  • That in England, remarkable for the epoch, in which were firſt regularly formed the parties of Court and Country, June 16, 1621.
  • The long one met, 1640, and paſſed an act for aboliſhing the houſe of lords, March 19, 1649, but was violently diſſolved by Cromwell, April 20, 1653; a part however met again, May 8, 1659, and was called the Rump.
  • Bill paſſed for triennial ones, Nov. 1694.
  • The firſt Britiſh one met, Oct. 24, 1707.
  • Act paſſed for ſeptennial ones, 1716.
  • See [...]eers, Privilege, Barebone, Lawyers, Pro⯑viſions, Rump, Praiſe-god, Rem. Occur. anno 1679.
• Parry, Dr. William, a Roman-catholic gentleman, notwithſtanding he had been pardoned for a capital crime, determined, under the authority of the pope, to aſſaſſinate queen Elizabeth; but the deſign was diſcovered, and he was executed, 1585.
• [196]Parthenian games firſt inſtituted, 1262 before Chriſt.
• Parthia, a ſmall territory between Hyrcania and Me⯑dea, now part of Koraſan, in Perſia; reſcued by Arſaces, its firſt king, from Antiochus, king of Syria, 250 before Chriſt; Artabanus, the laſt king, was dethroned by Artaxerxes, a Perſian, 226. See Arſaces, Artabanus, Perſian Empire.
• Partition treaty, The firſt, ſigned, 1698.
• Paſquinade took its riſe from the public, at Rome, paſting their ſarcaſms on an antient ſtatue, ſtanding at a corner of one of the ſtreets, originally the trunk of a carved gladiator, but nicknamed Paſ⯑quin, from being found near the houſe of one Paſquin, a profeſſed wag, who with his neighbour Marforio, uſed to divert himſelf at the public ex⯑pence.
• Paſſover inſtituted, Monday, May 4, 1491 before Chr.
• Patronage of churches took place, 402; ſuch lords of manors, as erected churches in their royalties, were allowed the nomination of the rector, ſubject to his examination by the biſhop; tithes, before this time, were paid to the dioceſan, to be diſtributed among the clergy of the dioceſe in general; but on the erection of a church, the lord had a power of appropriating the tithes in his manor to the ſupport of that church, whether the lands lay all contiguous or not; hence the intermixture of pariſhes.
• Paul, St. converted, 33; caught up into the 3d hea⯑ven, 44; viſited Athens and Corinth, 50; wrote his firſt epiſtle to the Corinthians, and that to the Galatians, 51; returned to Epheſus, 52; wrote his firſt epiſtle to the Theſſalonians, 52; his ſecond 53; put into bonds, and brought to Rome, 55; wrote his ſecond epiſtle to the Corinthians, and that to the Romans, 58; thoſe to the Philippians, Epheſians, Coloſſians, and to Philemon, 62; that to the Hebrews, 63; his firſt to Timothy, and that to Titus, 65; his ſecond to Timothy, 66; died, June 29, 67. See Peter.
• Paul's, St. London, was built by Ethelbert, king of Kent, on the foundation of an old temple of Diana, [197]596; burnt, 964; rebuilt and conſecrated, 1240, having been 150 years building; rebuilt, having been burnt down, 1631; firſt ſtone of the preſent building laid, 1675; finiſhed, 1710, at 1,000,000l. expence.
• Paul's, St. ſchool. See Colet.
• Pauliſts, a race of robbers, who leſt Brazil, and formed a republic in South America, about 1590.
• Pauper act firſt paſſed by Henry VII. See Poor.
• Paving act, for London, paſſed, 1761.
• Pawnbroker, The firſt, eſtabliſhed at Perouſe, 1457.
• Peace. See War.
• Pears. See Cherries.
• Peele caſtle, in the iſle of Man, built, before 1245.
• Peele caſtle, Lancaſhire, built, 1140.
• Peerage, State of, in 1603, viz. 1 marquis, 16 earls, 2 viſcounts, and 40 barons; peerage bill rejected by parliament, 1719.
• Peers were often executed, without trial, long after magna charta; created by patent in the reign of Richard II; lord Beauchamp, of Holt, was the firſt, who was afterwards put to death for high treaſon, 1382; their eldeſt ſons firſt permitted to fit in the houſe of commons, 1550. See Parliament, Peerage, Rem. Occur. annis 1477, 1585, 1649.
• Pelaſgi, the deſcendants of Peleg, became a maritime power, and were the ſecond that ruled the Medi⯑terranean, 1057 before Chriſt. See Mediterranean.
• Pelham of Laughton, Barony of, created 1756. (name Pelham.)
• Peloponeſian war, between the Athenians and Lace⯑demonians, which continued 27 years, began 431 before Chriſt, and ended in the ruin of the Athe⯑nian republic.
• Pelſart's voyage performed, 1628.
• Pembroke, Earl of, choſen protector of England, Nov. 11, 1216; died May following.
• Pembroke, Earl of, and his brother, beheaded by the rebels, 1469.
• Pembroke-hall, Cambridge, founded by the counteſs of Pembroke, 1343. (17 fellows.)
• [198]Pembroke college, Oxford, founded by Thomas Teſ⯑dale, &c. 1620. (14 fellows)
• Pembroke, Earldom of, created 1551. (name Her⯑bert.)
• Penal laws were enacted, about 1381, in conſequence of tenants threwing off their ſervices to their lords, which occaſioned the inſurrection of Wat Tyler and Jack Straw, (who ſet fire to the jury courts), and the oppoſition to John a Gaunt, duke of Lancaſter.
• Penance firſt inflicted as a puniſhment, 157.
• Pendragon caſtle, Weſt [...]oreland, deſtr [...]yed, 1341; repaired, 1660.
• Penitents, an order of nuns, founded, 1494.
• Penmon caſtle, Angleſea, built, 540.
• Penrith caſtle, Cumberland, built, as ſuppoſed, on the ruins of a Roman fortreſs.
• Penryn, Cornwall, incorporated, 1619.
• Penſioners, Band of, eſtabliſhed, 1590.
• Penſylvania relinquiſhed by the Dutch, and granted to the duke of York, 1664; ſettled, 1674; ſold by him to the Penn family, 1682; this colony flouriſhed particularly, by near 7000 families ſettling here from the banks of the Rhine, who invited over ſome thouſands of German and Swiſs Pro⯑teſtants. See Palatines, America.
• Pentateuch, or the five books of Moſes. See Moſes.
• Pentecoſt eſtabliſhed, about 68.
• Perſecution by the Jews, the firſt in 33; ſecond, 44. Firſt general of the chriſtians, under Nero, 64; ſecond ditto, under Domitian, 93; third ditto, un⯑der Trajan, 107; fourth ditto, under M. Aurelius, 164; fifth ditto, under Severus, 202; ſixth ditto, under Maximinus, 235; ſeventh ditto, under De⯑cius, 250; eighth ditto, under Valerian, 257; ninth ditto, under Aurelian, 272; tenth ditto, un⯑der Diocleſian, 302; eleventh ditto, by the Arians, under Conſtantius, 337; twelfth ditto, under Ju⯑lian the apoſtate, 361.
• Perſian empire began under Cyrus, on his conquering Medea, (which ſee) 536; ended in the conqueſt of [199]Darius, about 330; a new empire, called the Par⯑thian, was, however, formed upon its ruins, by the the Perſians under Arbaces, 250 before Chriſt, but took its original name under Artaxerxes, 229; the Saracens, however, in 651, put an end to that empire, and Perſia became a prey to the Tartars, and a province of Hindoſtan, till the emperor Kouli Khan once more raiſed it to a powerful kingdom. Emperor aſſaſſinated by his relations, 1747. See Parthia, Rem. Occur. anno 424.
• Perſian trade began, 1569; opened, through Ruſſia, 1741.
• Peru firſt known, 1532, and conquered by Spain. See New Spain.
• Peruke, The firſt, made at Paris, 1620; worn here ſoon after 1660.
• Peſtilence, ſo ſevere a one in France and Germany, that it killed almoſt all the inhabitants, 825; another, that raged in Germany from June to December, 1679; in Vienna alone it deſtroyed 49,487 perſons. See Dearth. Rem. Occur. annis 1315, 1348, 1353.
• Peter, St. baptized Cornelius, and eſtabliſhed a biſhop⯑rick at Antioch, 37; eſtabliſhed the ſee of Rome, 41; impriſoned the ſame year; wrote his firſt epiſtle, 60; his ſecond, 66; died, 67; feaſt of Peter and Paul ordained, 813.
• Peter the Great began to reign in Ruſſia, 1696; came over here, and worked as a common ſhip⯑wright, in Deptford yard, to get the art of ſhip⯑building, 1698; died, 1725, aged 53.
• Peter III. czar of Muſcovy, depoſed and murdered. July 16, 1762.
• Peterborough founded, 633; monaſtery built, 659; cathedral built, 1200; biſhopric taken from Lin⯑coln and founded, and deanery erected, 1541; city chartered by Henry VIII; burnt, 1117.
• Peterborough, Earldom of, created 1627. (name Mordaunt.)
• Peterpence, a tribute of one penny per houſe, given to Rome by Inas, king of the Weſt Saxons, 720; [200]uſually collected on the feaſt of St. Peter, being Auguſt 1; it was prohibited by Edward III. and aboliſhed in 1533, but revived 1552; totally aboliſhed, 1558. See Ethelwolf.
• Peter's, St. college, Cambridge, founded by Hugo de Balſham, 1257. (22 fellows.)
• Peterſburgh, city of, founded, 1703; burnt, (2000 houſes) Auguſt 12, 1736; hurricane at, that oc⯑caſioned a dreadful inundation, Sept. 14, 1777. See Academies.
• Petersfield, Hants, incorporated by queen Elizabeth.
• Petre, of Writtle, barony of, created 1603. (name Petre.)
• Pevenſey caſtle, Suſſex, of great antiquity; appa⯑rently a Roman building.
• Pharos of Alexandria, built, 282 before Chriſt.
• Pheaſants brought into Europe by the Argonautes, 1250 before Chriſt.
• Phenicians, The, eſtabliſhed colonies in Spain, about 1000 before Chriſt. See Spain, Cadiz.
• Philadelphia taken by the king's troops, Sept. 26, 1777.
• Philip II. king of Spain, ſon of the emperor Charles V. born about 1526, married Mary queen of England; was crowned king of Naples and Sicily, on the reſignation of his father, 1554, and was allowed to be called king of England during her life; the crown of Spain reſigned to him by his father, 1555; loſt the 17 provinces of Flanders which belonged to Spain, 7 of which form the republic of Holland; the other ten are ſubject to France and Auſtria, 1579; united Portugal to Spain, 1580 (ſee Portugal); landed 600 men in Ireland to aſſiſt the Catholics, who were driven off, 1581; died, 1598.
• Philippa, Edward IIId's queen, died at Windſor, Auguſt 15, 1369, and was buried at Weſtminſter.
• Philippine iſlands. See Ladrone.
• Philipſburgh; the Spaniards became maſters of it, 1633; the French, 1634; the Imperialiſts, 1635; [201]the French again, 1644; the Imperialiſts, 1676; the French, 1734.
• Phipps, Captain (now lord Mulgrave), ſent to ex⯑plore the North pole, 1773
• Phocaean, or ſacred war, 357 before Chriſt.
• Phoſphorus, Artificial fire of, diſcovered by Brand, 1675.
• Phrygia Minor, became part of the Lydian empire under Croeſus, and ſhared its fate, about 560 before Chriſt,
• Phrygians, The, were the fifth who acquired the maritime power of the Mediterranean, and held it 25 years, 893 before Chriſt. See Mediterra⯑nean.
• Phyſic garden, the firſt cultivated in England, by John Gerrard, ſurgeon of London, 1567; that at Oxford, endowed by the earl of Danby, 1652; that at Cambridge began, 1763.
• Phyſic, The practice of, was confined to Eccleſi⯑aſticks, from about 1206 to about 1500.
• Phyſicians, College of, founded, 1519.
• Picton caſtle, Pembrokeſhire, built, before 1066.
• Picts firſt mentioned in hiſtory, 284; kingdom of, began in Scotland, 823; extirpated by the Scots, 840.
• Picts wall, between England and Scotland, built, 123.
• Pilate made governor of Judea, 27; ſlew himſelf, 40.
• Pin-money, derived from a very ancient tax in France, for providing the queen with pins.
• Pins firſt uſed in England, 1543; before which the ladies uſed ſkewers.
• Pipes of lead for conveying water, The caſting of, in⯑vented by the reverend Robert Brock, 1539.
• Piquet, and ſeveral other games on cards, invented by Jaquemin, for the amuſement of Charles VI. of France, about 1390; cards were little known before.
• Piſtols firſt uſed by the cavalry, 1544.
• Pitt's Streights, in the Eaſt-Indies, diſcovercd, April 30, 1760.
• [202]Placemen. See Rem. Occur. anno 1679.
• Plague, almoſt the whole world viſited by one, 767 before Chriſt.
  • In Rome, which carried off 10,000 perſons in a day, 78.
  • A terrible one all over Europe, Aſia, and Africa, that laſted near 50 years, 557.
  • In England, that carried off 34,000, 772.
  • In Scotland, wherein died 40,000, 954.
  • In England, 1247.
  • Again, 1347.
  • In Germany, which cut off 90,000 people, 1348.
  • In Paris and England, very dreadful, when 57,374 died in England, 1362.
  • Again, 1379.
  • In England, which killed 30,000 in London, 1407.
  • Again, when more were deſtroyed than in 15 years war before, 1477.
  • Again, when 30,000 died in London, 1499.
  • Again, in England, when half the people died, 1517.
  • Again, 1548.
  • Again, 1594.
  • Again, which carried off in London 30,578 per⯑ſons, 1604.
  • At Conſtantinople, when 200,000 perſons died, 1611.
  • Again, at London, whereof died 35,417, 1625.
  • At Lyons, in France, where died 60,000, 1632.
  • Again, at London, which deſtroyed 68,000, 1665.
  • At Marſeilles, fatal to 18,000 perſons, 1720.
  • At Baſſora, in Perſia, when 80,000 perſons died, 1773.
• Plagues, Ten, of Egypt, 1494 before Chriſt.
• Plantagenet, Geofrey, earl of Anjou, married the empreſs Maud, 1127; invaded Normandy, 1137. See Maude.
• Plaſter of Paris, The method of taking a likeneſs in, diſcovered by Andrew Verocchio, 1470.
• [203]Plate. See Silver-handled.
• Platoniſm. See Pletho, Vol. II.
• Playhouſe bill paſſed, obliging pieces to be inſpected before performed, 1737. See Theatre.
• Pleadings introduced, 786; changed from French to Engliſh, as a favour from Edward III. to his peo⯑ple, in the 50th, or jubilee year, 1362; there was an ordinance of Cromwell's for the ſame, and that the entries ſhould be in Engliſh.
• Plough, Uſe of, brought from India by Bacchus.
• Plunket, Oliver, popiſh archbiſhop of Armagh, hanged at Tyburn, with Edward Fitzharris, July 1, 1681; the firſt for a conſpiracy, carried on with France, for an inſurrection in Ireland, the latter for a libel againſt the king.
• Plural number, We, inſtead of I, firſt uſed by John, 1199, to communicate part of the merit to the council who gave their advice; it continued till the acceſſion of George III.
• Pluralities. See Pope.
• Plymouth burnt by the French fleet, 1377.
• Plymouth, Earldom of, created 1612. (name Wind⯑ſor.)
• Poaching. See Game.
• Poet Laureat; the firſt mention of one is in Edward IVth's reign, tho' the preſent office under this title is derived from the king's verſifier, of whom we hear in 1251.
• Poetry. Orpheus is the earlieſt author, and by many deemed the inventor, 1249 before Chriſt; Archi⯑lochus introduced iambic verſe, 700 before Chriſt. See Andronicus Livius, Thoulouſe.
• Poland, once the country of the Vandals, who left it to invade the Roman empire; it was made a duchy, 694; kingdom of, began, by favour of Otho III. emperor of Germany, under Boleſlaus, 999; Red Ruſſia added to it, 1059; Pomerania, that had been ſeparated 180 years, again united with it, 1465; embraced chriſtianity, 965; order of the white eagle inſtituted, 1705; Auguſtus vacated his throne, 1707; endeavoured to recover [204]it, 1709; pacification treaty, 1717; king o, car⯑ried off by the confederates, and wounded, Nov. 3, 1771; ſeized and divided between Pruſſia, Ruſſia, and Germany, 1773. So late as the 13th century, the Poles retained the cuſtom of killing old men when paſt their labour, and ſuch chil⯑dren as were born imperfect. This crown is elective. See Sobieſki, Warſaw, Proteſtants.
• Poligamy; the firſt public law againſt it in the empire of Rome, was about 393; allowed to be agreeable to ſcripture by our firſt reformers; the cuſtom of lending wives was general in the firſt ages of chriſ⯑tianity; continency and abſtinence from marriage was held the ſureſt way to heaven among the fooleries of the 6th century. See Gnoſtics.
• Politicians, the term firſt uſed in France, 1569.
• Poll-tax firſt levied by act of parliament, 1380; re⯑impoſed, according to the ſtation and riches of the perſon, 1513.
• Pomfret, Earldom of, created 1721. (name Fer⯑mor.)
• Pondicherry taken from the French, 1761.
• Ponſonby, of Syſonby, Barony, created 1739. (name Ponſonby.)
• Pontefract caſtle, Yorkſhire, built, 1069; town char⯑tered by Richard III.
• Pontus, The kingdom of, ſhook off the Macedonian yoke, 300; grew renowned under the dynaſty of Mithridates, till the Romans ſubdued it, 64 before Chriſt; a new empire of the Greeks was founded at Trebiſond, in Pontus, 1204, which continued till deſtroyed by the Turks, in 1459.
• Pool, Dorſetſhire, chartered, before the 14th of Ed⯑ward III.
• Poor, firſt Engliſh ſtatute reſpecting them, 1496; they ſubſiſted on private benevolence till Henry VIIIth; preſent laws formed on the 39th and 43d of Elizabeth. See Pauper Act, Rem. Occur. anno 1571.
• Pope, The title of, formerly given to all biſhops, but Boniface III. 606, procured the emperor [205]Phocas to confine it to the biſhops of Rome, and now their power began; Hygenus was the firſt biſhop of Rome that took the title, 138.
  • Leo I. elected, May 10, 440; died, 461.
  • The pope's ſupremacy over the chriſtian church firſt eſtabliſhed by Boniface III. 607.
  • The cuſtom of kiſſing the pope's toe introduced, 708.
  • The pope's temporal grandeur commenced, 755.
  • Sergius II. was the firſt pope that changed his name on his election, 844.
  • John XIX. a layman, made pope, by dint of money, 1024.
  • The firſt pope that kept an army was Leo IX. 1054.
  • Pope Gregory obliged Henry IV. emperor of Germany, to ſtand three days, in the depth of winter, bare-footed, at his caſtle-gate, to implore his pardon, 1077.
  • The pope's authority firſt introduced into Eng⯑land, 1079; abrogated by parliament, 1534.
  • The pope demanded an annual ſum from every cathedral and monaſtery in Chriſtendom, but re⯑fuſed, 1226; collected the tenths of the whole kingdom of England, 1226.
  • Reſidence of the popes removed to Avignon, where it continued 70 years, 1308.
  • Their demand on England refuſed by parlia⯑ment, 1363.
  • Leo X. made a cardinal at 14 years old; elected pope, March 11, 1513, aged 36; died, 1521.
  • Clement VII. began to reign, who brought pluralities to their conſummation, making his nephew Hippolito, Cardinal de Medicis, commen⯑datory univerſal, granting to him all the vacant benefices in the world for ſix months, and appoint⯑ing him uſufructuary from the firſt day of his poſſeſſion, 1523.
  • Rome ſacked, and Clement impriſoned, 1527.
  • The word Pope ſtruck out of all Engliſh books, 1541.
  • [206]Sixtus Quintus elected pope, 1585, died, 1590.
  • The power of the popes declined, about 1600.
  • See Urbin VI. Jubilee, Crown.
• Popery, Acts againſt, repealed, May 28, 1778. See Riot.
• Pork religiouſly forbidden to the Jews and Arabs, as having been exceedingly ſcarce, owing to the want of food for hogs in Arabia and Paleſtine, and it being the fleſh of an animal that perſpires but little, and impedes the perſpiration of other meats; of courſe, pernicious in hot climates, where the le⯑proſy, a cutaneous diſorder, was prevalent.
• Portcheſter, Barony of, created 1780. (name Herbert.)
• Portcheſter caſtle, Hampſhire, ſaid to be built, 380 before Chriſt.
• Porte, the court of the grand Signior, ſo called, from the cuſtom of great men attending at the prince's gate, a cuſtom introduced by Cyrus I. 535 before Chriſt.
• Porteus, Captain, hanged by the mob at Edinburgh, Sept. 7, 1736. He commanded a guard attending the execution of a ſmuggler, and being hiſſed by the populace, without the previous formalities of law, he ordered his men to fire, which killed ſeveral; for this he was tried and condemned; but being pardoned, the mob broke open the priſon, and hanged him; for which Edinburgh was fined 2000l.
• Portland, Dukedom of, created, 1716. (name Ben⯑tinck.)
• Portland Iſle caſtle built by Henry VIII.
• Portmore, Scots earldom of, created 1703. (name Collier.)
• Portobello taken from the Spaniards by admiral Ver⯑non, Nov. 22, 1739.
• Port-reeves. See Mayors.
• Porto Rico diſcovered, 1497.
• Portſmouth burnt, 1265; again, by the French, 1377; dock burnt, 1760; again, July 27, 1770; again, Dec. 1776.
• [207]Portſmouth, Earldom of, created 1743. (name Wallop.)
• Portugal, formerly called Luſitania, with the reſt of Spain, became ſubject to the Moors, 713, and continued ſo till conquered by Alphonſo, 1093; who became the firſt king, 1139; taken by the Spaniards, 1580; revolted from Spain, and the duke of Braganza ſat on the throne, under Philip IV. of Spain, and IIId of Portugal, 1640; king of, ſhot at, Sept. 3. 1758, for which ſeveral of the nobility ſuffered, and the Jeſuits were expelled; orders, of Avis founded, 1147; of Chriſt inſtituted, 1319; of St. James founded, 1310, and confirm⯑ed, 1640. See Ourigues, Battle of.
• Poſt, method of carrying letters, invented by the univerſity of Paris, about 1470; general poſt⯑office eſtabliſhed, 1643; as at preſent, Dec. 27, 1660; took place in Scotland, 1695; penny poſt eſtabliſhed, 1683. See Franking.
• Poſtchaiſe tax paſſed, 1779; improved, 1780.
• Poſt-horſes firſt eſtabliſhed in the time of the Romans; eſtabliſhed in Germany, 1641.
• Potatoes firſt brought from America by Sir Francis Drake, 1586; introduced into Ireland, 1610; into England, 1650.
• Poulet, Earldom of, created 1706. (name Poulet.)
• Pound, The, ſterling, in the time of the Saxons, conſiſted as now of 240 pence, which 240 pence weighed a pound.
• Powderham caſtle, Devon, built, 970.
• Powdering the hair took its riſe from ſome of the ballad-ſingers at the fair of St. Germain, whiten⯑ing their heads to make themſelves ridiculous, 1614.
• Powerſcourt, Iriſh viſcount, Title of, created 1743; (name Wingfield.)
• Powis caſtle, Montgomeryſhire, built, about 1110.
• Powis, Earldom of, created 1748. (name Herbert.)
• Poyning's law (ſo called, from its paſſing during the deputyſhip of Sir Edward Poynings), paſſed at Drogheda, 1495; granting a power to the crown [208]of originating every act, and leaving the Iriſh ſenate a power only of refuſing upon recognition.
• Praetorian guards finally aboliſhed at Rome, 312.
• Pragmatic ſanction, for limiting the power of the popes, re-eſtabliſhing the liberty of the church, and ſettling the German empire in the houſe of Auſtria, firſt took place, 1439; ratified by Eng⯑land and other powers, 1740.
• Prague founded by the emperor Charles IV. of Ger⯑many, 1361.
• Praiſe-God Barebones, a parliament ſo called, from the name of one of the members, met July 4, 1653. This parliament conſiſted of 144 members, ſum⯑moned by Cromwell, who were to ſit 15 months, and then to chuſe a freſh parliament themſelves.
• Praying towards the Eaſt ordered by the pope, 532; praying for the dead, firſt introduced into the chriſtian church, about 590.
• Preambles of the acts of parliaments, before Henry VI. were not always the foundations of thoſe acts.
• Predeſtination eſtabliſhed by Lucidus, a prieſt of Gaul, 470.
• Preſbyterian meeting-houſe, the firſt in England, eſtabliſhed at Wandſworth, Surry, Nov. 20, 1572, by the Puritans; preſbyterianiſm ſet up in Scot⯑land, 1638. See Epiſcopacy, Miniſters.
• Preſs, The laſt act for reſtraining the liberty of, ex⯑pired, 1694, ſince which it has been free; though from the firſt introduction of printing till that time, government exerciſed the power of licenſing books.
• Preſſing ſupported by cuſtom, as far back as records can be found, the king being entitled to every man's ſervice; but it is a hardſhip which neceſſity only can juſtify; 1000 men were preſſed for land ſer⯑vice, 1596, and it was then held to be legal; the firſt commiſſion to preſs ſeamen, 29 Edward III. 1355. See Rem. Occur. anno 1544.
• Preſton Guild eſtabliſhed, 1172; town chartered, 1684.
• Pretender, Edward, The, ſon of James II. of Eng⯑land, [209]born June 10, 1688; married, 1719; died, 1766; Charles, ſon of the former, born, March 20, 1720.
• Primogeniture, Right of, came in with the feudal law, 1070.
• Prince George ſhip of war burnt off Liſbon, April 3, 1758; 485 perſons periſhed.
• Prince of Wales, Title of, firſt given to the king's eldeſt ſon, 1286.
• Printing, Chineſe mode of, on tablets, invented, 930; firſt performed with wooden blocks, and almoſt immediately after with ſeparate wooden types, by L. Koſter, at Harlaem, 1430; with metal types, by John Geinsfleich his brother, Guttenburgh of Mentz, and Fauſt, 1144; Peter Schaeffer found the method of caſting types, 1452; printing introduced at Oxford, with wooden types, by Fr. Corſellis, from Harlaem, 1459; brought into England, by William Caxton, a mercer, of London, 1471, who had a preſs in Weſtminſter till 1494, when he died; Aldus Mauntius caſt the Hebrew, Greek, and Italic characters; the firſt Greek book printed, 1476; Hebrew book ditto, 1478; the number of maſter printers in London and Weſtminſter limited by the Star-chamber, 1638. See Preſs, Fauſt.
• Priories, 110, ſuppreſſed by order of council, 1414; totally ſuppreſſed by Henry VIII. 1539. See Monaſtery, Rem. Occur. anno 700.
• Priſoners of war, the cuſtom of enſlaving them, totally aboliſhed in the 13th century.
• Privilege of parliament, reſpecting their ſervants' debts, relinquiſhed, 1770.
• Privileged places in London for debtors, as the Mint in White-friars, aboliſhed, 1 [...]96.
• Privy council inſtituted by Alfred, about 896. See Cabal.
• Proceedings at law. Ours are very ſimilar to thoſe made uſe of by the Egyptians, many years before Chriſt.
• Profeſſorſhips of hiſtory, divinity, and all ſciences that do not require experimental explanation, ſeem to have been inſtituted in the univerſities, &c. on [210]account of the ſcarcity of books at that period; thoſe of modern language and modern hiſtory eſtabliſhed by George I. 1724.
• Promiſſory notes made aſſignable by act of parliament, 1705.
• Prophets, Several French, offered to ſubmit to death, ſaying, they would riſe again before the people. They were put in the pillory, 1706.
• Proſtration at the elevation of the maſs firſt enjoined, 1201.
• Protectorate. That of the earl of Pembroke, began Oct. 1216; ended, by his death, the ſame year.
  • Of the duke of Bedford, began 1422; ended, by his death. Sept. 1435.
  • Of the duke of Glouceſter, began April, 1483; ended, by his aſſuming the royal dignity, June, 1483.
  • Of Somerſet, began 1547; ended, by his re⯑ſignation, 1549.
  • Of Oliver Cromwell, began December, 1653; ended, by his death, 1658.
  • Of Richard Cromwell, began 1658; ended, by his reſignation, April, 1659.
• Proteſtantiſm, firſt tolerated in Germany, 1624; ditto in Bohemia, 1707.
• Proteſtants, Name of, began, from the diet of Spires, when ſeveral of the German ſtates proteſted againſt a decree of the diet, to ſupport the doctrines of the church of Rome, April 19, 1530; bloody execu⯑tion of, at Thorn, 1724, when great numbers were put to death, under a pretended legal ſentence of the chancellor of Poland, for being concerned in a tumult, occaſioned by a Popiſh proceſſion.
• Proviſions of Oxford paſſed, in which was the firſt ſketch of a houſe of commons, 1258.
• Pruſſia, anciently poſſeſſed by the Venedi, whoſe kings were deſcended from Arthirius, firſt king of the Hiruli, on the Baltic, 320 before Chriſt. The Venedi were conquered by the Boruſſi, who inha⯑bited the Riphaeen mountains. Thence the coun⯑try was called Buruſſia, or Pruſſia, which was ſub⯑dued [211]by the Mercian knights, ſent by the emperor Frederic II. 1215; weary of the extortions of their governors, they revolted to Jagello, king of Poland, 1219. The grand maſter of the Teutonic order conquered the Poles, and kept poſſeſſion till 1700, when he was made a king; order of the black eagle inſtituted, 1701; order of merit ditto, 1730; king of, viſited England, 1744. See Berlin, Limburg, Poland.
• Public houſes, a power of licenſing them, firſt granted to Sir Giles Montpeſſon, and Sir Francis Michel, for their own emolument, 1621.
• Pulvis fulminans, firſt known to Roger Bacon, 1290.
• Pumps firſt invented, 1425.
• Punic war. The firſt commenced, 264; the ſecond, 218; the third, 149 before Chriſt.
• Purgatives, of the mild kind, particularly caſſia, manna, and ſenna, firſt diſcovered by a Greek phyſician, 1245. Draſtics had done great harm in medicine before.
• Purgatory invented, 250; introduced, 511.
• Purification of the bleſſed Virgin, Feaſt of, eſtabliſh⯑ed, 552.
• Puritans, proteſtants who fled to Germany in queen Mary's reign, and returned in that of Elizabeth. They were called Puritans by way of reproach, for attempting a purer form of worſhip than even the proteſtants had made uſe of; yet ſtill they did not ſeparate from them, but remained in communion, and ſubmitted to epiſcopacy. See Preſbyterian.
• Purple, diſcovery of it, about 500 before Chriſt.
• Purple, The, given to the cardinals by Paul II. 1465.
• Pygmies, were a race of men four feet and a half high, formerly in Lapland.
• Pythian games inſtituted at Delphos in honour of Apollo, about 626 before Chriſt.

• QUADRANTS, Solar, introduced at Rome, 290 before Chriſt.
• Quadruple alliance between Germany, France, Hol⯑land, and Great-Britain concluded, July 22, 1718.
• Quakers, Sect of, founded by George Fox, 1664; ſixty tranſported to America by order of council, 1664. Notwithſtanding their affirmation was adopt⯑ed by act of parliament for an oath, in 1696; the election of John Archdale, choſen a member of parliament, was made void, for his refuſing to take the oaths, 1698.
• Qualification act for members of parliament, paſſed 1711.
• Quebec taken from the French, September 13, 1759, when general Wolfe was ſlain. See Canada.
• Queen's college, Cambridge, founded by Henry VIth's queen, 1548. (19 fellows.)
• Queen's college, Oxford, founded by R. Eglesfield, 1340. (16 fellows.)
• Queenſbury, Scots dukedom of, created 1684. (name Douglas.)
• Quickſilver, its uſe in refining ſilver diſcovered, 1540.
• Quietiſts, or Moliniſts, a ſect who taught that future happineſs conſiſted in the annihilation of the func⯑tions of the ſoul, aroſe under Molinos, a prieſt of Saragoſſa, 1685.

• RAAB, Hungary, taken by the Turks, 1594; retaken, 1598.
• Raay, Scots barony, created 1628. (name Mackay.)
• Rabbit-woman, The affair of, 1726. See Impoſtors.
• Raby caſtle, Durham, built, 1020.
• Radnor chartered by queen Elizabeth.
• Radnor, Earldom of, created 1765. (name Bouverie.)
• [213]Raid of Ruthven, The, when James I. was ſeized by the nobles of Scotland, Auguſt 22, 1582.
• Rainbow, Theory of, given by Dedominis, 1611.
• Raine's charity took place, to give marriage portions to four women annually, 1758.
• Ramſey abbey, in Hunts, built, 969; 100 houſes burnt, May 21, 1763.
• Ranas, in Enzie, Scotland, burned down, May 7, 1759.
• Ranelagh, Iriſh viſcount, Title of, created 1628. (name Jones.)
• Ranſoms, formerly paid by priſoners, were appro⯑priated, by great men, to build their caſtles, 1423. They were generally taxed at a year's income.
• Ranza caſtle, Arran Iſle, Scotland, built, before 1380.
• Raviſhing of women made a capital offence, 1279.
• Ratcliffe, Mr. beheaded, Dec. 8, 1746, for taking part in the rebellion.
• Ratiſbon built, 1187 before Chriſt.
• Ravenſworth, Barony of, created 1747. (Liddel.)
• Reading abbey, Berks, built, 1121.
• Rebellion, of the Engliſh, againſt William II. in favour of his brother Robert, 1088; extinguiſhed 1090.
  • Of the Welch, who defeated the Normans and Engliſh, 1095.
  • In England, in favour of the empreſs Maude, 1139; ended, 1153.
  • Of the Barons, April, 1215; compromiſed by the grant of Magna Charta, June 15 following.
  • Of ditto, 1262; ended, 1267.
  • Under Wat Tyler, 1381, which took its riſe from ſome tax-gatherers ill-treating the daughter of a blackſmith in Eſſex, (when collecting the poll-tax) who knocked out the tax-gatherer's brains with his hammer. The action was applauded, the neighbourhood joined in the ſedition, and the flame ſpread in an inſtant over the whole country. See Tyler, Penal Laws.
  • In Ireland, when Roger earl of March, the vice⯑roy, and preſumptive heir to the crown, was ſlain, 1399. See Richard II.
  • [214]Againſt Richard, 1399; ended with the death of the king. See Richard II.
  • Of the Engliſh and Welch, 1400; ended, 1407.
  • Under the earl of Northumberland, who was defeated at Bramham-moor, and ſlain, 1408.
  • Of Jack Cade, in favour of the duke of York, June 1, 1450. See Cade.
  • In favour of the houſe of York, 1452, which ended in the impriſonment of Henry VI. and ſeating Edward IV. of York, on the throne, 1464. See Henry VI; Edward IV.
  • Of the Engliſh, in Yorkſhire, owing to ſome encroachments reſpecting St. Leonard's hoſpital, in York, 1469.
  • Under Warwick and Clarence, 1470, which ended with the expulſion of Edward IV. and the reſtoration of Henry VI. the ſame year. See Edward IV.
  • Under Edward IV. 1471, which ended with the death of Henry VI. See Henry VI.
  • Of the earl of Richmond, againſt Richard III. 1485, which ended with the death of Richard. See Richard III; Henry VII.
  • Under Lamb. Simnel, who pretended to be Richard IIId's nephew, 1487, which ended the ſame year, in diſcovering that Simnel was a baker's ſon: he was pardoned. See Simnel.
  • Under Perkin Warbeck, 1492, which ended in the execution of Warbeck, 1499. See Warbeck.
  • Under Flammoc, 1497, owing to taxes, which ended with the battle of Blackheath. See Black⯑heath.
  • Of the Engliſh, on account of deſtroying the monaſteries, 1536; ended the ſame year.
  • Of ditto, in the Weſt, owing to incloſures and oppreſſions of the gentry, June, 1549; ſuppreſſed the ſame year.
  • Of ditto, in Norfolk, headed by Ket the tanner, but ſoon ſuppreſſed, Auguſt, 1549. See Ket.
  • In favour of lady Jane Grey, againſt queen [215] Mary, 1553, which ended in the death of lady
  • Jane. See Grey Lady Jane, and Mary.
  • Of Sir Thomas Wiat, againſt the queen's mar⯑riage with Philip of Spain, &c. 1554.
  • Of the Roman Catholics againſt queen Eliza⯑beth, 1559; ſuppreſſed the ſame year.
  • Of the Iriſh, under the earl of Tyrone, 1599; ſuppreſſed 1601.
  • Under the earl of Eſſex, againſt Elizabeth, 1600, which ended in his death, 1601. See Elizabeth; Eſſex.
  • Againſt Charles I. 1639; ended with his death, 1649. See Charles I.
  • Of the Iriſh, under Roger More, Sir Phelim O'Niel, &c. againſt the Engliſh in Ireland, 1641; ended 1651.
  • Under the duke of Monmouth, 1685, which ended in his death. See Monmouth.
  • Of the Scotch, under the old Pretender, 1715; quelled 1716.
  • Of the Scotch, under the young Pretender, 1745; quelled 1746.
  • Of the Americans, on account of taxes, 1775.
  • See Tea, Conſpiracies, York Archbiſhop of.
• Recolets, The, eſtabliſhed in France, 1584.
• Reculver abbey, Kent, built, 669.
• Redwald, ſucceeded Ethelbert, as 7th king of Bri⯑tain, 616; eſtabliſhed Edwin on the throne of Northumberland, 617; died, 624; and was ſuc⯑ceeded in the monarchy by Edwin.
• Reformation, The, firſt ſet on foot by John Wick⯑liffe, 1370 (ſee Wickliffe); begun in England by Henry VIIIth's caſting off the Pope's ſuprema⯑cy, and introducing the Proteſtant religion into this country, 1534; completed by Edward VI. 1547. See Rem. Occur. anno 1351.
• Regiſters, Parochial, firſt appointed, 1538; of deeds, &c. in Yorkſhire, 1703.
• Relicks. See Images.
• Religious houſes diſſolved by Henry VIII. 1537.
• [216]Remonſtrants. See Arminianiſm.
• Reſtoration, or the reſtoring of Charles II. to the crown of England, after an Interregnum of eleven years, 1660.
• Revolution in Great-Britain took place, by the prince of Orange's taking poſſeſſion of the throne, Nov. 5, 1688.
• Rhode Iſland, New England, ſettled, 1637, 1644; charter granted, 1662; vacated by order, 1684; re-aſſumed, 1689.
• Rhodes, an iſland of the Turks, peopled from Crete, 916; the republic however not completed till 480; the city built, 432 before Chriſt; taken by the Saracens, and the Coloſſus ſold, which weighed 720,000lb. 652; taken from the Turks, 1308; retaken by them, from the knights of Jeruſalem, 1523. See Malta, Chares.
• Rhodians, The, were the fourth who acquired the maritime power of the Mediterranean, and held it for 23 years, 916 before Chriſt. See Mediter⯑ranean.
• Rhudland caſtle, Flintſhire, rebuilt, ſoon after 1063.
• Rice firſt noticed in South Carolina, growing natu⯑rally, 1702.
• Richard I. for his valour called Caeur de Lion, ſecond ſon of Henry II. born at Oxford, 1157; inveſted with the duchy of Guienne and Poictou, in his father's life-time; prevailed on by his mother to rebel againſt his father, 1173; ſubmitted to him, 1183; excommunicated by the pope's legate, for being the chief ſpring of diſcord, and interrupting the Cruſade, 1189; a new breach with his father the ſame year; ſucceeded him on the throne, Sept. 3, ditto; ſet out on the Cruſade, and joined Philip of France on the plains of Vezelay, June 19, 1190; took Meſſina the end of the year; married Berengaria, daughter of the king of Navarre, ſhe being with him, May 12, 1191; defeated the Cyprians, and took their king priſoner, 1191; taken priſoner near Vienna, on his return home, by the duke of Auſtria, who confined him, and [217]loaded him with irons, Dec. 20, 1192; ranſomed for 300,000l. Feb. 4, 1194; returned to England, March 20, following, and crowned again; in⯑vaded France the next month; wounded in the ſhoulder with an arrow at the caſtle of Chaluz, near Limoges, of which he died, April 6, 1199, and was ſucceeded by his brother John. See Henry II.
• Richard II. ſon to Edward the Black Prince, born at Bourdeaux, Jan. 6, 1367; made guardian of the kingdom, Auguſt 30, 1372; created prince of Wales, 1376; ſucceeded his grandfather, Ed⯑ward III. on the throne, June 21, 1377, crowned July 16 following; married Anne, ſiſter to the empreſs of Germany, Jan. 14, 1382; dethroned, 1387; reſumed the government, 1389; buried his queen, Auguſt 3, 1394; affianced to Iſabella, daughter of France, then only ſeven years old, au⯑tumn, 1396; on the death of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaſter, ſeized the Lancaſtrian eſtate, 1399; went to Ireland the ſame year to revenge the death of his couſin, the earl of March, heir to the crown, there ſlain in oppoſing a rebellion; in the mean time, Henry, the duke of Lancaſter's ſon, came over to England in July, and raiſed an army to recover his eſtate, and was joined by all the people: on Richard's return, he was taken pri⯑ſoner by Henry, and ſent to the Tower, Sept. 1, 1399; reſigned his crown to Henry, Sept. 28, following, and was ſucceeded by this Henry IV. duke of Lancaſter, grandſon to Edward III. Rich⯑ard was condemned to perpetual impriſonment, October 16; but on a conſpiracy to reſtore him, was murdered by eight aſſaſſins, January, 1400, in Pomfret caſtle, and buried at Langley, but re⯑moved to Weſtminſter; 16 of the conſpirators were executed. See Merkes.
• Richard III. brother to Edward IV. married Ann Nevil, the widow of Edward, Henry VIth's ſon, (whom he had murdered; ſee Edward) 1471; elected king, on his nephew, Edward Vth's [218]being depoſed, June 20, 1483; crowned July 6, following; again at York, Sept. 8; buried his ſon Edward, April, 1484; poiſoned his queen the ſame year; his dominions invaded by his fifth couſin, Henry, earl of Richmond, who gave him battle at Boſworth, where Richard was ſlain, Auguſt 22, 1485, aged 32; he was buried at Leiceſter, and ſucceeded by the victor Henry VII. Many circumſtances have come out to prove, that Richard was a genteel well-made man, and a good king. See Grey, Edward, Henry VIth's ſon, Henry VII. Glouceſter, Duke of, Edward V.
• Richborough caſtle, Kent, built in the time of the Romans.
• Richmond caſtle, Yorkſhire, built in William Iſt's reign.
• Richmond palace, Surrey, built by Henry VII. (and called Richmond from his title) on the ſpot where the old Sheen palace ſtood, 1498; park, ditto, encloſed by Charles I.; bridge began build⯑ing, Auguſt 23, 1774.
• Richmond, Dukedom of, created 1675. (name Lenox.)
• Ridley, biſhop of London, burnt at Oxford, for hereſy, October 16, 1555.
• Rights, Bill of, paſſed, 1628, which ſecured to the ſubject the privileges of Magna Charta.
• Rio de la Plata firſt entered by Diaz de Solis, 1515; a Vice-roy appointed there by Spain, 1776. See Buenos Ayres.
• Riot act paſſed 1 George I. 1714, owing to the riots between the Whig and Tory mobs, called Ormond and Newcaſtle, when great miſchief was done.
• Riot in St. George's Field, May 10, 1768, on ac⯑count of Wilkes's impriſonment: that under the name of the Proteſtant Aſſociation, when 20,000 perſons attended lord George Gordon to the Houſe of Commons, to petition for a repeal of the bill that took off the reſtrictions on the Roman catholics; the mob burnt 4 priſons, ſeveral Romiſh chapels, 72 houſes, June 2, 1780, for which many were [219]hanged, beſides near 70 killed by the ſoldiers in ſuppreſſing them.
• Rippon monaſtery, in Yorkſhire, built, 677; town chartered by James J.
• Rivaulx abbey, Yorkſhire, built, 1132.
• River Lee, Herts; act paſſed to make it navigable; the firſt for an inland river, 1425.
• River, New, brought to London, 1614.
• Rivers, Earl of, father to Edward IVth's queen, be⯑headed by the mutineers in Northamptonſhire, a few days after the battle of Banbury, 1469.
• Rivers, Earl of, maternal uncle to Edward V. be⯑headed at Pontefract, by order of Richard duke of Glouceſter, for taking arms in defence of his nephew the young king, June 13, 1483.
• Rivers, of Stratfield-ſay, Barony of, created 1776, (name Pitt.)
• Rizzio, a muſician, the favourite and paramour of Mary, queen of Scots, murdered in the queen's preſence, by her huſband, lord Darnly, and his party, March 9, 1366.
• Robert, eldeſt ſon of William I. ſucceeded his father in the duchy of Normandy, 1087; mortgaged his duchy to William II. for 10,000 marks to enable him to go on the Cruſade, 1096; in his abſence his younger brother, Henry, mounted the Engliſh throne, vacant by the death of William II. 1100; invited by the Engliſh to take their crown, and came over with an army for that purpoſe; but when in ſight of his brother's forces, he reſigned his pretenſions to him for a penſion of 3000 marks, 1101; taken priſoner by his brother Henry, when he conquered Normandy, 1106; confined in Car⯑diff caſtle, where he died, 1134, after 27 years impriſonment. See Henry I. William I. and II.
• Robin Hood and little John, great robbers, in 1189; Robin Hood died, 1247. They infeſted Sherwood foreſt, and thence made incurſions into many parts of England for booty.
• Roch abbey, Yorkſhire, founded, 1147.
• [220]Rochelle, France, beſieged by the duke of Anjou, before which he loſt near 24,000 men, 1573.
• Rocheſter walled in, and the priory and church began building, about 600; firſt biſhop was Juſtus, 604; caſtle built by William the Conqueror, about 1070; bridge built, 1392; cathedral rebuilt, 1080; arch⯑deaconry erected, about 1089; deanery, about 1541; city burnt, 1137.
• Rochford, Earldom of, created 1695. (name Naſſau de Zuleiſtein.)
• Rockingham caſtle, Northamptonſhire, built, 1070.
• Rockingham, Marquiſate of, created 17 [...]6. (name Watſon Wentworth.)
• Roden, Iriſh earldom of, created 1771. (name Jocelyn.)
• Rokeby, of Armagh, Iriſh barony, created 1777. (name Robinſon.)
• Rollo, firſt duke of Normandy, conquered that coun⯑try from the crown of France, 876.
• Rollo, Scots barony, created 1630. (name Rollo.)
• Roll's chapel, London, founded by Henry III. 1233, for the purpoſe of ordaining any Jewiſh Rabbies who might be converted to chriſtianity, and who were maintained and lodged in the Rolls buildings. On the baniſhment of the Jews, the chief houſe and chapel was annexed. by patent, to the keeper of the Rolls. All public records, from Rich. III. are kept in this chapel; thoſe before that time are in the Tower.
• Romances and French poetry derived their origin from the Cruſades.
• Romans, The [...] quitted Britain for good, 426. See Julius Caeſar, Xantippus, Cimbri.
• Roman empire, The, comprehended Spain, Portugal, France, Savoy, Switzerland, England, the four Electorates of the Rhine, Liege, Luxemburgh, Hainault, Flanders, Brabant, Italy, Naples, the Mediterranean Iſles, Bavaria, Auſtria, lower Hun⯑gary, Sclavonia, Turkey, Thrace, Macedonia, Greece, Aſia Minor, Syria, Phoenicia, Paleſtine, and the Weſtern parts of Africa, above 2000 miles in breadth, and 3000 in length. [221]
  • Till the firſt Punic war (which ſee), the Ro⯑mans never carried their arms beyond Italy, nor encountered their enemies by ſea.
  • Pompey and Caeſar, contending for ſupreme power over the Commonwealth, produced a dread⯑ful civil war, 59 before Chriſt.
  • The republic changed to an empire, and Au⯑guſtus made the firſt emperor, 27 before Chriſt. The annual revenue of the empire was then about 40 millions of our money.
  • The empire was bought by auction, by Didius Julianus, 193.
  • About 222 it began to ſink under its own weight; the Barbarians from the North began their irruptions, and the Goths had an annual tribute not to moleſt it.
  • Divided into four parts, between two emperors, Diocleſian and Conſtantius, the baſis of its diſſo⯑lution, 292.
  • Divided again into Eaſtern and Weſtern, 379.
  • The Weſtern empire totally deſtroyed and ſunk into the kingdom of Italy, under Odoacer, 476.
  • Conſtantine, that founded Conſtantinople, was the firſt chriſtian emperor.
  • Theodoſius was the firſt that embraced the Trinity, 380.
  • See Rome, Diocleſian, Paganiſm, Goths, Vandals.
• Roman highways made in Britain, 415.
• Rome, City of, founded April 20, 753 before Chriſt, in the year of the world 3251, in the 4th year of the 6th Olimpiad. (Sir Iſaac Newton ſays 627 before Chriſt.) Romulus was the firſt king.
  • The Romans ſeized the Sabine women at a public exhibition, and detained them for wives, 750 before Chriſt. See Sabines.
  • The Romans and Albans contending for ſupe⯑riority, choſe three champions on each ſide to de⯑cide it, viz. the Horatii and Curatii; the Horatii conquering, Alba ſubmitted, and was united to Rome, 669 before Chriſt.
  • [222]The Circus, containing 150,000 people, built, 605 before Chriſt.
  • Tarquin's ſon having raviſhed Lucretia, the Tarquins were expelled; the monarchy aboliſhed; and its conſular government began, viz. a repub⯑lic, under the direction of two conſuls, 500 before Chriſt.
  • The populace diſcontented, retired to the Mons Sacer, but returned December 10, at the perſuaſion of Menenius Agrippas, when a dictator was firſt appointed, 493 before Chriſt.
  • Number of inhabitants able to bear arms, were 132,419 men, 459; in 294, the number was 270,000; 338,214, in 159; 320,000, in 50 before Chriſt.
  • Decemviri appointed to form laws, which were completed 451 before Chriſt.
  • Sacked by Brennus, 390 before Chriſt.
  • The Tribunes, Aediles, &c. diveſted of all power, 450 before Chriſt. See Tribunes, Aediles.
  • Cenſors created, 443 before Chriſt.
  • Patrician Tribunes choſen inſtead of conſuls, 421; conſulſhip reſtored, 418 before Chriſt.
  • Three Quaeſtors elected, 410 before Chriſt.
  • Roman ſoldiers firſt paid, 406 before Chriſt.
  • City burnt by the Gauls, 388 before Chriſt.
  • Praetor, one firſt appointed, 365 before Chriſt.
  • Silver money, called Moneta, from the temple where it was coined, firſt made, about 269 before Chriſt.
  • Capitol and temple of Janus built, 207 before Chriſt.
  • After a ſiege of three years, the Romans took Carthage and deſtroyed it, 146 before Chriſt. See Carthage.
  • Marius made his triumphal entry with the ſpoils of Numidia, and graced by Jugurtha its king, and his two ſons, in chains, 103 before Chriſt. See Teutones.
  • [223]The capitol burnt, 83 before Chriſt; rebuilt by Domitian.
  • The city was 50 of our miles round, and con⯑tained 6,900,000 people, 48.
  • The Carthuſian church and part of the baths built in Diocletian's reign.
  • The ſeat of the empire removed from Rome to Conſtantinople, by Conſtantine, 330.
  • Rome taken and plundered by the Goths, 410; by the Vandals, 455; by the Heruli, 476; re⯑covered for Juſtinian by Beliſarius, 537; retaken by the Goths, 547; re-conquered by the emperor, 553; revolted from the Greek emperors, became free, and was governed by a ſenate, 726. See Beliſarius.
  • The ſenate and people acknowledged Charle⯑magne, king of France, as emperor of the Weſt, who ſurrendered the city to the Pope, reſerving the ſovereignty, 800; the Popes afterwards made themſelves and the city independent. Its territories are, at this day, the eccleſiaſtical ſtates.
  • St. Peter's built by Pope Julius II. who died, 1512. Bramante was the architect.
  • Orders founded as follow: Holy Ghoſt, 1198; St. George, 1498; St. Peter, 1520; St. Paul, 1540; Loretta, 1587; St. Mary, 1618.
  • See Roman Empire, Goths, Vandals, Praeto⯑rian, Academies. Rem. Occur. annis 331 before Chriſt, 48, 74, 195, 291, 389, 1540.
• Romney, Barony of, created 1716. (name Marſham.)
• Roſamond, miſtreſs to Henry II. 1172; ſhut up at Woodſtock, 1189; died ſoon after.
• Roſe, White and red, were diſtinctions given to the houſes of York and Lancaſter.
• Roſeberry, Scots earldom of, created 1703. (name Primroſe.)
• Roſe-trees firſt planted in England, 1522.
• Roſtrum, or pulpit of the Tribunes, ſo called from the Romans adorning thoſe ſtands with the beaks of ſhips, 338 before Chriſt.
• [224]Rothes, Scots earldom of, created 1457. (name Pepys.)
• Rotheſay caſtle, Bute Iſle, Scotland, built before 1263.
• Rouen, City of, taken, when the king of Navarre was ſlain, 1562.
• Rougemont caſtle, Exon, ſaid to be built by Julius Caeſar.
• Roxana, widow of Alexander the Great, and her ſon Alexander, killed by Caſſander, 311 before Chriſt.
• Roxburgh, Scots dukedom of, created 1707. (Ker.)
• Royſton, Cambridgeſhire, burnt (36 houſes), Aug. 23, 1747.
• Ruffs were firſt worn in the reign of Edward VI.; invented by a Spaniſh or Italian lady, to hide a wen, In the reign of Elizabeth, ſome wore their ſwords ſo long, and ruffs ſo large, that the queen appointed officers to break every man's ſword, and clip all ruffs beyond a certain length.
• Rumſey abbey, Hants, built, 972.
• Rump parliament met, 1659; ſo called from an al⯑luſion to the Rump of a fowl, it conſiſting only of a few of the old parliament.
• Ruſſel, Lord William, ſon of the earl of Bedford, beheaded in Lincoln's-inn Fields, for being con⯑cerned in the Rye-houſe plot (which ſee), July 21, 1683, aged 44.
• Ruſſia, anciently Sarmatia, and inhabited by the Scythians. Chriſtianity introduced there, 955; not renowned till the natives attempted to take Conſtantinople, 864; conquered by the Crim Tartars, 1240; and governed by lords tributary to them, till 1300; the non-payment of the tribute occaſioned wars, which ended in their indepen⯑dency, 1462. The firſt Czar, 1553; about this time they conquered Siberia; the Tartars ſurprized Moſcow, and killed 30,000 inhabitants, 1571; eſtabliſhed as an empire, 1721; a revolution in favour of Elizabeth, 1740; another, in favour of the preſent empreſs, 1762; the emperor John, an [225]infant, depoſed, 1741; put to death, 1763; the puniſhment of the Knout aboliſhed, 1752; order of St. Andrew inſtituted, 1698; St. Alexander, 1700; St. Catherine, ditto, 1715. See Peter the Great, Peter III.
• Ruſſia company eſtabliſhed in England, 1555.
• Ruthven, Scots barony, created 1651. (Ruthven.)
• Rutland, Dukedom of, created 1703. (Manners.)
• Rye firſt ſent members to parliament, 1368; burnt by the French, 1377; harbour opened, July 14, 1762.
• Rye-houſe plot (a plot to aſſaſſinate Charles II. at a place called Rye-houſe, in his way to Newmarket), prevented, by the king's houſe at Newmarket acci⯑dentally taking fire, which haſtened him away eight days before the plot was to take place, March 22; diſcovered, June 12, 1683. See Ruſſell.

• SABBATARIANS kept the ſeventh day holy inſtead of the firſt; Sabbatarian Baptiſt, a mix⯑ture of the Baptiſt and Sabbatarian.
• Sabbatical year, The firſt, 1444 before Chriſt.
• Sabines, The rape of the, by the Romans, to people their new kingdom, 750 before Chriſt. See Rome.
• Sacheverel, Reverend Dr. ſilenced for three years, March 23, 1700, for inveighing againſt adminiſ⯑tration in a ſermon at St. Paul's; died, 1724. See High Church.
• Sackville of Drayton, Viſcount, created 1782. (name Germain.)
• Sacramentarians, a ſect that firſt (after John Scott, who flouriſhed in 878), oppoſed the doctrine of the real preſence, appeared under Berenger, 1048. (See Berenger) The Berengarians afterwards taught the free uſe of the female ſex, married or not.
• Sacred firſt added to the king's title, 1603.
• Sacrifice, the firſt offered to God, by Abel, 3875 [226]before Chriſt. This kind of worſhip being typical, ceaſed with the ſacrifice of Chriſt.
• Saddles in uſe, 304. See Side-Saddles.
• Saffron-Walden, firſt chartered by Edward VI.
• Saffron plant brought to England in Edward IIId's reign.
• Sail-cloth firſt manufactured here, 1599.
• Sailors firſt regiſtered in France, about 1670.
• St. Agatha monaſtery, near Richmond, Yorkſhire, founded, 1151.
• St. Albans, Dukedom of, created 1683. (name Beauclerk.)
• St. Alban's monaſtery built by Offa, king of Mer⯑cia. (See Offa.) Town chartered by Edward VI.
• St. Andrew's univerſity founded, 1412; St. Leonard's college founded, 1524; united to St. Salvator's, 1736; New college, founded, 1536.
• St. Aſaph biſhopric founded, about 560; archdea⯑conry erected, before 1127; deanery, before 1239.
• St. Chriſtopher's ſettled by the French and Engliſh, 1626.
• St. David's an archbiſhopric, 519; removed from Caerleon, 577; became a ſuffragan, 1148; arch⯑deaconry erected, before 1128; cathedral built, 1180; precentorſhip founded, 1225; treaſurerſhip, 1259; chancellorſhip, 1287; palace built, 1335.
• St. Edmund's Bury monaſtery, Suffolk, built, 1028.
• St. George of Hatley, Iriſh barony, created 1763, (name St. George.)
• St. Germans priory, Cornwall, built, 937; town incorporated by 5th of Elizabeth.
• St. Helena firſt taken poſſeſſion of by the Engliſh, 1600; taken by the Dutch, 1673; retaken by the Engliſh the ſame year.
• St. Ives, Cornwall, incorporated, 1641.
• St. James's palace, formerly an hoſpital, made a palace by Henry VIII. 1531.
• St. John of Bletſoe, Barony of, created 1558. (name St. John.)
• St. Michael, Feaſt of, inſtituted by Pope Felix III, 487.
• [227]St. Michael's Mount monaſtery, Cornwall, erected 1030.
• St. Simon and St. Jude, Feaſt of, inſtituted, 1091.
• Saints, Tutelar. St. George of England, St. Andrew of Scotland, St Patrick of Ireland, St. David of Wales, St. Dennis of France, St. James of Spain. See George St. Spain, Patrick St.
• Salic law, by which women were excluded from inheriting, confirmed in the reign of Pharamond of France, 424.
• Saliſbury, Richard Neville, earl of, wounded, and taken priſoner at the battle of Wakefield, and beheaded at Pontefract, 1461.
• Saliſbury, Counteſs of, niece to Richard III. the laſt of the Plantagenets, beheaded, for taking part with cardinal Pole, againſt the reformation, May 27, 1540.
• Saliſbury, Earldom of, created 1605. (name Cecil.)
• Saliſbury biſhopric formed, by uniting thoſe of Sherborne and Wilton, 1071; deanery erected, about 1091; cathedral finiſhed, 1258; town char⯑tered by Henry III; hoſpital for clergymen's widows founded, 1683. See Church Service.
• Salt duties formed, June 15, 1702.
• Salt mines, Staffordſhire, diſcovered 1670.
• Saltaſh, Cornwall, incorporated by 35th Charles II.
• Salton, Scots viſcount, Title of, created 1445. (name Fraſer.)
• Saltwood caſtle, Kent, firſt built by the Romans.
• Salute, Naval; that of other nations lowering the topſail to a Britiſh ſhip of war, firſt enjoined by king Arthur; it has continued ever ſince.
• Samnite war ended, 272 before Chriſt, having con⯑tinued 71 years.
• Sampſon pulled down the temple of Dagon, and deſtroyed 3000 Philiſtines, 1117 before Chriſt, having been the avenger of Iſrael 20 years.
• Sanctuaries, or places privileged for the ſafety of offenders, were firſt granted by king Lucius, to our churches and their precincts. (See Lucius). St [228]Johns, of Beverley, Yorkſhire, was thus privileged in the time of the Saxons; St. Buriens, in Corn⯑wall, alſo, by Athelſtan, 935; Weſtminſter, by Edward the Confeſſor; and St. Martin's le Grand, London, 1529; aboliſhed, 1534; totally, 1548.
• Sandal caſtle, Yorkſhire, built, 1317.
• Sandford caſtle, Dorſetſhire, built, 1540.
• Sandgate caſtle, Kent, built, 1540.
• Sandown caſtle, near Deal, erected by Henry VIII.
• Sandwich, Earldom of, created 1660, (name Moun⯑tague.)
• Sandwich built, 957; ſeaport deſtroyed by an earth⯑quake, 1580.
• Sandys, of Omberſley, Barony of, created 1743. (name Sandys.)
• Saracens conquered Spain, 713; 70,000 ſlain i [...] battle by Ramirus king of Spain, 844; empire of, finiſhed, by Bagdad's being taken by the Tartars, 1258.
• Sardinia conquered by the Spaniards, 1303, in whoſe poſſeſſion it was till 1708, when it was taken by an Engliſh fleet, and given to the duke of Savoy, with the title of king. The firſt king was Victor, who abdicated the throne, in favour of his ſon, 1730, and died in a priſon, 1732. See Savoy.
• Sardis, City of, burnt by the Athenians, 504 before Chriſt.
• Sark iſland conquered by the Engliſh in queen Eliza⯑beth's reign. See Jerſey.
• Sarum. See Church Service.
• Satellites firſt diſcovered by Galileo, 1608.
• Saturn, Temple of, founded, and the feſtivals called Saturnalia, inſtituted at Rome, Dec. 497 before Chriſt See Saturnalia.
• Saturn; four of its ſatellites diſcovered by Simon Mayer, 1609; ring diſcovered by Huygens, 1634; the fifth Satellite diſcovered by Huygens, 1655.
• Saturnalia feſtivals inſtituted at Rome, in December, 407 before Chriſt. The ſource and origin of the Chriſtmas feſtivals.
• [229]Savoy, part of Gallia Narbonenſis, which ſubmitted to the Romans, 118 before Chriſt. The Alcman [...] ſeized it in 395; the Franks, 496. It ſhared the revolutions of Switzerland till 1040, when Conrad, emperor of Germany, gave it to Hubert, with the title of Earl. Amadeus VIII. earl of Savoy, ſo⯑licited Sigiſmund, emperor of Germany, to erect his dominions into a duchy, which he did at Cam⯑bray, Feb. 19, 1417. The late duke having taken Sicily in 1713, by the aſſiſtance of the Engliſh, was made king of that country, but, by the peace of Utrecht, changed it for Sardinia, 1714. The dukedom of Savoy is now the king of Sardinia's ſecond title. Order of Annunciade inſtituted, about 1355; of St. Maurice, ditto, 1572. See Sardi⯑nia.
• Sawley abbey, Yorkſhire, built, 1147.
• Sawmills firſt erected near London, 1633, but after⯑wards demoliſhed.
• Saxo Grammaticus wrote the Daniſh hiſtory, 1170.
• Saxons, The ancient, were pirates, and inhabited three ſmall iſlands at the mouth of the Elbe, and ſome part of the ſhores of the Baltic; arrived in England, 449, having been invited over by the Britons; for they applied to Rome for aid againſt the Scots, and were refuſed.
• Say and Sele, Barony of, created 1624. (name Twiſleton.)
• Scaevola, Mutius, burnt his right hand before Por⯑ſenna, for having accidentally killed his ſecretary, when he deſigned to have ſlain him; 508 before Chriſt.
• Scales, Lord, murdered by a ferryman, Auguſt 19, 1460.
• Scales were firſt hung in ſuch a manner, that the buyer, in the reign of Henry III. had an advantage of 10 or 12lb. in the 112lb.
• Scandinavia; that part of Europe now Sweden, Denmark, and Norway.
• Scarborough caſtle built, 1140; rebuilt, 1170.
• [230]Scarborough, Earldom of, created 1690. (name Lumley.)
• Scarlet, Art of dying, invented, 1000; colour ſaid to be firſt found by Drabel, about 1624.
• Scarſdale, Barony, created 1761. (name Curzon.)
• Scenes firſt introduced into theatres, 1533.
• Schomberg, Duke of, a Dutch general, came over with William III. landed in Ireland with an army, Auguſt 13, 1689; killed at the battle of the Boyne, 1690.
• Scio, anciently Chios, ſold by the Greek emperor to Geona; in the poſſeſſion of the Turks, 1566.
• Scot. See Sacramentarians.
• Scotch money the ſame as in England, till 1354.
• Scotland, anciently Caledonia, Hiſtory of, began, 328 before Chriſt, when Fergus I. was ſent over by the people of Ireland; received the Chriſtian faith, about 203; united under one monarchy by Keneth II. the 6 [...]th king, and called Scotland, 838; divided into baronies, 1032; invaded by the king of Norway, near Loch Lomond, 1263; on the death of Alexander III. was diſputed by 12 candidates, who ſubmitted their claims to the arbitration of Edward I. of England, 1285, which gave him an opportunity to conquer it; it was not entirely recovered by the Scots till 1314; its re⯑galia and crown taken and brought to England, with the coronation chair, now in Weſtminſter abbey, 1296; firſt general aſſembly of the church held, Dec. 20, 1560; earl of Murray regent, 1567; earl of Lenox regent, July 12, 1570; earl of Mar regent, Sept. 6, 1571; earl of Morton regent, Nov. 24, 1572. See Union, Mary Queen of Scots, James I. &c. Murray, Lenox, Morton, Scots.
• Scots (which, in Celtic, implies vagrants), and Picts, two tribes, divided Britain, as early as the reign of Conſtantine; the Scots inhabited the hills, the Picts the plains. See England.
• Scribes and Phariſees, Sect of, commenced 31 before Chriſt.
• [231]Sculpture ſuppoſed to be invented, about 1900 before Chriſt. See Carving.
• Scutage, the firſt tax levied in England, to pay an army, 1159.
• Scythians, The, were the ancient people of Tartary.
• Sea-fight, with the French, when 200 of their ſhips were taken, laden with wine, 1297.
  • On the coaſt of Britain, between the Engliſh, under Sir Thomas Knevet, and the French, under Primauget, when both the admirals ſhips were burnt, 1512.
  • Between the Engliſh, under Sir Edward How⯑ard, and the French under Prejeant, when the former were beaten, and Howard ſlain, April 25, 1513.
  • Off Calais, between the Engliſh and the Spaniſh Armada, 1588. The Spaniards beaten, with the loſs of 17 ſhips, and 5000 men.
  • In Dover road, between the Engliſh, under Blake, and the Dutch, under Tromp, June 29, 1652; the Engliſh beaten, and 6 ſhips loſt.
  • Near Portland, with the Dutch, under the ſame admirals, when the Dutch were beaten, with the loſs of 11 ſhips of war, and 30 merchant ſhips, Feb. 18, 1653.
  • Again, near the coaſt of Flanders, when the Dutch were beaten, and loſt 17 ſhips, June 2, 1653.
  • Again, to the loſs of the Dutch, when Tromp was killed, and 30 ſhips loſt, July 29, 1653.
  • Off Cadiz, between the Engliſh, under Blake, and the Spaniards, when 2 galleons were taken, worth two million pieces of eight, Sept. 1656.
  • One hundred and thirty ſail of Dutch merchant⯑men were taken by the duke of York, before war was declared, Nov. 1664.
  • Between the Engliſh, under the duke of York, and the Dutch, under Obdam, when the Engliſh conquered, and the Dutch loſt 19 ſhips, the Eng⯑liſh only one, June 3, 1665.
  • [232]Between the Engliſh, under the duke of Albe⯑marle, and the Dutch and French joined, which laſted four days, June 1, 1666.
  • At the mouth of the Thames, between the Eng⯑liſh, under prince Rupert, and the Dutch, under Ruyter, So ſail each, when the former were victo⯑rious; the Dutch loſt 24 men of war, and 3 ad⯑mirals killed, July 25, 1666.
  • Dutch fleet ſailed up the Medway, almoſt as far as Chatham, and deſtroyed great part of the Eng⯑liſh fleet. June 11, 1667.
  • Near Martinico, with the French, when their ſhips were burnt, June 25, 1667.
  • Twelve Algerine pirates deſtroyed by Sir Edward Spragg, 1671.
  • At Solebay, between the Engliſh and French joined, under the duke of York and Marſhal D'Etrèes, and the Dutch, under Ruyter, when the Dutch retired, May 28, 1672.
  • Again, on the coaſt of Holland, between the combined fleets, under prince Rupert and D'Etrées, and the Dutch, under Ruyter, May 28, 1763.
  • Again, under the ſame commanders, June 4, 1673.
  • At the mouth of the Texel, under the ſame commanders, Aug. 11, 1673.
  • Engliſh and Dutch, under lord Torrington, beat by the French, off Beachy head, June 30, 1690.
  • French beat, off La Hogue, by Rook, May 19, 1692. They loſt 21 of their largeſt ſhips of war.
  • Off St. Vincent, when the Engliſh and Dutch were beaten by the French, June 16, 1693.
  • Spaniards and French beat, with the loſs 20 ſhips, by the Dutch and Engliſh, under Sir George Rook, near Vigo, Aug. 15, 1702.
  • Off Carthagena, between the French and Eng⯑liſh, under admiral Benbow, Aug. 19, 1702.
  • Between the French and Engliſh, when the former were defeated, Aug. 24, 1704.
  • [233]At Gibraltar, when the French loſt 5 men of war, Nov. 5, 1704.
  • Off the Lizard, when the Engliſh were defeated, Oct. 9, 1707.
  • Near Carthagena, when admiral Wager deſtroyed a fleet, May 28, 1708.
  • Spaniſh fleet deſtroyed, by Sir George Byng, off Cape Paſſaro, in the Mediterranean, Aug. 11, 1718.
  • Off Toulon, between the combined fleets of France and Spain, and the Engliſh, under admiral Matthews, Feb. 9, 1744.
  • Off Cape Finiſterre, when the French fleet was taken by admiral Anſon, May 3, 1747.
  • The Alcide and Ly [...], French ſhips, taken by Capt. Howe, off Newfoundland, June, 1755.
  • De la Clue, French admiral, defeated by Boſ⯑cawen, off Ceuta, 1759.
  • Off Belleiſle, between the Engliſh, under Hawke, and the French, under Conflans, when the latter were beaten, Nov. 1759.
  • On Lake Champlain, between the Engliſh and Americans, when the latter were beaten, Oct. 11 and 13, 1776.
  • Off Breſt, between the Engliſh, under Keppel, and the French, under the duke of Chartres, when the latter were beaten off, July 27, 1778.
  • Off Cape St. Vincent, between 18 ſail of Eng⯑liſh, under Sir George Rodney, and 13 ſail of Spaniſh ſhips, under Langara, when the latter were beaten; 5 ſail of the line taken, one blown up, and two deſtroyed, Jan. 16, 1780.
  • Off Martinico, between the Engliſh, under Sir George Rodney, with 21 ſail, and the French, under Comte de Guichen, with 25 ſail, when the French were beaten, April 17, 1780. The Eng⯑liſh had 120 killed, 153 wounded.
  • Off ditto, between ditto, May 15 and 19, 1780, when the Engliſh had 68 killed, and 293 wounded.
  • [234]At St. Jago, between the Engliſh, under Com⯑modore Johnſon, and the French, under Monſ. de Suff [...]ein, when the latter were beaten, April 16, 1781.
  • Off Martinico, between the Engliſh, under Sir Samuel Hood, and the French, under De Graſſe, April 29, 1781.
  • Off Dogger Bank, between the Engliſh, under Parker, and the Dutch, under Zoutman, when near 400 were killed on each ſide. The Dutch had one ſhip ſunk, Auguſt 5, 1781.
  • Off Cape Henry, near Cheaſapeak Bay, in Ame⯑rica, between the Engliſh, under Graves, and the French, under Du Barras, Sept. 5, 1781.
• Sealing of writings is very ancient. (See 1 Kings, 21, Daniel 6, Eſther 8, Jer. 21.) Firſt introduced here, 1085. See Seals.
• Seals not much in uſe with the Saxons, but they ſigned parchments with the croſs; (the illiterate do ſo now); impreſſions of lead being affixed. There was a ſeal of king Edward's at Weſtminſter, about 1188. Coats of arms were not introduced into ſeals, till 1218. (ſee ſealing of writings, ſigning a deed.) Great ſeal of England firſt uſed to crown grants, &c. 1050.
• Secretary of ſtates office began, 1530.
• Sedan chairs introduced by the duke of Buckingham, about 1581.
• Sefton, Iriſh earldom of, created 1771. (name Mo⯑lyneux)
• Sejanus, the wicked miniſter of Tiberius, put to death, for aſpiring to the empire, 31.
• Seleucia, 40 miles from Babylon, built by Seleucus, 293 before Chriſt. See Seleucus.
• Seleucus became maſter of Babylon, 312 before Chriſt, from which time is reckoned the Jewiſh era of the Seleucidae, or contracts. See Seleucia, Era.
• Self murder was ſaſhionable in the reign of Tiberius, [235]numbers putting themſelves to death, to avoid the perſecution of the emperors, from 20 to 34.
• Selkirk, Scots earldom of, created 1646. (name Douglas.)
• Semiramis, queen of Aſſyria, put to death, by order of her ſon, 1173 before Chriſt.
• Semple, Scots viſcount, Title of, created 1488. (name Semple.)
• Seneca, the Stoic philoſoper, uncle to Lucan, and preceptor to Nero, born at Cordova; put to death, by order of Nero, 64, aged 63.
• Senegal taken by the Engliſh, from the French, May 1, 1758.
• Sengenneth caſtle, Glamorganſhire, ſuppoſed to be built by Edward I.
• Sennacherib, 185,000 of the army of, ſlain by an angel in one night, 710 before Chriſt.
• Sepulchre St. Order of, inſtituted, before 1104.
• Serapis and Iſis, The temple of, demoliſhed, by order of the Roman ſenate, 52 before Chriſt; but after the death of Caeſar it was reſtored, at the public expence.
• Serene Highneſs, from ſerenitas, originally an Eaſtern title, given to the emperors, ſavouring of the in⯑dolence inſpired by the climate. Such alſo were the ancient titles of Manſuetudo and Tranquillitas.
• Serjeant. See Inns of Court.
• Sermons penned in a canting ſtyle, about 1662.
• Servant act paſſed, laying a tax on men ſervants, 1777; improved, 1781.
• Seſſions, Lords of, in Scotland, firſt appointed by James V. of Scotland, 1532.
• Seſterce, The Roman, equal to a little more than two-pence Engliſh; the larger ſeſterce was equal to eight guineas and a half.
• Sethians, a ſect who held Seth to be the true Chriſt, aroſe, 190.
• Settlement, Iriſh act of, paſſed, 1662; repealed, 1689.
• Severn, The, turned from its channel, by a great [236]piece of land moving from its place, and croſſing the current, near Bildewas bridge, Shropſhire, May 27, 1773.
• Sewdley caſtle, Glouceſterſhire, built, 1442.
• Sewin's Land, New Holland, diſcovered by the Dutch, 1622.
• Seymour, Sir Thomas, lord high admiral, who mar⯑ried Catherine Parr, Henry VIIIth's widow, and brother to the protector, beheaded on Tower-hill, for caballing againſt his brother, March 20, 1549.
• Shafteſbury, Dorſetſhire, built by Alfred, 897; in⯑corporated by Elizabeth.
• Shafterbury, Earldom of, created 1672. (name Cooper.)
• Shannon, Iriſh earldom of, created 1756. (name Boyle.)
• Shap monaſtery, Weſtmoreland, founded, about 1189.
• Sharp, archbiſhop of St. Andrew's, Scotland, born, 1618; ſhot in his coach, by the preſbyterians, July 9, 1679.
• Sheffield, of Dunamore, Iriſh barony, created 1780. (name Holroyd.)
• Shelburne, Iriſh earldom of, created 1753. (name Petty.)
• Shepherd, James, a coachmaker's apprentice, hanged for plotting to take away the life of George I. March, 1717.
• Sherard of Letrim, Iriſh barony, created 1727. (name Sherard.
• Sherborne, Dorſetſhire, made a biſhop's ſee, from Wincheſter, by Ina, 705; united to Wilton, 1071; both tranſlated to Old Sarum ſoon after, thence to Saliſbury, 1218; caſtle built, 1107, church re⯑built between 1459 and 1504.
• Sheriffs of counties firſt nominated by William the Corqueror, 1079; the preſent mode of appointing them has been followed ſince about 1461. An⯑ciently, in England, ladies were ſheriffs. In 1414, on account of the wars, there were not reſpectable perſons enough to ſerve the office. Fifty ſheriffs [237]of London appointed in one day; 35 of whom paid their fines, July 2, 1734.
• Shillings firſt coined in England, 1505; among the Engliſh Saxons, a ſhilling implied 5d. afterwards 16d. and often 20d.
• Ship. The firſt ſeen in Greece, arrived at Rhodes from Egypt, 1485 before Chriſt; the firſt double decked one built in England was of 1000 tons burden, by order of Henry VII. 1509; it was called the Great Harry, and coſt 14,000l.; before this, 24 gun ſhips were the largeſt in our navy, and theſe had no port-holes, the guns being on the upper decks only. Port-holes and other improve⯑ments were invented by Decharges, a French builder at Breſt. See Navy.
• Shipbroke, Iriſh earldom, created 1777. (name Vernon.)
• Ship-money, a tax to equip a fleet, firſt levied, 1007; demanded by Charles I. 1632, which gave riſe to all his troubles; declared illegal, 164 [...].
• Shoes of the preſent faſhion firſt worn here, 1633; the buckle not uſed till Charles IId's reign. See Rem. Occur. anno 1467.
• Shoplifting act paſſed 11 William IIId, 1699.
• Shore, Jane, miſtreſs to Edward IV. did penance at St. Paul's for adultery, 1483.
• Shoreham, Borough of, disfranchiſed, for bribery, 1770.
• Shoulderknots were worn in Charles IId's reign.
• Shrewſbury monaſtery founded, 1033; caſtle built, 1084; archdeaconry of, erected, about 1140; town burnt (50 houſes), April 1, 1774.
• Shrewſbury, Earldom of, created 1442. (name Talbot.)
• Shrove Tueſday was obſerved as a feſtival, before 1440.
• Shuldham, Iriſh barony, created 1776. (Shuldham.)
• Sicily. Firſt peopled from Italy, 1292 before Chriſt The ancient inhabitants of this iſland were the Sicani and Etruſcans. A prince of Arragon took poſſeſſion of this iſle, and thus formed a kingdom [238]of it, diſtinct from Naples, 1286. See Phal [...] Agathocles.
• Side-ſaddles firſt uſed in England, 1388. See Saddles.
• Signals at ſea contrived by James II. when duke of York, 1665; afterwards improved by the French commander Tourville, and admiral Balchen, who was loſt in the victory.
• Signing a deed, The term of, was uſed inſtead of ſubſcribing, from the general ſtate of ignorance in the 9th century, when kings and perſons of great eminence not being able to write their names, ſigned their charters, &c. with the croſs.
• Sileſia ceded to Pruſſia, by the treaty of Breſlaw, 1742.
• Sileſia loan ſubſcribed, 1734.
• Silk, Raw, firſt made by a people of China, called Seres, 150 before Chriſt; firſt brought from India, 274; a pound, at this time, was worth a pound of gold; the manufactory of, introduced into Europe from India, by ſome monks, 551; firſt [...]ern in dreſs, 1455; firſt ſilk manufacture in France, 1521; firſt worn by the clergy in England, 1534; broad ſilk manufactured from raw ſilk in England, 1620; brought to perfection by the French refugees in London, 1687.
• Silk-throwing mill invented and fixed at Derby, by Sir Thomas Loombe, 1719.
• Silk-worms eggs firſt brought into Europe, 527.
• Silver firſt coined in Rome, 269 before Chriſt.
• Silver-handled knives, ſpoons, and cups, a great luxury, and but little plate of any ſort, 1298.
• Silures. See England.
• Simnel, Lambert, a baker's ſon, was made to perſo⯑nate the earl of Warwick, Richard IIId's nephew: he went over to Ireland, and there ſo impoſed on the people, that he was crowned king, under the title of Edward VI. 1486; but the king ordering Warwick, who was then a priſoner in the Tower, to be publicly ſhewn, the impoſture was diſcovered; but not till Simnel had invaded England with an armed force, which he did, and gave the king bat⯑tle [239]at Stoke, 1487, where Simnel was taken priſo⯑ner; he was too contemptible to excite Henry's reſentment, he therefore pardoned him, and made him one of his ſcullions.
• Simon, St and St. Jude, Feaſt of, inſtituted, 1091.
• Singing eſtabliſhed in churches, 67.
• Sion abbey, Middleſex, built, 1414.
• Sion college founded by Dr. Thomas White, 1623; incorporated, 1664.
• Sir-names, The uſe of, introduced by the Normans, to diſtinguiſh families; firſt uſed among the no⯑bility, 1200; many of the moſt common, ſuch as Johnſon, Thompſon, Wilſon, Dickſon, &c. were taken by the Flemings, who were naturalized here, 1435.
• Siſters of the ſociety of Jeſus, an order, chiefly to attend the ſick, eſtabliſhed in France, 1626.
• Sixteen, Faction of, at Paris, aroſe in 1587.
• Skipton caſtle, Yorkſhire, built, ſoon after the con⯑queſt.
• Slanes. See Letters of Slanes.
• Slaves, The laws of, ſettled by Ina, king of the Weſt Saxons, 692; ſlave trade, epoch of the, with the Pertugueſe, 1443; with the Engliſh, 1562. See African Company, Negroes.
• Sleepers, Seven, their fabulous reſurrection placed, in 425. Theſe were ſeven young men, who, in the times of Paganiſm, were ſuppoſed to have been ſhut up in a cavern in Africa, by order of the emperor Decius, and to have ſlept 187 years, till the cave was accidentally opened in the days of Chriſtianity, when the ſleepers were reported not to be ſenſible of having ſlept more than a few hours. Many very reſpectable writers ſuppoſe this ſtory to be true.
• Slingſby, Sir Henry, governor of Hull, with Dr. Huet, beheaded on Tower-hill, for conſpiring againſt Oliver Cromwell, June 8, 1658.
• Smerwick haven, Ireland, fortified, 1578.
• Smyrna built, by the people of Cumae, 1050 before [240]Chriſt; deſtroyed by an earthquake, 1040; again, 1688.
• Sneezing. The cuſtom of ſaluting thoſe who ſneeze very ancient, even in the time of Ariſtotle.
• Snow for eleven days, 1672.
• Society, American philoſophical, inſtituted, Jan. 2, 1769.
  • Amicable, Engliſh, char⯑ter [...]d, 1706.
  • Antiquarian incorpo⯑rated, Nov. 2, 1751.
  • Artiſts, ditto, Feb. 26, 1764.
  • Arts and ſciences inſti⯑tuted, 1753.
  • Clergymens widows, Ire⯑land, eſtabliſhed, 1749.
  • Dublin ſociety incorpo⯑rated, 1750.
  • Humane, England, in⯑ſtituted, 1774.
  • Iriſh working ſchools in⯑corporated, Oct. 1733.
  • Marine, England, eſtab⯑liſhed, 1756.
  • Promotion of chriſtian knowledge eſtabliſhed, 1699.
  • Propagation of the goſpel incorporated, 1701.
  • Ditto, NewEngland, ditto, Feb. 7, 1662.
  • Reformation of manners formed, 1698.
  • Royal inſtituted, Dec. 30, 1660; incorporated, 1663.
  • Royal accademy eſtabliſh⯑ed, Dec. 10, 1768.
  • Seamens widows incorpo⯑rated, Oct. 13. 1732.
  • See Charities, Hoſpitals, Academies.
• Socinus, founder of the Socinians, who deny the di⯑vinity of our Saviour, 1555; born, 1525; died, 1562.
• Sodom burnt, 1897 before Chriſt; Lot aged 64.
• Sodomy is ſaid to have been brought into England by the Lombards. See Lombardy.
• Sodor and Man biſhopric founded, 447. See Man.
• Solar year found to conſiſt of 365 days, 5 hours, and 49 minutes, by Dionyſius, of Alexandria, 285; introduced by Julius Caeſar, 45 before Chriſt.
• Soldiers forbidden, by act of Parliament, to be quar⯑tered in private houſes, Sept. 1679.
• Solomon born, 1033; ſucceeded his father David on the throne, 1015; laid the foundation of his tem⯑ple, [241]May 21, 1012; finiſhed it, 1005; dedicated it, Friday Oct. 30, 1000; finiſhed his palace, 991; wrote his Eccleſiaſtes, 981; died 975 before Chriſt.
• Solomon's iſlands diſcovered by Alvarez de Mendo⯑ca, 1527.
• Solon, who gave laws to Athens, and the ſeven wiſe men, flouriſhed in Greece, 620; Solon died, 558 before Chriſt, aged 80.
• Solway Moſs, Cumberland, began to flow, Nov. 15, 1771.
• Somers iſles diſcovered, 1503; named and ſettled, 1609.
• Somerſet, Dukedom of, created 1546. (Seymour.)
• Somerſet, Henry Beaufort, duke of, beheaded at Hexham, May 15, 1464, for joining Henry VIth's queen againſt Edward IV; his ſon beheaded at Tewkeſbury for the ſame offence, May 6, 1471.
• Somerſet, Edward, duke of, maternal uncle to Ed⯑ward VI. choſen protector, 1547; deprived, for taking the whole adminiſtration of affairs into his own hands, and ſent to the Tower, 1549; par⯑doned, 1550; committed again, 1551, for a plot againſt the life of Dudley duke of Northumberland, who ſucceeded him in the protectorate; beheaded, Jan. 22, 1552.
• Somerton caſtle, near Newark, Lincolnſhire, built, 1305.
• Somerville, Scots barony of, created 1436. (name Somerville.)
• Sondes, Barony of, created 1760. (name Watſon.)
• Sorbonne. See Academies.
• Southam, Warwickſhire, burnt (40 houſes), March 25, 1742.
• Southampton, Barony of, created 1780. (Fitzroy.)
• Southampton old town deſtroyed, 1338; Watergate built ſoon after; eaſt gate and walls built, 1338; weſt gate, ditto, 1532.
• South-ſea company began, 1710; act paſſed, May 6, 1716; its bubble, 1720, when, by an artifice, 100l. Stock roſe, in July, to 1000l. Every perſon of property became Stock-jobbers, and many thou⯑ſands were ruined.
• [242]Southwark annexed to London, 1550; the monaſtery, St. Saviour's, built, 1098; fair aboliſhed, 1762.
• Southwell minſ [...]er, Neots, founded, 630.
• Southwell palace, Newark, Notts, built, 1518.
• Southwell, of Caſtle Mattreſs, Iriſh viſcount, created 1776. (name Southwell.)
• Sovereign, a piece of Engliſh gold coin, value 20s. 1532; value 24s. 1550; value 30s. 1552.
• Spain was firſt civilized by the Phoenicians, who poſſeſſed great part of it; theſe called in the Car⯑thaginians; it was afterwards invaded by the Rho⯑dians; the Carthaginians however made new con⯑queſts, 239; and after the deſtruction of ancient Tyre, became the moſt powerful in this country.
  • Conquered by the Romans, 206 before Chriſt.
  • Grenada and Andaluſia was the Boetica of the Romans, and the reſt of Spain the province of Tarragona.
  • The ſeveral provinces now ſubject to the crown, were once independent kingdoms.
  • The Goths and Vandals overturned the Roman power, 409, and continued poſſeſſion of it, till it was conquered by the Moors, in 712.
  • The Moors kept poſſeſſion, till the ſmall king⯑doms were ſwallowed up in Caſtile and Arragon, 1492.
  • Primacy of Toledo founded, 680.
  • St. James, the Tutelar ſaint of Spain, ſince the finding of the apoſtle's body, in the 9th century.
  • Holy brotherhood inſtituted, 1260.
  • Kingdom of, founded, by the union of the two crowns of Caſtile and Arragon, the queen of Caſtile having married the king of Arragon, 1504, who aſſumed the title of Catholic Majeſty.
  • By the conqueſts of Navarre and Grenada, Fer⯑dinand put a complete end to the dominion of the Moors in this country, 1512.
  • Eſcurial began building, 1562.
  • Fuero Juzgo code of laws enacted by Chindas⯑vindus, 612; that called Les uſages, formed by the count of Barcelona, 1060; Fuero de Caſtilla, by [243]Alphonſo IX. 1211; Fuero real, by Alfonſo X. 1254; Siete partidas, by Alfonſo XI. 1347; Recopilacion, by Philip II. 1567; Nueva ditto, by Philip IV. 1665; Noviſſima ditto, by Philip V. 1723; who reſigned his crown to his ſon, Dec. 1724; on his ſon's death he reaſſumed it.
  • Orders: — of Calatrava, inſtituted, 1154; con⯑firmed, 1164; of St. Jago, inſtituted, about 1175; of Alcantara, 1176; of Truxillo, 1227; military order of Monteſa, by James II. of Arragon, 1317; of St. George, 1318; of La Scama, 1420; Golden Fleece, by Philip, duke of Burgundy, 1429.
  • See Milan, Naples, Vandals, Moors, Ha⯑milcar, Catalonia, Valencia, Grenada, In⯑quiſition, Cordova, America, Rem. Occur. anno, 1760.
• Spain, New. See America.
• Spalatro, in Dalmatia, The cathedral church of, part of the palace of Diocleſian, who retired there, 305. See Diocleſian.
• Sparta founded by Spartus, ſon of Phoroneus, king of Argos, 1718; its name changed to that of Lacedemon, 1488; became a Roman province, 71 before Chriſt; but now belongs to the Turks.
• Speaker of the Houſe of Commons. See Parliament.
• Spectacles invented by Spina, 1299.
• Spencer, Earldom of, created 1765. (name Spencer.)
• Spenſers. Father, ſon, and grandſon, noblemen.— The father hanged at Briſtol by the rebellious barons, aged 90, Oct. 1326; the ſon, favourite to Edward II. hanged at Hereford, by the ſame party, Nov. 24, following; the grandſon beheaded at Briſtol, for conſpiring againſt Henry IV. 1400.
• Sphere, The, invented by Archimedes.
• Spinning-wheel invented at Brunſwick, by Jurgen, 1530. See Diſtaff.
• Sponſors. See Baptiſm.
• Sports allowed on Sunday evenings, 1617; Charles I. publiſhed a book on this occaſion, 1633; which was burnt by the hangman, 1643.
• Spurs in uſe, before 1400.
• [244]Stadium, The Roman, was equal to a furlong, the 8th of a mile.
• Stadtholderſhip made hereditary in the Orange fa⯑mily, 1747.
• Stafford, Sir Humph. for rebelling againſt Henry VII. beheaded at Tyburn, 1486.
• Stafford caſtle built by William the Conqueror.
• Stair, Scots earldom of, created 1633. (name Dal⯑rymple.)
• Stamford, Earldom of, created 1628. (name Grey.)
• Stamford, Lincolnſhire, once a city and univerſity; caſtle built, 922; chartered by Edward IV.
• Stamp duties inſtituted, June 28, 1693; encreaſed, 1756; again, 1776; began in Ireland, March 25, 1771; ſtamp-act, America, repealed, March 18, 1766.
• Standing while the goſpel is read, ordained, 406.
• Stanhope, Earldom of, created 1718. (name Stan⯑hope.)
• Stanley, Lord chamberlain, who put the crown on Henry VIIth's head at Boſworth, and others, be⯑headed, Feb. 15, 1495, as abettors of Warbeck's impoſture. See Warbeck.
• Staples-inn, London, eſtabliſhed, 1415. See Inns of Court.
• Stapleton, biſhop of Exon, murdered in London, by an inſurrection of the people, for ſiding with the court, 1326.
• S [...]ar caſtle, Scilly, built, 1593.
• Star chamber, Court of (when cauſes were tried by the privy council), inſtituted, 1487; aboliſhed, 1641. The number of judges of this court was from 26 to 42; the lord chancellor preſided, and had the caſting voice.
• Starching of linen firſt brought into England by Mrs. Dinghen, of Flanders, 1554.
• Stationers company, their firſt charter, 1556; ſecond, 1558.
• Statuary. Daedalus was the firſt among the Greeks, about 1200 before Chriſt; the art perfected by Phidias.
• [245]Statutes, The, firſt printed, and in Engliſh, 1483; prefixing titles to them firſt took place, 1487. See Preambles.
• Stawel, Barony of, created 1690. (name Legge.)
• Steam engine, for raiſing water, &c. invented, 1618.
• Stephen, King, third ſon of Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror, by Stephen, earl of Blois, ſucceeded his uncle Henry I. and crowned Dec. 1135, in the abſence of Maude; reduced Nor⯑mandy, 1137; ſummoned by his brother, the biſhop of Winton, to appear before a ſynod at Weſtminſter, Auguſt, 1139; defeated, and taken priſoner at Lincoln, by the earl of Glouceſter, Maude's brother, 1141, and put in irons, in Briſtol priſon, but releaſed, on an exchange for Glou⯑ceſter, who was taken at Wincheſter; made peace with Henry, Maude's ſon, 1153; died of the piles, Oct. 25, 1154, aged, 49; was buried at Feverſham, and ſucceeded by his ſecond couſin, Henry II. duke of Normandy, ſon of Maude, by the earl of Anjou. See Matilda, Maude.
• Stephens, Mrs. rewarded for her medicine for the ſtone, 1738.
• Stews, Public. See Brothels.
• Stirling, Scots earldom of, created 1633. (name Alexander.)
• Stockholm, City of, began to be built, 1253; burnt (1000 houſes), 1751; again (250 houſes), Auguſt 31, 1759. See Sweden, Academies.
• Stocking-frame invented by the reverend Mr. Lee, about 1589.
• Stockings, Silk, firſt worn by the French king, 1543; firſt worn in England by queen Elizabeth, 1561; the faſhion of rolling them over the knees left off in France, 1716.
• Stonehenge, ſuppoſed to be built by Amb. Aurelius, 461.
• Stoney Stratford burnt (50 houſes), April 19, 1736; again (150 houſes), May 6, 1742.
• Stops not invented till the 15th century; the colon [246]not being uſed till 1580; the ſemicolon not till 1599.
• Storm in ſeveral parts of England, wind S. W. eſpecially at Winchelſcomb, Glouceſte ſhire, where the ſteeple of the church was thrown down by thunder and lightning, and the crucifix, with the image of the virgin broken to pieces, Oct. 5, 1091. During the above, a thick ſmoke darkened the ſky.
  • Another, wind S. W. that threw down 500 houſes in London, and unroofed Bow church, Oct. 17, 1091. At Old Sarum, the ſteeple and many houſes were blown down.
  • One, that blew down the chimney of the chamber where the queen and her children lay, at Windfor, and her whole apartments were ſhaken and torn. Oaks in the park were torn up by the roots, and all was accompanied with ſuch thunder and lightning, as had not been known in the me⯑mory of man, 1251.
  • At Chriſtmas, a weſterly wind overthrew ſeveral houſes and public buildings, tore up trees by the roots, &c. 1330.
  • When king Edward was on his march within two leagues of Chartres, a moſt dreadful hurricane [...]oſe, with thunder and lightning, and hailſtones ſo large, as killed inſtantly 6000 of his horſes, and 1000 of his beſt troops, 1359.
  • A hurricane threw down many houſes, deſtroyed cattle, and rooted up trees, 1380; this was pre⯑ceded with a great mortality, eſpecially among youth, and after that a famine.
  • A guſt of wind blew off the leads of the Grey Friar's church, London, and almoſt beat down the whole ſide of a ſtreet called the Old Exchange, Nov. 25, 1438.
  • The day Oliver Cromwell died, there aroſe one ſo dreadful, that it extended all over Europe, and ſeemed to threaten a wre [...]k of nature, 1658.
  • One, 1662.
  • So dreadful a one, as frightened the whole king⯑dom: [247]the houſes in London ſhook, and many fell. The water roſe to a great height in Weſtminſter⯑hall, and London bridge was choaked up with wrecks; ten ſhips of war were loſt, and 1500 ſea⯑men. The damage at London was computed at one million ſterling, Nov. 26, 27, 1703.
  • One, 1716.
  • One, Nov. 1, 1740.
  • One at Charleſtown, South Carolina, that over⯑flowed the town, and almoſt deſtroyed it and the neighbourhood, Sept. 15, 1752.
  • An uncommonly dreadful one at Malta, that killed and wounded near 200 perſons, Oct. 29, 1757.
  • One at the Havannah, when 96 public edifices, and 4048 houſes were deſtroyed, and 1000 perſons loſt their lives, Oct. 25, 1768.
  • Very dreadful one in the Caribbee iſlands, Aug. 31, 1772.
  • One in the North of England, when three of the Dublin pacquets foundered at ſea, Oct. 19, 1775.
  • Another violent one, off the coaſt of Holland, Nov. 14, 1775.
  • One, in the Weſt Indies, that did incredible miſchief to St. Lucia, Barbadoes, and other Weſt Indian Iſlands, Oct. 10, 11, 1780. See Jamaica, Tempeſt.
• Stormont, Scots viſcount, Title of, created 1621. (name Murray.)
• Stourton, Barony of, created 1448. (name Stourton.)
• Stow, Archdeaconry of, erected, about 1213.
• Strabane, Iriſh viſcount, Title of, created 1701. (name Hamilton.)
• Strafford, Thomas, earl of, fell a ſacrifice to unpopu⯑larity, and was beheaded, May 12, 1641, aged 48.
• Strange, Barony of, created 1299. (name Murray.)
• Strangford, Iriſh viſcount, Title of, created 1628. (name Smythe.)
• Stratflour abbey, Cardiganſhire, built, 1164; rebuilt, 1238.
• [248]Stratford upon Avon incorporated by Edward VI; burnt, Auguſt 1, 1614; monaſtery built, in 1700; Jubilee, Sept. 6, 1769.
• Strathmore, Scots earldom of, created 1606. (name Lyon.)
• Straw uſed for the king's bed, 1234.
• Straw, Jack. See Penal Laws.
• Streatham, Surry, Mineral ſpring of, diſcovered, about 1659.
• Struenſee and Brandt, Counts, beheaded at Copen⯑hagen, April 18, 1772, for intriguing with their queen.
• Stucco work, an invention of the ancients, and brought to perfection by the Romans, revived, 1550.
• Sturgeon. The cuſtom of preſenting to the king ſuch as are caught in the Thames, is ſuppoſed to ariſe from its being a royal fiſh, and the Thames ſturgeon being the king's property.
• Style altered at Rome, by adding January and Febru⯑ary to the other ten months, and making the year conſiſt of 365 days, 709; again, by Auguſtus Caeſar's ordering leap-year to be but once in four years, and the month Sextilis to be called Au⯑guſtus, 8 before Chriſt; the year began to be reckoned from Lady-day, 1265; ſtyle altered again, at Rome, by taking 12 days off the calen⯑dar, 1582; the Gregorian ſtyle received at Paris, by taking off 10 days, Dec. 15, 1582; again, at London, by taking 11 days off the calendar, Sep⯑tember 2, 1752. The Ruſſians ſtill adhere to the Julian year. See the Preface.
• Succeſſion, The bill of, paſſed, that excludes Roman Catholicks from the throne, 1689; ſettled on the houſe of Hanover, June 12, 1700.
• Sudbury, archbiſhop of Canterbury, beheaded by the rebels on Tower-hill, June 14, 1381.
• Sudbury, Archdeaconry of, erected, about 1126.
• Suetonius, Paulinus, in the reign of Nero, invaded the iſle of Angleſea, the Mona of the Romans, and burnt the Druids, 59; defeated Boadicea, queen [249]of the Iceni, who headed the Britons, burnt Lon⯑don, then a flouriſhing Roman colony, and ſlew 70,000 Britons the ſame year. See Boadicea.
• Suevi, anciently the people of Luſace, in Upper Saxony; took the name of Viſigoths, on ſettling in Spain, to diſtinguiſh themſelves from the Oſtro⯑goths, eſtabliſhed in Italy, 419.
• Suffolk, Archdeaconry of, created, before 1127.
• Suffolk, Earldom of, created 1603. (name Howard.)
• Suffolk, William de la Pole, duke of, whoſe ſon was the firſt huſband of Henry VIIth's mother, mur⯑dered in his paſſage to France, for being an enemy to his country, May 2, 1450.
• Suffolk, Edm. de la Pole, nephew to Richard III. beheaded, 1513, for conſpiring againſt Henry VII.
• Suffolk, Duke of, father to lady Jane Grey, beheaded, for attempting to ſet his daughter on the throne, Feb. 17, 1554.
• Sugar was firſt diſcovered in the Eaſt Indies; no mention of it till 625; firſt [...]ought into Europe, about 1150; an attempt was made to grow it in Italy, but not ſucceeding, the Spaniards and Portu⯑gueſe carried it to America, about 1510; firſt re⯑ſined in England, 1659.
• Sumatra and Malacca diſcovered by the Portugueze, 1511; viſited by the Spaniards, 1521.
• Sun ſtood ſtill at the command of Joſhua, 1454 be⯑fore Chriſt; ſpots of, firſt diſcovered by Chriſto⯑pher Scheiner, 1611; total eclipſe of, April 22, 1715; a ſpot, more than thrice the earth's ſize, paſſed its centre, April 21, 1766.
• Sun-dials invented, 558; the firſt erected at Rome, when time was divided firſt into hours, 293 before Chriſt.
• Sundridge, Barony of, created 1766. (name Camp⯑bell.)
• Sun [...]fire-office firſt projected, 1707.
• Superior courts eſtabliſhed in France, Feb. 22, 1771.
• Superſtition triumphant through the whole Chriſ⯑tian world, about 1000.
• Supremacy. The firſt prince that ſhook off the yoke [250]of Rome, and ſettled the ſupremacy in himſelf was Henry VIII. 1533. See Oath.
• Surat, India, built, 1660; taken, 1759.
• Surgeons exempted from ſerving on juries, out of reſpect, 1513. This gave riſe to the opinion, that they were excepted againſt, on account of the barbarity of their profeſſion. See Barbers.
• Surinam an Engliſh ſettlement, from 1654; ex⯑changed with the Dutch for that of New-York, 1667.
• Surplice firſt worn by Pagan prieſts, brought into the church of Rome by pope Adrian, 796.
• Surry, Hen. Howard, earl of, beheaded on Tower⯑hill, Jan. 19, 1547, on a falſe charge of aſpiring to the crown; the duke of Norfolk, his father, was alſo condemned, but the death of Henry VIII. ſaved him.
• Suſſex, Earldom of, created 1717. (Yelverton.)
• Sutherland, Scots earldom of, created 1457. (name Sutherland.)
• Sutton-Colfield, Warwickſhire, chartered by Hen⯑ry VIII.
• Survey of England made, by order of Alfred; again, by William the Conqueror, 1080.
• Swanſea caſtle, Glamorganſhire, built, about 1113.
• Sweating ſickneſs, a native of Great Britain. It firſt began, 1485, in Henry VIIth's army, when he landed at Milford Haven. It raged in Lon⯑don from September 21 to the end of October. Happened again, 1506; again, ſo that in ſome towns half the people died; in others, a third, 1517, it carried off the patient in three hours; again, 1528, when people died in ſix hours; again, 1529; again, 1551.
• Sweden, anciently Scandinavia; kingdom of began, 481; united to the crown of Denmark and Norway in 1394, till 1525, when Guſtavus Vaſa expelled the Danes, and till which time the crown was elective; chriſtianity introduced there, 829; no nobility there before 1500; nobility maſſacred, Nov. 8, 1510; Lutheraniſm eſtabliſhed there by [251]Guſtavus Vaſa, about 1525, popery aboliſhed, and the crown declared hereditary, 1544; Chriſtina, queen of, born, 1626; began her reign, 1632; founded the order of Amarante, 1645; reſigned the crown, 1654; died at Rome, 1689; Charles XII. began his reign, 1700; king of, made pri⯑ſoner by the Turks at Bender, after three years protection there, 1713; conſpiracy for altering the government, when counts Brahe and Horne were beheaded, 1756; revolution in the government of, and made abſolute, Auguſt 13, 1772; order of Seraphims founded, 1334; of Brician, 1366; of Amarante, 1645. See Guſtavus Adolphus, Stock⯑holm.
• Sweyn, king or Denmark, invaded England, and drove Ethelred II. out, 1013; he was proclaimed king of England, but died Feb. 2, 1014, at Gainſborough, and was buried at York.
• Switzerland inhabited formerly by the Helvetii, who were ſubdued by Caefar, 57 before Chriſt; it re⯑mained ſubject to the Romans, till again conquered by the Al [...]mans from Germany, 395; theſe were driven out by Clovis I. of France, 496; became part of the kingdom of Burgundy, 888; given by the laſt king of Burgundy to the emperor of Ger⯑many, 1032, to which it belonged, till the Swiſs Cantons were formed, 1307; their form of govern⯑ment made perpetual by themſelves, 1315, and ratified by other powers, 1649; Swiſs ſoldiers firſt in the pay of France. 1480; order of the Bear founded, 1213; ſix of the Cantons are proteſtants, the reſt Roman catholicks. See Griſler.
• Swords conſecrated by Pope Sergius V. 1009. See Ruffs.
• Sybils, certain women, who foretold future events, flouriſhed, about 715 before Chriſt. See Oracles.
• Sydney college, Cambridge, founded by F. Sydney, counteſs of Suſſex, 1598. (13 fellows.)
• Sydney of Leix, Iriſh barony, created 1768. (name Coſby.)
• [252]Sympathetic powder, for ſtopping the blood, diſ⯑covered by Sir K. Digby. Vide Digby.
• Synagogue, The great, conſiſting of 120 elders, firſt appointed, at the return from the Babyloniſh captivity, 537 before Chriſt.
• Synod, The famous, when deputies were ſent from all the reformed churches in Europe to Dort, in Holland, to adjuſt the difference between the doctrines of Luther, Calvin, and Arminius, 1618.
• Syracuſe, The city of, founded by Archias, a de⯑ſcendant of Hercules, about 761; taken by Mar⯑cellus, 212 before Chriſt.
• Syria was a powerful nation, about 900, and con⯑tinued ſo, till the king of Aſſyria took Damaſcus, and made the people ſubject to his empire, 740; conquered by Alexander the Great, 322, and became again independent, about 312, till it was made a province of Rome by Pompey, 65 before Chriſt; conquered by the Saracens, 640; by the Turks, 1517.
• Syſigambis, mother of Darius, on hearing of the death of Alexander, ſtarved herſelf, 320 before Chriſt.

• TAAFFE of Corren, Iriſh viſcount, Title of, created, 1628. (name Taaffe.)
• Tabernacle of the Lord's ſupper, Feaſt of, inſtituted by Moſes at Shiloh, 1443 before Chriſt.
• Tail, Creating eſtates in, act paſſed for, 1279. See Eſtates.
• Tainiſtry and Gavelkind, Ireland, aboliſhed, 1604. By the cuſtom of gavelkind, upon the death of any one, his land was divided among all the males of his family, legitimate or not; and after partition made, if any of the family died, his portion was not ſhared out among his ſons, but the chieftain, or tainiſt, made a new partition at his diſcretion, of the lands of the deceaſed among the ſurviving [253]brothers. It was introduced into England in the time of the Saxons.
• Talbot, Earldom of, created 1761. (name Talbot.)
• Talent, The Euboic or Phcenician, was equal to about 400l. ſterling; the Egyptian, about 20l. ſterling.
• Tale-tellers, a ſpecies of poetical hiſtorians, in the North of Ireland, employed to lull people aſleep with romantic ſtories, ſuppoſed to deſcend from the Iriſh bards, who flouriſhed 558.
• Talmud, The, made, 117 before Chriſt.
• Tamoriſk plant brought firſt here from Germany by archbiſhop Grindal, 1560.
• Tamworth caſtle, Warwickſhire, built, 914; town chartered by queen Elizabeth.
• Tangiers given by Portugal to Charles II. as a dowry with the Infanta, 1662; deſtroyed, by order of Charles II. the expence being too great to keep it up, October, 1683. See Bombay.
• Tankerville, Earldom of, created 1714. (name Ben⯑net.)
• Tapeſtry invented by Sir Francis Crane, 1255; firſt manufactory of the kind here eſtabliſhed, 1620.
• Tara, The pſalter of, a regiſter eſtabliſhed in Ireland, 769 before Chriſt; wherein was recorded every event in the kingdom.
• Tartary. The firſt Cham was Jenghes Khan, 1206, whoſe deſcendants held the empire till 1582, when the Mungls revolted to the Manchew Tartars, in China. The Eluths became a ſeparate ſtate about 1400.
• Tar-water, Virtues of, firſt diſcoved by biſh [...]p Berkley, 1744.
• Taſman's voyage into the South Seas, performed, 1642.
• Tatien. See Abſtinents.
• Taunton, Somerſetſhire, Archdeaconry of, erected, 1106; precentorſhip ditto, 1135; Town charter given by Charles I; taken away and re-chartered by Charles II.
• Taviſtock-monaſtery built, 961.
• [254]Taxes, The origin of, is from thoſe levied by Solon at Athens, 540 before Chriſt. The firſt paid in money here were in 1067, though ſubſidies in kind continued till 1377. See Scutage.
• Tea firſt brought into Europe by the Dutch Eaſt⯑India company, early in the 17th century; a quan⯑tity of it brought from Holland by lord Arlington and lord Oſſory, 1666. It from this time became univerſal, and ſold for 60s. per lb. Americans re⯑fuſed to receive it with a duty on it, 1773, which occaſioned the civil war.
• Teleſcope invented by Zach. Janſen, a ſpectacle-ma⯑ker, at Middleburgh, 1590; the firſt reflecting one made on Newton's principles, 1692.
• Temeſwaer taken by the Imperialiſts, 1716.
• Tempeſt. See Rem. Occur. annis 1381, 1541, 1649, and Storm.
• Temple, Earldom of, created 1749. (name Tem⯑ple.)
• Temple, London, founded by the Knights Templars, 1185; church founded, 1185; preſent one built, 1240; Hall, middle Temple, rebuilt, 1572. See Inns of Court.
• Temples firſt erected to the gods by the Egyptians; the Chineſe have them at preſent, ſo have the people of Peru.
• Templetown, Iriſh barony, created 1776. (name Upton.)
• Tenby caſtle, Pembrokeſhire, built, 1079.
• Tenterden, Kent, chartered by queen Elizabeth.
• Terceras iſles diſcovered by the Spaniards, 1583.
• Terms and vacations in law introduced from Nor⯑mandy, 1079; the long vacation being adapted to the time of the vintage.
• Terra firma conquered by Spain, 1514.
• Teſt act paſſed againſt the Papiſts, (which obliges all perſons that hold offices under government to take the ſacrament, according to the church of England), and reſented by the duke of York, 1673.
• Teſtudo. See Battering Ram.
• [255]Teutones and Ambrones, 200,000 of them killed, and 80,000 taken priſoners by the Romans, under Marius, near Aiz, 100 before Chriſt. See Cimbri.
• Teutonic knights, in Germany, their order originated at Jeruſalem, 1099; was confirmed by Pope Ce⯑leſtin III. 1191.
• Tewkeſbury monaſtery built, 715.
• Teynham, Barony of, created 1616. (name Roper.)
• Thames roſe ſo high at Weſtminſter, that the law⯑yers were brought out of the hall in boats, 1235; again, 1736; conſervation of, given to the mayors of London, 1489; its channel was ſo ſhallow in the ſummer, that a man might ride over it near London bridge, 1592; made navigable to Oxford, 1624; ebbed and flowed twice in three hours, 1658; again, three times in four hours, March 22, 1682; again, twice in three hours, Nov. 24, 1777. See Tide, Tranſportation, Rem. Occur. anno 1113.
• Thane, a Scotch title, altered by Malcolm III. to that of earl, 1057.
• Thanet, Earldom of, created 1628. (name Tufton.)
• Thavies Inn, London, eſtabliſhed 1549. See Inns of Court.
• Theatins, their order founded, 1524; eſtabliſhed at Paris, 1644.
• Theatre; that of Bacchus at Athens, the firſt ever erected, built by Philos, 420 before Chriſt. The ruins ſtill exiſt.
  • The firſt royal licence for one here was to Shake⯑ſpere, &c. 1603, to act plays at the Globe, Bank⯑ſide, or in any part of England; but long before his time, miracles were repreſented in the open fields, where the devil appeared in perſon on the Stage, ſhearing the briſtles of hogs: thence the old proverb, "Great cry and little wool."
  • Plays were oppoſed by the Puritans, 1633, and ſuſpended till 1660, when Charles II. licenſed two companies, Killegrew's and Davenant's; the firſt at the Bull, Vere-ſtreet, Clare-market, which in a year or two was removed to Drury-lane, as now; [256]the other in Dorſet-gardens. Tiil this time, boys performed womens' parts.
  • Sir William Davenant introduced operas, and both companies united, 1684, and continued to⯑gether till 1694; when, from the reduced ſalaries given to the performers, the principal of them under Betterton obtained a licence, and withdrew to Lincoln's-inn theatre in the ſummer, 1695.
  • See Comedy, Tragedy, Playhouſe Bill.
• Theban war, 1225 before Chriſt.
• Thebes founded, 1571; citadel built by Cadmus, 1493; flouriſhed as a republic, 820; deſtroyed by Alexander, with the ſlaughter of 120,000 perſons, when he left only Pindar the poet's houſe ſtanding, 335; rebuilt by Caſſander, 315 before Chriſt.
• Theft, in the time of Homer, was rather an honour to a man's character; Lycurgus, in his body of laws, encouraged it; firſt made capital under Ed⯑mund the Saxon; confirmed by Henry I. See Hoſpitality.
• Theiſts, a ſect that came in with the Reſtoration (of which the king was one), and taught a union with all men who believed in one God, but who rejected public worſhip, &c. and declared, that this religion was older than that given by God to the Hebrews.
• Theobalds, king James's palace, near Waltham ab⯑bey, what remained of it, pulled down, 1763.
• Thermometers invented by Corn. Drebbel, a Hol⯑lander, 1620; improved by Reaumur, 1730; and ſince improved by Farenheit, a German.
• Thetford monaſtery founded, 1070; town incorpo⯑rated by queen Elizabeth.
• Thiſtle, Order of the, founded, 812; ribband ex⯑changed from blue to green, 1703.
• Thomas, St. Feaſt of, commenced, 1130.
• Thomond, Iriſh earldom of, created 1756. (name O'Brien.)
• Thoracic duct diſcovered in a horſe, by Euſtachius, 1563; in the human body, by Oliver Rudbeck, a Swediſh anatomiſt, Thomas Bartholine, of Co⯑penhagen, [257]and Dr. Joliffe, of England, 1653. Vide Lacteals.
• Thorn. Vide Proteſtants.
• Thornbury caſtle, Glouceſterſhire, built, before 1511; town chartered, 1670.
• Thorney abbey built, 970.
• Thornton college, Lincolnſhire, built, 1174.
• Thorp, ſpeaker of the Houſe of Commons, and lord Scales, governor of the Tower, murdered by the London mob, 1460, in the diſturbances reſpecting Henry VI.
• Thoulouſe, France, City of, founded, about 615 before Chriſt.
  • A dreadful tribunal eſtabliſhed there to extir⯑pate heretics, 1229; diſſolved, 1645.
  • The Troubadours, or Rhetoricians of, had their origin about 1150, and conſiſted of a fraternity of poets, whoſe art was extended throughout Europe, and gave riſe to the Italian and Spaniſh poetry. See Troubadours.
  • The flower ſports inſtituted, 1323.
  • See Rem. Occur. anno 1250.
• Thrace, a conſiderable part of ancient Greece, an⯑nexed to Macedon, by Philip and Alexander, about 355, till conquered by the Romans 168. Byzan⯑tium was its capital, on the ruins of which, Con⯑ſtantinople was built. Taken by the Turks, 1453.
• Throgmorton, Francis, executed, for conſpiring againſt queen Elizabeth, in favour of Mary, queen of Scots, 1583.
• Thurlow of Aſhfield, Barony of, created 1778. (name Thurlow.)
• Thurot, Captain, attempting to invade Ireland, killed by Capt. Elliot, Feb. 1760.
• Ticonderoga taken by the Engliſh, 1759.
• Tide ebbed and flowed three times in one hour at Lyme, in Dorſet, May 31, 1682. See Thames.
• Tides, Theory of, firſt given by Kepler, 1598.
• Tiles firſt uſed in England, 1246.
• Tilts and tournaments inſtituted by Henry I. of Germany, 919; forbidden by the council of [258]Rheims, 1131; in faſhion here in the 11th and 12th centuries; aboliſhed in France, 1560, Henry IId having been killed in one; and with theſe fell the ancient ſpirit of chivalry. See Juſts, Bull⯑fights.
• Time was anciently divided into three portions, "obſcure, fabulous, and hiſtorical." The firſt includes the ſpace from the creation to the deluge of Deucalion; profane hiſtory has no hiſtorian in that portion; the ſecond began with that deluge, and continued to the Olympiads; during which time, the hiſtory of events is very uncertain; the third portion took place with the Olympiads; firſt computed from the Chriſtian aera, 516; in hiſtory, 748. See Deluge, Olympiads, and the Preface.
• Tin mines firſt diſcovered in Germany, 1240; till then, thoſe in England were the only ones in Europe.
• Tindale, William, hanged at Augſburgh, for tranſ⯑lating the ſcriptures, 1536.
• Tintern abbey, Monmouthſhire, founded, 1131.
• Titchfield houſe, Hants, built in Hen. VIIIth's reign.
• Tithes given firſt by Moſes to the tribe of Levi, 1490 before Chriſt; eſtabliſhed in England by Ethelwolf, 844; eſtabliſhed in France under Charlemagne; eſtabliſhed by law, by the Lateran council, 1215. See Patronage.
• Tithing, a diſtrict inhabited by ten freeholders, who were reſponſible to the king for the conduct of any one among them, firſt ſettled by Alfred; the prin⯑cipal man in each tithing was called the headbo⯑rough; ten tithings formed a hundred. See Hundreds.
• Titles, Firſt creation to, by patents, 1344; titles royal, — the following is the ſucceſſion in which the royal titles ſwelled in England. Henry IV. had the title of "Grace" conferred on him; Henry VI. that of "Excellent Grace;" Edward IV. that of "High and Mighty Prince;" Henry VII. "Highneſs;" Henry VIII. "Majeſty" (and was the firſt and laſt that was ſtiled "Dread Sove⯑reign"); [259]and James I. that of "Sacred," or "Moſt Excellent Majeſty." That of "Majeſty" was firſt given to Louis XI. of France; before, it was the title only of Emperors: the kings of Ar⯑ragon, Caſtile, and Portugal had the title only of "Highneſs;" thoſe of England, "Your Grace;" theſe of France, "Your Deſpotiſm." See Majeſty.
• Tiverton caſtle, Devonſhire, built, 1110; town in⯑corporated, 1615; burnt, 1598; again, 1612; again, 1731, 200 houſes.
• Tobacco, Plant of, found by the Spaniards in the iſland of Jucatan, 1520; introduced into France, by Nicot, 1560; firſt brought into England, by Ralph Lane, 1583; planted in many parts of England, till prohibited by an act of Charles IId; allowed to be cultivated in Ireland, 1779.
• Tobago taken by the French, June 2, 1781.
• Tobit born, 749; cured by his ſon of blindneſs, 690; died, 645 before Chriſt.
• Toleration act paſſed, 1689, which exempts the diſ⯑ſenters from ſuffering the penalties of former acts. See Popery.
• Toll inſtituted in England for mending the highways, in Edward IIId's reign. See Turnpikes.
• Tonnage and poundage granted to the kings of Eng⯑land for life, 1465.
• Torphichen, Scots barony, created 1563. (name Sandilands.)
• Torrington, viſcount, Title of, created 1721. (name Byng.)
• Torrington, Devonſhire, incorporated by Mary I.
• Tory. See Whig.
• Torture was occaſionally uſed in England ſo late as 1558, and in Scotland till 1690; aboliſhed in Sweden, 1773. It is continued in moſt countries in Europe, except Pruſſia. See Aſcue Ann.
• Totton, Exon, Archdeaconry of, erected, before 1143.
• Tournaments. See Tilts, Juſts.
• Tourniquet, The, invented by one Morell, at the ſ [...]ge of Beſançon, 1674; Petit of France invented the ſcrew tourniquet. 1718.
• [260]Tower of London began to be built, 1078.
• Townſhend, viſcount, Title of, created 1682. (name Townſhend.)
• Tracton of Tracton abbey, Iriſh barony, created 1780. (name Dennis.)
• Tracy of Rathccole, Iriſh viſcount, Title of, created 1624. (name Tracy.)
• Trade and plantation office formed, Nov. 7, 1660.
• Tragedy, Firſt, acted at Athens on a waggon, by Theſpis, 535 before Chriſt.
• Trajan's pillar ſet up at Rome, 114.
• Transfiguration, Feſtival of, firſt obſerved, 700.
• Transfuſion of blood firſt practiſed in France, by drinking it, 1483; the idea of conveying it into the blood by the veins, communicated by Wreen, an Oxonian, 1659; firſt tried at Paris, 1667, but ſoon after exploded.
• Tranſportation firſt inflicted as a puniſhment by 39th Elizabeth, c. 4. Before this act paſſed, execu⯑tions were very numerous. Hollingſhed ſays, that 72,000 criminals were executed in Henry VIIIth's reign. The act paſſed to make felons work on the Thames, 1776.
• Tranſubſtantiation introduced as an article of faith, about 840; oppoſed by the Engliſh church, about 1000.
• Tranſylvania given to the houſe of Auſtria, 1699.
• Traquair, Scots earldom of, created 1633. (name Stewart.)
• Treaſon puniſhed in England, by baniſhment only, till after Henry I.
• Treaties, Commercial, the firſt made by England with any foreign nation, was with the Flemings, 1272; the ſecond, with Portugal and Spain, 13 [...]8.
• Tregoney, Cornwall, incorporated, 1620.
• Trematon caſtle, Cornwall, built, before 1066.
• Treſilian, Sir R. chief juſtice, and others, hanged at Tyburn, 1388, for giving the king advice contrary to the opinion of the Glouceſter Faction.
• Tribunes of the people, Two, inſtituted at Rome, [261]495; military ones, with conſular power, created, 445 before Chriſt. See Rome.
• Tribute of wolves heads paid in England, 971; paid by the Engliſh to the Danes in one year 48,000l. 979. See Edgar.
• Trinidad diſcovered, 1498; taken by Sir Walter Raleigh, 1595; by the French, 1676.
• Trinitarians, Order of, inſtituted, 1198.
• Trinitarians, Barefooted, in Spain, inſtituted, 1594.
• Trinity, The word, firſt applied to the perſons of the Godhead, by Theophilus, of Antioch, about 150.
• Trinity college, Cambridge, founded by Henry VIII. 1546. (60 fellows.)
• Trinity college, Oxford, founded by Sir Thomas Pope, 1555. (12 fellows.)
• Trinity hall, Cambridge, founded by the biſhop of Norwich, 1350. (12 fellows.)
• Trinity houſe, London, founded by Sir Thomas Spert, 1515; incorporated by Henry VIII; con⯑firmed, 1685.
• Trinity Sunday, Feaſt of, inſtituted by Pope Gre⯑gory IV. about 828; appointed to be held on the preſent day, by John, 1334.
• Tripoli and Tunis were formerly the republic of Carthage. Carthage ſtood nearly where Tunis ſtand now. Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli are called the piratical ſtates of Barbary. Tunis is ſubject to Morocco; the other two, to the Turks.
• Tritheites, a ſect who believed three Gods, aroſe under Philoponos, 560.
• Trojan war commenced, 1193 before Chriſt. See Helen.
• Troops, Diſciplined, firſt mentioned to be kept in Edgar's reign. See Yeomen.
• Troubadours (i. e. inventors), poets that inhabited the ſouthern parts of France, in the 12th and 13th centuries. See Thoulouſe, Jongleurs.
• Troy, Kingdom of, began by Scamander, from Crete, 1546; city built, 1255; burnt, June 11, 1184 before Chriſt, when an end was put to the kingdom.
• [262]Trumpets firſt ſounded before Engliſh kings, by order of Offa, 790; ſpeaking ditto invented by Kir⯑chier, a Jeſuit, 1652.
• Tuam. See Armagh.
• Tulip roots firſt brought into England, from Vienna, 1578.
• Tunbridge caſtle, built, 1090; priory built, 1094.
• Tunis beſieged by Louis IX. of France, 1270. It remained under African kings, till taken by Bar⯑baroſſa, under Solyman the Magnificent: Barba⯑roſſa expelled by Charles V. but it was recovered by the Turks, under Selim II. ſince which, it has been tributary to the Grand Signior; taken, with great ſlaughter, by the emperor Charles V. when 10,000 chriſtian ſlaves were ſet at liberty, 1535; the Dey of, firſt appointed, 1570. See Tripoli.
• Tupholme priory, near Lincoln, built, 1160.
• Turkey company incorporated, 1579. This com⯑pany aroſe out of the ruins of the Barbary mer⯑chants, who were incorporated by Henry VII. It firſt traded with Venice; then with Turkey; fur⯑niſhing England that way with Eaſt India com⯑modities. Vide Levant.
• Turkeys and Guinea fowls, brought into England, 1524.
• Turkiſh empire, Foundation of, began, about 998; Ottoman was the firſt emperor at Conſtantinople, 1268.
• Turks, a nation of adventurers from Tartary, took Perſia, 1065; firſt entered Europe, 1352. See Bithynia.
• Turnpikes, or toll-gates, firſt in England, 1350. See Toll.
• Tuſcan war commenced with the Romans, 312 before Chriſt.
• Tuſcany, the ancient ſeat of the Etruſcans, belonged to Germany, till 1240; order of St. Stephen in⯑ſtituted by the firſt duke, 1561; title of Grand Duke conferred by Pope Pius V. 1570.
• Tutbury, Staffordſhire, Bull-running at, inſtituted, about 1374.
• [263]Tuxford, Nottinghamſhire, burnt down, 1702.
• Tweedale, Scots marquiſate of, created 1694. (Hay.)
• Tychfield abbey, Hants, built, 1232.
• Tyler, Wat (a fellow who took that name, and headed an inſurrection), killed in Smithfield, while in conference with the king, by Walworth, mayor of London, 1381. See Rebellion, Penal Laws.
• Tylney, of Caſtlemaine, Iriſh earldom of, created 1731. (name Tylney.)
• Tynemouth priory and caſtle, Northumberland, ſtanding, 700.
• Tyrawley, Iriſh barony of, created 1706. (O'Hara.)
• Tyrconnel, Iriſh earldom of, created 1761. (name Carpenter.)
• Tyre rebuilt under Ninus; taken by Nebuchad⯑nezzar, after a ſiege of 13 years; God gave him Egypt for his wages, 572; it became ſubject to the Romans, 64 before Chriſt, but is now in poſ⯑ſeſſion of the Turks. Vide Aſſyria.
• Tyrone, Iriſh earldom of, created 1746. (Beresford.)

• UBIANS, The, were allies of the Romans, and in the reign of Tiberius XIV. inhabited the country, now the electorate of Cologne.
• Ubiquarians, a ſect, that believe the body of Chriſt to be every where, aroſe under Brentius, 1540.
• Ulverſcroft priory, Leiceſterſhire, built, 1167.
• Unction, Extreme, practiſed in the firſt century, be⯑came general, 450.
• Uniformity, Act of, took place, 1662, which obliges all the clergy to ſubſcribe the 39 articles, and uſe the ſame form of worſhip.
• Uniforms, Military, the firſt introduced in France, by Louis XIV.
• Union fire-office eſtabliſhed, 1715.
• Union of the two kingdoms, England and Scotland, attempted, 1604; again, 1670; took place, May 1, 1707, and the iſland called Great-Britain.
• [264]Unitarians, who denied the Trinity, and conceived Chriſt to be a mere man, aroſe under Servetus, 1553.
• United Provinces were formerly ſubject to Spain, whoſe yoke they ſhook off, 1579, and became a republic; acknowledged independent, 1609. There is no power here to pardon, if there be no Stadt⯑holder. See Indies, Philip II. Egmont.
• Univerſity college, Oxford, founded by king Alfred, 872. (12 fellows.)
• Univerſities allowed to ſend members to parliament, by James I. (See Degrees.) The ſeveral in Eu⯑rope founded, as follow:
  • Aberdeen, Scotland, 1477.
  • Alba Julia, Tranſylvania, 1629.
  • Altorf, Franconia, 1581.
  • Andrews, St. Scotland, 1411.
  • Anjou, 1349.
  • Avignon, France, 1388.
  • Baſle, Switzerland, 1459.
  • Beſançon, France, 1564.
  • Bolog [...]a, Italy, 423.
  • Bourges, France, 1464.
  • Caduris, France, 1320.
  • Caen, ditto, 1452.
  • Cambridge, 915.
  • Cambridge, New Eng⯑land, projected, 1630.
  • Cologn, Germany, 1389.
  • Compoſtella, Spain, 1517.
  • Conimbria, Portugal, 1306.
  • Conſtantinople, 425.
  • Copenhagen, 1497.
  • Cordova, Spain, 968.
  • Cracow, Poland, 700; enlarged, 1402.
  • Dijon, France, 1722.
  • Dillingen, Swabia, 1564.
  • Dola, France, 1426.
  • Douay, ditto, 1562.
  • Dreſden, Saxony, 1694.
  • Dublin, 1591.
  • Edinburgh, 1580.
  • Erfurt, Thuringia, 1392.
  • Evora, Portugal, 1451.
  • Ferrara, Italy, 1316.
  • Florence, ditto, 1438.
  • Francker, Frieſland, 1585.
  • Francfort on Oder, 1506.
  • Friberg, Germany, 1460.
  • Geneva, 1365.
  • Glaſgow, Scotland, 1450.
  • Gottingen, Hanover, 1734.
  • Grenada, Spain, 15 [...]7.
  • Gripſwald, 1547.
  • Groningen, Holland, 1614.
  • Heidelburg, Germany, 1346.
  • Helmſtadt, Brunſw. Wolf. 157.
  • Jena, Thuringia, 1548.
  • Ingoldſtadt, Bavaria, 1573
  • Koningſburg, Pruſſia, 1544
  • [265]Leyden, Holland, 1575.
  • Leipſic, Saxony, 1409.
  • Louvain, Flanders, 926; enlarged, 1427.
  • Lyons, 830.
  • Marpurg, Heſſe Caſſel, 1526.
  • Mechlin, Flanders, 1440.
  • Mentz, 1482.
  • Montpelier, 1196.
  • Moſcow, 1754.
  • Munſter, 1491.
  • Naples, 1216.
  • Orleans, France, 1312.
  • Oxford, 886.
  • Paderborn, 1617.
  • Padua, Italy, 1221.
  • Papia, 791; enlarged, 1361.
  • Paris, 792.
  • Peruſia, Italy, 1290.
  • Peterſburgh, 1747.
  • Piſa, Italy, 1339; en⯑larged, 1542.
  • Poictiers, France, 1430.
  • Prague, Bohemia, 1361.
  • Regmont, Pruſſia, 1544.
  • Rheims, France, 1145; enlarged, 1560.
  • Roſtoc, Mecklenberg, 1419.
  • Salamanca, Spain, 1249.
  • Saragoſſa, Arragon, 1474.
  • Seville, Spain, 1517.
  • Straſburg, Germany, 1538
  • Thoulouſe, France, 809.
  • Toledo, Spain, 1518.
  • Tubingen, Wirtemberg, 1477.
  • Turin, 1412.
  • Valence, Dauphiny, 1475
  • Venice, 1592.
  • Vienna, 1236.
  • Upſal, Sweden, 1477.
  • Utrecht, Holland, 1636.
  • Wittemburg, Saxony 1502
  • Wurtſburg, Franconia, 1403.
• Urine, The inhabitants of London, &c. commanded by proclamation, to preſerve it throughout the year, for the purpoſe of making ſaltpetre, 1626.
• Urſulins, an order of nuns, eſtabliſhed, 1198.

• VAILS to ſervants aboliſhed among people of faſhion, 1764.
• Valencia conquered by the Moors, under Abdallah Ciz, and loſt by them, 1094; [...]elinquiſhed to the Moors again, by the king of Caſtile; ſoon after taken again, by James I. of Arragon, 1238; and, with Arragon, united in Spain, 1492. See Spain.
• Valentia, Iriſh viſcount, Title of, created 1621. (name Anneſley.)
• [266]Valet was a term anciently applied to the king's eldeſt ſon. Hence the valet, or knave, follows the king and queen in a pack of cards.
• Valle Crucis abbey, Denbighſhire, built, 1200.
• Vandals, The, inhabited Germany, and embraced chriſtianity, 400; began their kingdom in Spain, 411; invaded and conquered the Roman terri⯑tories in Africa, under Genſeric, 430; ſacked and pillaged Rome, June 15, 455.
• Vane, Sir Henry, beheaded, for taking a lead in the republican parties in the civil wars, June 14, 1662. He was the laſt who ſuffered in this cauſe.
• Vane, Iriſh viſcount, Title of, created 1720. (name Vane.)
• Vegetables were imported from the Netherlands, about 1509, there being no kitchen-gardens in England. Before this time, ſugar was eaten with meat, to correct its putreſcency.
• Venables's expedition to America, Dec. 4, 1654.
• Venality. The ſuffrages of parliament do not appear to have been influenced by ſecret penſions, till the reign of Charles II.
• Venereal diſeaſe, The, was firſt brought from Ame⯑rica into Spain, in the fleet of Columbus; it was thence carried to Italy, and broke out in the French army, in Naples, 1493; others ſay, it is of older date, and was known by another name.
• Venice. The firſt inhabitants of this country were the Veneti; conquered by the Gauls, and made a kingdom, about 356; conquered for the Romans by Marcellus, 221 before Chriſt. The iſlands, on which the city ſtands, began to be inhabited by Italians, about 421; the firſt houſe was erected on the moraſs, by Entinopus, who fled from the Goths; the people of Padua took refuge there alſo, and were aſſiſted by Entinopus in building the 80 houſes, which formed the firſt city, 413; firſt governed by a Doge, 697; but its republic was not independent till 803; reduced to aſhes, 1101; nearly deſtroyed by the league of Cambray, 1509; the conſpiracy on which Otway's play is founded, [267]1618; its univerſity founded, 1592; order of St. Mark founded, 830; revived, 1562; of Calza, inſtituted, 1368; reſtored, 1562. See Alexander III.
• Venner, a wine-cooper, ringleader of the enthuſiaſts, called the 5th monarchy-men, in the Interregnum, executed, with others, Jan. 20, 1661.
• Ventilators invented by the Rev. Dr. Hales. See Hales, Vol II.
• Venus, her tranſit over the ſun, June 3, 1769.
• Vere, Barony of, created 1730. (name Beauclerk.)
• Verney, Iriſh earldom of, created 1742. (name Verney.)
• Vernon of Kinderton, Barony of, created 1762. (name Vernon.)
• Verſailles, Palace of, finiſhed, 1687.
• Veſpers, Sicilian, when the people of Sicily maſſacred all the French throughout the iſland, on Eaſter-day, 1282; the firſt bell at Veſpers being the ſignal.
• — Fatal one at Blackfriars, London, Oct. 16, 1623; when 100 perſons were killed, at the houſe of the French ambaſſador, by the floor of a room giving way where a Jeſuit was preaching.
• Veſtments, worn at the altar, adopted by pope Stephen I. 257.
• Veſuvius, Eruptions of, 79; 203; 272; ejected flames that were ſeen at Conſtantionople, they ob⯑ſcured the ſun at noon day, and ravaged all Cam⯑pania, 472; 512; 685; 993; 1036; 1043; 1048; 1136; 1506; (1538, that at Puzzole); 4000 perſons loſt their lives, and a large tract of land deſtroyed, 1631; 1660; 1682; 1694; 1701; 1704; 1712; 1717; 1730; 1737; 1751; 1754; 1760; 1766; 1767; 1770; 1771; 1779.
• Victory ſhip of war. See Balchen.
• Victualling office inſtituted, Dec. 10, 1663.
• Vienna beſieged by the Turks, July, 1683.
• Vigo, Galleons, taken by the Engliſh, Oct. 12, 1702.
• Villenage commenced ſoon after the conqueſt, when all who came over with William I. were rewarded according to their deſerts. To honourable men he gave lordſhips, manors, lands, &c. and all the inhabitants there dwelling, whoſe property was [268]thenceforth at the will of the lord, and they were called his bondmen; hence the riſe of manors. For certain indulgences from the lord, certain quit-rents, heriots, fines, &c. were paid; hence the riſe of copyhold tenures, viz. holding eſtates by a copy only of the lord's Court-roll; ſuch eſtates as the lord thought proper to make free, were named Freeholds. In 1574, queen Elizabeth commiſſioned lord Burleigh and ſir Walter Mildmay to enquire into the property of her bondmen in Cornwall, Devon, Somerſetſhire, and Giouceſterſhire, and made ſuch as were born bondmen compound for their freedom. See Feudal Law.
• Vincent, St. taken by the French, 1779.
• Vines grew wild in Sicily in Homer's time.
• Violins not known in England till Charles IId's time. There were fiddles before; of courſe, fidlers were not violin players.
• Virginia diſcovered by Cabot, 1497; firſt ſettle⯑ment, 1585; ſecond, 1587; third, broke up, 1589; two colonies ſettled by patent, 1606; planted, 1608; ſecond charter, 1610; third, 1612; re⯑verted to the crown, 1626. This was the firſt Britiſh ſettlement in North America. See America.
• Virginius killed his daughter, that ſhe might not fall a ſacrifice to the luſt of Claudius, 449 before Chriſt.
• Viſcount, Title of, firſt given in England to John Beaumont, by Henry VI. 1440; but of older date in Ireland and France.
• Viſigoths. See Suevi.
• Viſion, True theory of, firſt given by Kepler.
• Volſci, The, after a war of 70 years, were obliged by Camillus to ſubmit to the Romans, 389 before Chriſt.
• Vortigern made king of Britain, 447; forced to make his ſon Vortimer a partner in his government, 455; Vortimer died, 475; Vortigern depoſed by Ambroſius, 475; burnt, with his queen, in a caſtle in Wales, 485.
• Vortimer. See Vortigern.
• Votes of the Houſe of Commons firſt printed, 1681.
• [269]Vulgate edition of the bible diſcovered, 218. See Bible.

• WADHAM college, Oxford, founded by N. Wadham, Eſq. 1613. (15 fellows.)
• Wakes, or vigils, were inſtituted as feſtivals on the days of dedication of the churches, or on thoſe ſaints' days to whom the buildings were devoted, and commenced on the evenings preceding thoſe days. The firſt inſtitution was religious, but now is degenerated into a day of feſtivity. See Fairs.
• Waldgrave, Earldom of, created 1729. (Waldgrave.)
• Wales. The firſt king was Edwall, 690; conquered and divided by William I. among the conquerors 1091; Griffith, the laſt king, died, 1137; the ſovereign, from that time, was a prince only, Owen was the firſt, 1137; completely conquered and an⯑nexed to the crown of England, 1283; an act paſſed, to admit it to a communication of our laws, and to enable it to ſend members to parlia⯑ment, 1535; it ſent 100. See Lewellin, Edward II. England, Copyholds, Marches.
• Wallace, Sir William, regent of Scotland, hanged and quartered, as a traitor to Edward I. 1305.
• Wallingford, Berks, incorporated by James I. The caſtle had a collegiate church, which was diſſolved in 1549.
• Wallis, Capt, ſet ſail to go round the world, July 26, 1766; returned, May 20, 1768.
• Walls. One built by Adrian, between Newcaſtle and Carliſle, 121; one under Antoninus, between Clyde and Forth, 138; one by Severus, where Adrian's was, 210; one by Probus, 200 miles long, from the Rhine to the Danube, 276; one by Carauſius, between Clyde and Forth, in Scot⯑land, 290; one by Theodoſius, in the ſame place, 36 [...]; one with ſtone, between Tinmouth and Sol⯑way [270]Frith, 426. Theſe walls were built to defend the Roman colonies from the Caledonians.
• Walmer caſtle, Kent, built, 1539.
• Walpole of Woolterton, Barony of, created 1756. (name Walpole.)
• Walfingham, Barony of, created 1780. (name De Grey.)
• Walfingham priory, Norfolk, built, 1070.
• Waltham, Iriſh barony, created 1762. (name Ol⯑mius.)
• Waltham High Croſs monaſtery built, 1025.
• Waltham, Hants, Biſhop's houſe, built, long before 1404; demoliſhed in the civil wars.
• Walton bridge, built by Samuel Dicker, Eſq. 1750.
• Wandesford, Iriſh earldom of, created 1758. (name Wandesford.)
• Wapentakes, a Northern name for hundreds (which ſee.)
• War, Civil, between the emperors Conſtantine the Great and Maxentius, 312; Philips's war with the Indians, North America, 1675; no war between England and Denmark ſince their invaſion, in the time of the Saxons.
• War, among many others, with Scotland, 1068.
• Peace with ditto, 1091.
• — with France, 1113.
• War with France, 1116.
• Peace with ditto, 1118.
• — with Scotland, 1139.
• War with France, 1161.
• Peace with France, 1186.
• War with France, with ſucceſs, 1194.
• Peace with ditto, 1195.
• War with France, 1201.
• — ended, 1216.
• — with ditto, 1224.
• War ended, 1243.
• — with France, 1294.
• — with Scotland, 1296.
• Peace with France, 1299.
• — with Scotland, Mar. 30, 1323.
• War with Scotland, 1327.
• — ended, 1328.
• — with Scotland, 1333.
• — with France, 1339.
• Peace with France, May 8, 1360.
• War with France, 1368.
• — with Scotland, 1400.
• Peace with France, May 31, 1420.
• War with France, 1422.
• [271]Peace with France, Oct. 1471.
• War with France, Oct. 6, 1492.
• Peace with ditto, Nov. 3, 1492.
• — with Scotland, 1502.
• War with France, Feb. 4. 1512.
• — with Scotland, 1513.
• Peace with France, Aug. 7, 1514.
• War with ditto, 1522.
• — with Scotland, 1522.
• Peace with France, 1527.
• — with Scotland, 1542.
• War with Scotland direct⯑ly after.
• Peace with France and Scotland, June 7, 1546.
• War with Scotland, 1547.
• — with France, 1549.
• Peace with both, Mar. 6, 1550.
• War with France, June 7, 1557.
• — with Scotland, 1557.
• Peace with France, April 2, 1559.
• — with Scotland, 1560.
• War with France, 1562.
• Peace with ditto, 1564.
• War with Scotland, 1570.
• — with Spain, 1588.
• Peace with Spain, Aug. 18, 1604.
• War with Spain, 1624.
• — with France, 1627.
• Peace with Spain and France, April 14, 1629.
• War with the Dutch, 1651.
• Peace with ditto, Apr. 5, 1654.
• War with Spain, 1655.
• Peace with ditto, Sept. 10, 1660.
• War with France, Jan. 26, 1666.
• — with Denmark, Oct. 19 following.
• Peace of Breda with the French, Danes, and Dutch, Auguſt 24, 1667.
• — with Spain, Feb. 13, 1668.
• War with the Algerines, Sept. 6, 1669.
• Peace with ditto, Nov. 19, 1671.
• War with the Dutch, Mar. 1672.
• Peace with the Dutch, Feb. 28, 1674.
• War with France, May 7, 1689.
• Peace of Ryſwick, Ge⯑neral, Sep. 20, 1697.
• War with France, May 4, 1702.
• Peace of Utrecht, July 13, 1713.
• War with Spain, Dec. 1718.
• Peace with ditto, 1721.
• [272]War with Spain, Oct. 19, 1739.
• — with France, Mar. 31, 1744.
• Peace with France, &c. Oct 18, 1748.
• War with France, 1756.
• — with Spain, Jan. 4, 1762.
• Peace with France and Spain, Feb. 10, 1763.
• War with France, 1778.
• — with Spain, 1779.
• — with Holland, Dec. 21, 1780.
• See Rebellion.
• Warbeck, Perkin, the ſon of a renegado Jew, to whom Edward IV. had ſtood godfather, was per⯑ſuaded by Margaret, ducheſs of Burgundy, ſiſter to Richard III. to perſonate her nephew Richard, Edward Vth's brother, which he did firſt in Ire⯑land, where he landed, 1492; the impoſture diſ⯑covered by Henry VII. 1493; made an attempt to land in Kent with 600 men, when 150 were taken priſoners, and executed, 1495; recommended by the king of France to James IV. of Scotland, who gave him his kinſwoman, lord Huntley's daughter, in marriage, the ſame year; James IV. invaded England in his favour, 14 [...]6; left Scotland, and went to Bodmin, in Cornwall, where 3000 joined him, and he took the title of Richard IV. 1497; taken priſoner by Henry VII. 1498; ſet in the ſtocks at Weſtminſter and Cheapſide, and ſent to the Tower, 1499; plotted with the earl of War⯑wick to eſcape out of the Tower, by murdering the lieutenant, for which he was hanged at Tyburn, 1499. See Henry VII; Warwick, earl of.
• Ward. See Dudley.
• Ward, John, Eſq. expelled the Houſe of Commons, for forgery, May 16, 1726.
• Wardrobe, Great, eſtabliſhed, 1485.
• Wareham, Dorſet, Dreadful fire at (130 houſes burnt), July 26, 1762.
• Warrants, General, declared illegal, Oct. 21, 1765.
• Warreſton, Laird, hanged at Edinburgh, July 24, 1663.
• Warwick, Earldom of, created 1746. (name Greville.)
• Warwick, Earl of, made ſole governor of king Henry VI. 1427; died, 1440.
• [273]Warwick, Richard Neville, earl of, called the King⯑maker, conſpired againſt Edward IV. 1466; ſlain at the battle of Barnet.
• Warwick, Edward Plantagenet (the laſt of the name and houſe of York), earl of, ſon to the duke of Clarence, and nephew to Richard III. beheaded on Tower-hill, for pl [...]tting, as was ſaid, with Warbeck, to eſcape out of the Tower, Nov. 21, 1499. See Warbeck.
• Warwick, Guy, earl of, the romance compoſed after the Cruſades, to which it alluded.
• Warwick, ſuppoſed to be founded about 20, caſtle built, before 91 [...]; city burnt, 1694.
• Waſhington, General, made, by the Congreſs, dictator of the American colonies, 1777.
• Watches are ſuppoſed to be invented by Peter Hele, at Nuremberg. 1490; though Robert king of Scotland had one, about 1310; this is in the poſſeſſion of George III. firſt uſed in aſtronomical obſervations by Purbach, 1500; firſt brought into England from Germany, 1597; in Lever's mu⯑ſeum there is one dated 1541; with pendulums, invented by Hugens, of Zulichem, 1657; ſpring pocket watches, the invention of Hooke, 1658; repeaters invented, 1676. See Clocks.
• Water conveyed to London, by leaden pipes, after 50 years labour, 1285. See New River.
• Waterford, Ireland, built, 1162; beſieged, Auguſt, 1171; incorporated, 1463.
• Waterford, Iriſh earldom of, created 1661. (Talbot.)
• Watermills to grind corn, invented by Belliſarius, 529.
• Waverley abbey, Surry, built, 1128.
• We, uſed by kings. See Plural Number.
• Weavers, Spitalfields, A riſing of the, May, 1765.
• Weights and meaſures invented by Phydon, tyrant of Argos, 894 before Chriſt; fixed in England, 1257. Weights originally taken from grains of wheat, the loweſt of which is called, "a grain."
• Welles of Dungannon, Iriſh barony, created 1780. (name Knox.)
• Welles, Sir Robert, beheaded, for taking arms againſt Edward IV. March, 1470.
• [274]Wellingborough, Northamptonſhire, 800 houſes burnt, July 28, 1738.
• Wells cathedral built, 704; biſhopric erected, 905; archdeaconry, ditto, 1106; deanery, chancellor⯑ſhip, ſub-deanery, and treaſurerſhip erected, 1135. See Bath.
• Wenlock monaſtery, Salop, founded, 680; abbey built, 1081.
• Wenman of Tuam, Iriſh viſcount, Title of, created 1628. (name Wenman.)
• Wentworth, viſcount, Title of, created 1762. (Noel.)
• Weſt Cowes caſtle built, about 1539.
• Weſt Indies diſcovered by Columbus; St. Salvador was the firſt land he made, Oct. 11, 1492.
• Weſt Loo, Cornwall, incorporated, 1574.
• Weſt Malling abbey, Kent, founded, 1090.
• Weſtbury, Wilts, chartered by Henry IV.
• Weſtcote of Balamare, Iriſh barony, created 1776. (name Lyttelton.)
• Weſtenhanger-houſe, Kent, built, before 1246.
• Weſtham abbey, Eſſex, founded, 1134; water works company chartered, 21 George II.
• Weſtmeath, Iriſh earldom of, created 1621. (name Nugent.)
• Weſtminſter made a biſhopric, by Henry VIII. 1541. It continued only nine years.
• Weſtminſter abbey built by Sebert, king of Eſſex, on the ſpot where the temple of Apollo had once ſtood, about 600; its monaſtery conſecrated by Edward the Confeſſor, 1065; rebuilt and conſe⯑created, 1269; turned into a collegiate church, 1560. See Weſtminſter.
• Weſtminſter bridge begun, Jan. 1739; opened, No⯑vember 17, 17 [...]0; coſt 389,500l.
• Weſtminſter fire-office erected, 1717.
• Weſtminſter hall built, about 1098; courts of law eſtabliſhed there by king John; rebuilt, 1399.
• Weſtminſter ſchool founded, 1070; again, by queen Elizabeth, 1560.
• Weſtmorland, Earldom of, created 1624. (Fane.)
• Wetherhall priory, Cumberland, built, 1086.
• Weymouth caſtle built, by Henry VIII. about 1539.
• [275]Weymouth, viſcount, Title of, created 1682. (name Thynne.)
• Whale fiſhery carried on for the oil only, 1578, the uſe of whale-bone not being then known; taken up by the Engliſh, 1598. See Greenland.
• Whalley abbey, Lancaſhire, built, 1187.
• Wheels, Duty laid on, March 25, 1747; increaſed, 1776.
• Whig and Tory, The epoch of, 1680. The firſt was a name of reproach given by the court party to their antagoniſts for reſembling the principles of the Whigs, or fanatical conventiclers in Scotland; and the other was given by the country party to that of the court, comparing them to the Tories, or Popiſh robbers in Ireland. See Parliament.
• Whirlwind. One known by the term Typhones, paſſed down Aſhley river, South Carolina, and fell on the ſhipping in Rebellion-road with ſuch fury, as to lay bare the channel of the river, fink five veſſels, and damage many others, May 4, 1774.
• Whitby monaſtery, in Yorkſhire, founded, 1075. The cuſtom of ſetting a hedge in the river on Aſcenſion eve had its origin, 1159; certain abbey lands are there held by this, it being enjoined by the monk of Whitby, as a penance on three per⯑ſons who occaſioned his death, by wounding him.
• Whitehall palace, great part burnt, April, 1690; totally conſumed, Jan. 5, 1698.
• Whitehall preachers appointed, March, 1724.
• Whitſunday. See Pentecoſt.
• Wight, Iſle of, conquered by Veſpaſian, 23; taken by the French, July 13, 1377.
• Wigmore caſtle, Herefordſhire, built, 1074.
• Wigton, Scots earldom of, created 1605. (Fleming.)
• Wildfire invented by Callinicus, a Greek, 680; gun⯑powder was not then part of its compoſition.
• William I. natural ſon of Richard, duke of Nor⯑mandy, by a tanner's daughter of Falaiſe, became duke of Normandy, and was promiſed by Edw. The Confeſſor to be appointed, in his will, ſucceſſor to the crown of Engl. 1051; claimed the crown of Harold after Edward's death, who refuſed it, 1066; in⯑vaded [276]England at Pevenſe [...], Suſſex, with a large army, Oct. 1066; flew Harold, and conquered this kingdom at the battle of Haſtings: Edgar Atheling, nephew to Edward the Confeſſor, the only their to the crown, reſigned it to him, Decem⯑ber following, and he was crowned Dec. 25; re⯑turned to Normandy, but haſtened back to Eng⯑land, December, 1067; crowned his wife Matil⯑da, 1068; invaded Scotland, 1072; ſubverted the Engliſh conſtitution, 1074; wounded by his rebel ſon, Robert, at Gerberot, in Normandy, 1079; buried his queen, 1083; invaded France, 1088; ſoon after this, he fell from his horſe, and con⯑tracted a rupture, of which he died, at Hermentrude near Roan, Sept. 1088, aged 63; was buried at Caen, and ſucceeded in Normandy by his eldeſt ſon, Robert, and in England by his ſecond ſon, William II. See Robert, duke of Normandy.
• William II. called Ruſus, from his red hair, ſecond ſon of William I. ſucceeded his father, and crowned Sept. 27, 1088; invaded Normandy, with ſucceſs, 1090; ſubdued Wales, 1093; killed with an arrow accidentally by Sir Walter Tyrrel, as he was hunting in the new foreſt, Auguſt, 1100, aged 40; buried at Winton, and ſucceeded by his brother, Henry I. See Robert, duke of Nor⯑mandy.
• William III. crowned with his queen, April 11, 1689; landed at Carrickfergus to oppoſe king James, June 14, 1690; wounded in the ſhoulder, while reconnoitring the enemy at the Boyne; de⯑feated K. James at the battle of the Boyne; returned to England, Sept. 6, 1690; plot laid for aſſaſſinat⯑ing him, Feb. 1696; fell from his horſe, and broke his collar bone, Feb. 21; 1702; died Mar. 8, aged 51; buried April 12 following, and was ſucceeded by his wife's ſiſter, Anne. See Orange, Prince of; Mary, Queen.
• Willoughby de Broke, Barony of, created 1492. (name Verney.)
• Willoughby of Ereſby, Barony of, created 1780. (name Burrell.)
• [277]Willoughby of Parham, Barony of, created 1546. (name Willoughby.)
• Wills are of very high antiquity (ſee Geneſis, c. 48); Solon introduced them at Athens (ſee Solon). There are many regulations reſpecting wills in the Koran; the Romans had this power, ſo had the native Mexicans, of courſe, it prevailed at leaſt in three parts of the globe; lands were deviſable by will before the Conqueſt; privilege of making wills, granted by Henry I. in 1100.
• Winchcomb monaſtery, Glouceſterſh. founded, 800.
• Winchelſcomb, Glouceſterſhire. See Storm.
• Winchelſea, Earldom of, created 1628. (Finch.)
• Winchelſea old town ſwallowed up by the ſea, 1250; the preſent town built in Edward Iſt's time; Grey friars monaſtery built, before Edward III. caſtle built by Henry VIII. chartered, 1543.
• Wincheſter. The firſt cathedral founded by Kingil, king of the Weſt Saxons, who began to reign, 612; biſhopric founded, 636; city burnt, 1102; arch⯑deaconry erected, before 1114; preſent cathedral began, about 1073; finiſhed, 1366; college founded, 1387.
• Wind guns invented, 1648.
• Windmills invented, 1299.
• Window tax eſtabliſhed, 1695. See Hearth Money.
• Windows, of ſome kind, were glazed, ſo early as the third century, if not before, though the faſhion was not introduced here, till by Bennet, 680, nor did it become general, till 1180. See Glaſs.
• Winds, their names given them by Charlemagne, emperor of Germany.
• Windfor incorporated by 5 Edward I. caſtle built by Edward III.
• Wine, the art of making it, brought from India, by Bacchus; none produced in France in the time of the Romans; ſold by apothecaries as a cordial, 1300; licences for vending it eſtabliſhed, 1661. See Bacchus.
• Winefred's, St. well, as ancient as 660.
• Wingfreld caſtle, Suffolk, built, before 1066.
• [278]Winterton, Iriſh earldom of, created 1766. (name Turnour.)
• Wire invented by Rudolph, of Nuremberg, 1410.
• Wire mills invented by the Germans, 1563. Before, it was drawn by Hand. See Iron.
• Wirtemberg, Earldom of, erected into a duchy, 1496.
• Witcheraſt. Six hundred condemned as wizards, and moſt of them burnt, in France, 1609.
  • Grandier, pariſh prieſt of Loudun, France, burnt, on the ſuppoſition of having bewitched a whole convent of nuns, 1634.
  • Twenty old women in Bretagne, France, put to death, for this ſuppoſed crime, 1654.
  • Nine old women were burnt at Kaliſk, in Poland, charged with having bewitched, and rendered un⯑fruitful, the lands belonging to a gentleman in that palatinate, 1775. See Necromancy.
• Witham, Eſſex, built, by Edward the elder, 913.
• Wizard. See Witchcraſt.
• Woburn abbey, in Bedfordſhire, founded, 1145; town burnt, 1724.
• Wolſey, the ſon of a butcher at Ipſwich, being a clergyman, became chaplain and favourite of Hen⯑ry VII; appointed miniſter to Henry VIII. 1513; made archbiſhop of York, 1514; cardinal and chancellor, 1515; legate, 1518; indicted for ob⯑taining Bulls from Rome, without the king's con⯑ſent, Oct. 9, 1529; the ſeals taken from him, Oct. 18; ſtripped of all his places, Nov. follow⯑ing, but pardoned; arreſted, for correſponding with the Pope, at his houſe in Yorkſhire, and died on the road as they were bringing him to London, Nov. 28, 1530, aged 59. He was the firſt clergy⯑man in England that wore ſilk and gold.
• Wolſey's college, Ipſwich, founded, 1529.
• Wolverhampton cathedral founded, 996.
• Wood cuts (a kind of engraving), invented by Ruſt, a German, 1 [...]60.
• Wood's patent, for coining halfpence for Ireland and America, granted, Jan. 1723.
• Woodſtock, Oxford, a royal ſeat in the days of Alfred.
• Wool manufactured in England, 1185; not in any [279]quantity, till 1331, when weaving it was firſt in⯑troduced; manufactory prohibited in Ireland, 1698. See Blaize, Burying.
• Worceſter built, 255; biſhopric founded by Ethelred king of Mercia, and taken out of Litchfield, 679; Edgar's tower uilt, 975; cathedral built, 1055; Archdeaconry erected, 1089; deanery ditto, 1542.
• Worceſter college, Oxon, founded by Sir Thomas Cookes, 1713. (8 fellows.)
• Workſop abbey, Notts, built, 1103.
• Worms, Edict of, by which Luther was proſcribed as a heretic, 1521.
• Worſhipping images firſt introduced into England, 763.
• Writing ſaid to be originally taught to the Latins, by Europa, daughter of Agenor, king of Phoe⯑nicia, 1252 before Chriſt.
• Wulfer, king of Mercia, put two of his ſons to death for hereſy, 659; ſucceeded Oſwy as 11th king of Britain, 670; died, 674; buried at Peterborough, and ſucceeded by his brother Ethelred, king of Mercia.
• Wyat, Sir Thomas, executed for rebellion, 1554.
• Wycombe, Barony of, created 1760. (name Petty.)
• Wymondham monaſtery, Norfolk, founded, 1105.

• YARD. See Ell.
• Yarmouth, Iſle of Wight, incorporated by James I.
• Yarmouth, Norfolk, chartered by Henry I.
• Year books begun in Edward IId's time.
• Yeomen of the guards, 50, firſt inſtituted, 1486, being the firſt permanent military band inſtituted in England. See Troops.
• Yew-trees encouraged in churchyards, (as being fenced from cattle), for the making of bows, 1482. Hence their generality in churchyards.
• York, Richard, duke of, father to Edward IV. made protector of the kingdom, March 27, 1454; took [280]Henry VI. priſoner at St. Albans, 1455; declared right heir to the crown, 1460; ſlain at the battle of Wakefield, 1460.
• York, The crown reſtored to the family of, in Ed⯑ward IV; the houſes of York and Lancaſter united in Henry VIII. See Lancaſter.
• York built, 1223 before Chriſt; made an arch⯑biſhopric, about 625; city and cathedral burnt by the Danes, 1069; deanery, chancellorſhip, pre⯑centerſhip, treaſurerſhip, and archdeaconry of the Weſt Riding erected, about 1090; archdeaconry of the Eaſt Riding ditto, about 1130; ſubdeanery ditto, 1329; monaſtery founded, 1072; cathedral rebuilt, about 1075; St. Mary's abbey built, 1088; city burnt again, with 39 churches, 1179; Ouſe bridge rebuilt, 1566.
• York, Archbiſhop of, who headed a rebellion in the North, taken and executed, which was the firſt inſtance of a clergyman's ſuffering by the civil laws, July, 1406.
• York buildings water company, London, incorpo⯑rated, 1691.

• ZANZALEENS, or Jacobites, a ſect in Syria, that aroſe under Zanzale in 535, and taught, that water baptiſm is of no efficacy; that it is neceſſary to be baptized with fire, and the appli⯑cation of a red hot iron.
• Zealand, The ſea broke the dykes at, and overflowed large tracts of land, 1530; again 1568, when almoſt all Frieſland was covered with water, 72 villages overflowed, and above 20,000 perſon; loſt their lives.
• Zodiac, Signs of, invented by Anaximander.